World Literature Reviewer PDF

WORLD LITERATURE REVIEWER analyze critically so that one could come up with an informed opinion. What is Literature To widen experience Literature is important to people Experie...

WORLD LITERATURE REVIEWER analyze critically so that one could come up with an informed opinion. What is Literature To widen experience Literature is important to people Experience, as it is said, is the best because it brings truth, happiness, teacher. By reading these literary history, culture and beliefs, and the texts,readers get to experience the satisfaction that we humans are things which they have not capable of, traveling through our encountered before. minds in dreams. Values Derived from Literature Literature is derived from the Latin Intellectual - how a particular work term "littera," which means is presented and the basic truths "letters." realized. It is the enduring expression of Emotional - the personal appeal significant human experiences in made to the reader. words well-arranged. Aesthetic - concerns the beauty enclosed in a particular literary Johann Wolfgang von Goethe work. introduced the concept of Didactic - imparts moral aspects Weltliteratur - "world literature" - that bring improvement in the in 1827 to describe the growing customs and norms of society. availability of literary texts from Functional - defines the use of other nations. literature. Karl Marx Literary Standards used the term in his Communist Artistry - appeals to the sense of Manifesto in 1847 to describe beauty. the "cosmopolitan character" of Intellectual value - enriches bourgeois literary production. mental activity. Suggestiveness - moves and stirs Aims of Literature the feelings and imagination. To inspire and uplift taste Spiritual value - elevates the A person gets to appreciate a spirit. literary work if it would inspire him Permanence - literary text can be to become repeated for its lasting existence. a better person. He/she is able to Universality - a literary piece is realize certain values and virtues timeless and timely. essential for living. Style - the unique way a writer To read for pleasure sees life, forms, and ideas. Reading is a very good pastime Literary Genres because one could learn a lot from Fiction - narrative literary work it. This activity enhances people’s whose content is produced by the perspective and thereby enables imagination and is not necessarily them to think rationally and based on fact.  Nonfiction - short literary Writing seems to have originated composition that reflects the independently in China from author's outlook or point of view. divination practices and also Ingredients of Literature independently in Mesoamerica and These refer to the very important aspects elsewhere. in a literary work that writers must adhere The first author of literature in to. the world, known by name, was Form the high-priestess of Ur, It is a verbal and artistic Enheduanna (2285-2250 BCE) structuring of ideas in any who wrote hymns in praise of the literary piece. It may be in the Sumerian goddess Inanna. form of stanzas, rhyme, meter for Much of the early literature from poetry. Mesopotamia concerns the Subject activities of the gods Any work of literature is about but, in time, humans came to be something, and for this reason, it featured as the main characters has a subject. It usually refers in such poems as Enmerkar and to a person or idea, events, and the Lord of Aratta and human condition or system of Lugalbanda and Mount Hurrum value in which the topic of the (c.2600- 2000 BCE) (Mark, 2009). poem deals with it. Point of View According to Rodil, Cuntapay, This is referred as the angle of Lusito, & Garay (2014), literature vision of the narrator – first person, began as soon as the different omniscient, modified omniscient, forms of writing were invented etc. by the early people who put into History of Literature writing everything that they have Mark (2009) stated that literature observed in their surroundings. is the written work of a specific Among the early forms of culture, subculture, religion, handwriting are: philosophy or the study of such Cuneiform written work which may appear ○ a form of writing made up in poetry or in prose. of wedge-shaped Literature, in the west, originated characters. in the southern Mesopotamia region of Sumer (c. 3200) in the Hieroglyphics city of Uruk and flourished in ○ picture writing seen in Egypt, some pyramids found in Later in Greece (the written word Egypt and in other ancient having been imported there from countries. the Phoenicians) and from there, to Rome.  Further development took place ○ China’s Middle Period when the Greeks and the people ○ The Golden Age of from Phoenicia invented the Japanese Culture alphabet. It made up of: ○ Mystical Poetry of India Phoenician Consonant ○ The Middle English Period Scripts + Greek Vowels = (c. 1066-1450 CE) Real Alphabet The Renaissance and Reformation Timeline of Literature (The Renaissance takes place in the late These periods are spans of time in which 15th, 16th, and early 17th century in literature shared intellectual, linguistic, Britain, but somewhat earlier in Italy and religious, and artistic Southern Europe, somewhat later in influences. In the Western tradition, the northern Europe.) early periods of literary history are roughly Africa: The Mali Epic of as follows: Son-Jara Native America and Europe Ancient Periods (Beginnings to 100 in the New World A.D.) Early Tudor Period Invention of Writing and Earliest (1485-1558) Literature Elizabethan Period Poetry and Thought in China (1558-1603) India’s Heroic Age Jacobean Period The Roman Empire (1603-1625) Roman Empire – Christian Europe Caroline Age (1625-1649) (100 A.D. – 1500) Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum (1649-1660) Timeline of Literature - Early Periods Vernacular Literature China The Classical Period The Ottoman Empire ○ Homeric or Heroic Period (1200 – 800 BCE) Timeline of Literature - Later Periods ○ Classical Greek Period (800 The Enlightenment (Neoclassical) – 200 BCE) ○ called the “Enlightenment” ○ Classical Roman Period due to the increased (200 BCE-455 CE) reverence for logic and ○ India’s Classical Age disdain for superstition. ○ Patristic Period (c. 70 ○ Restoration Period (c. CE-455 CE) 1660-1700) The Medieval Period ○ The Augustan Age (c. ○ The Old English 1700-1750) (Anglo-Saxon) Period ○ The Rise of Popular Arts in (428-1066 CE) Pre-modern Japan  Romantic Period (c. 1790-1830) Sandra Cisneros, and Zora ○ Romantic poets write about Neal Hurston. Magic nature, imagination, and Realists such as Gabriel individuality in England. García Márquez, Luis Victorian Period and the 19th Borges, Alejo Carpentier, Century (c. 1832-1901) Günter Grass, and Salman ○ Writing during the period of Rushdie flourish with Queen Victoria's reign surrealistic writings includes sentimental novels. embroidered in the ○ The end of the Victorian conventions of realism. Period is marked by ○ Magic Realists such as Intellectual movements of Gabriel García Márquez, Aestheticism and "the Luis Borges, Alejo Decadence" in the Carpentier, Günter Grass, writings of Walter Pater and Salman Rushdie and Oscar Wilde. flourish with surrealistic Modern Period (c. 1914-1945) writings embroidered in the ○ famous writers of The Lost conventions of realism. Generation (also called the Critical Approaches to the Study of writers of The Jazz Age, Literature 1914-1929) such as There are different perspectives we Hemingway, Stein, consider when looking at a piece of Fitzgerald, and Faulkner. literature. ○ Realism is the dominant What do we read? fashion, but the Why do we read? disillusionment with the How do we read? World Wars led to new experimentation. Critical Approaches to the Study of Postmodern Period (c. 1945 Literature Onward) Deconstruction ○ T. S. Eliot, Morrison, Shaw, It suggests that language is not Beckett, Stoppard, Fowles, a stable entity and that we can Calvino, Ginsberg, never exactly say what we mean. Pynchon, and other Therefore, literature cannot give a Modern writers, poets, and reader any single meaning, playwrights experiment with because the language itself is metafiction and simply too ambiguous. fragmented poetry. ○ Literal Meaning ○ Multiculturalism leads to At face value, this phrase increasing canonization of suggests that writing (the non-Caucasian writers such pen) is more powerful. as Langston Hughes, ○ Contradiction  What if the pen is only It also considers how people today /"mightier" in some read and understand the book situations, like influencing based on their own time and opinions, but in others, like experiences. in direct combat, the sword It's about seeing a book as part of is clearly more powerful? its historical background and how ○ Ambiguity its meaning might change over What exactly does time. "mightier" mean? Power Psychological criticism can be interpreted in many The analysis of the author's ways—-political influence, unintended message. physical strength, emotional The main idea is to see how the impact, etc. author's early life and unconscious Feminist criticism thoughts influence the characters This tries to correct a and themes in their work. predominantly male-dominated Queer theory or gender studies critical perspective with a feminist It looks at how gender identity and consciousness. sexual orientation are represented Marxist criticism in literature. It analyzes literature and examines It questions traditional ideas about how social class and money affect gender and sexuality. how stories are told and For example, it examines understood. characters who are transgender It examines how characters' wealth and explores how these or poverty influences their actions experiences are depicted in books and the story's message. and other text New criticism Reader-response criticism It is a way to analyze literature by It removes the focus from the text focusing only on the text itself. and places it on the reader instead, It looks at things like irony, by attempting to describe what metaphor, symbols, and plot goes on in the reader's mind during details without considering the the reading of a text. author's life or historical context. An example of a reader's response The goal is to understand how is an essay, an analysis, or a these elements work together to critique of a piece of writing, such create meaning in the text through as a short story, novel, or poem. very detailed examination. New historicism Literary Devices It is a way of understanding The literary devices are a literature by looking at the time it collection of universal artistic was written and how that history structures that are so typical of all affects the story. works of literature frequently  employed by the writers to give writers employ to achieve not merely meanings and a logical framework artistic ends but also readers a greater to their works through language. understanding and appreciation of their literary works. Literary Elements Examples are: metaphor, simile, Plot alliteration, hyperbole, allegory It is the logical sequence of events etc. In contrast to Literary that develops a story. Elements, Literary Techniques are Setting not an unavoidable aspect of It refers to the time and place in literary works. which a story takes place. Common Literary Techniques Protagonist Imagery It is the main character of story, It is the use of figurative language novel or a play e.g. Hamlet in the to create visual representations of play Hamlet actions, objects and ideas in our Antagonist mind in such a way that they It is the character in conflict with appeal to our physical senses. the Protagonist e.g. Claudius in the EXAMPLE play Hamlet ○ The room was dark and Narrator gloomy. -The words “dark” A person who tells the story. and “gloomy” are visual Narrative method images. The manner in which a narrative is ○ The river was roaring in the presented comprising plot and mountains. – The word setting. “roaring” appeals to our Dialogue sense of hearing. Where characters of a narrative Simile and Metaphor speak to one another. Both compare two distinct objects Conflict and draw similarity between them. It is an issue in a narrative around The difference is that Simile uses which the whole story revolves. “as” or “like” and Metaphor does Mood not. A general atmosphere of a EXAMPLE: narrative. ○ “My love is like a red red Theme rose” (Simile) It is the central idea or concept of a ○ He is a very cunning old story. fox. (Metaphor) Hyperbole: Literary Techniques It is deliberate exaggeration of on the contrary, are structures usually a actions and ideas for the sake of word s or phrases in literary texts that emphasis. EXAMPLE  ○ Your bag weighs a ton! completely opposite to their literal ○ I have got a million issues meaning. to look after! EXAMPLE: Personification ○ The bread is soft as a It gives a thing, an idea or an stone. animal human qualities. ○ So nice of you to break my EXAMPLE: new PSP! ○ The flowers are dancing Foreshadowing beside the lake. It is a literary device in which a ○ Have you see my new car? write gives an advance hint of what She is a real beauty! is to come later in the story. Alliteration EXAMPLE: It refers to the same consonant ○ Shakespeare’s “Romeo and sounds in words coming Juliet” is rich with together. foreshadowing examples. EXAMPLE: One of which is the ○ Better butter always makes following lines from Act 2, the batter better. Scene 2: ○ She sells seashells at “Life were better ended by their seashore. hate, Than death prorogued, Allegory wanting of thy love” It is a literary technique in which an Flashback abstract idea is given a form of It is a literary device in a story that characters, actions. provides some background EXAMPLE: information on ○ “Animal Farm”, written by events,situations, or a George Orwell, is an character’s past history; example allegory using the Symbolism actions of animals on a farm It is usually an object that to represent the overthrow represents an idea that is of the last of the Russian significantly deeper, although it is Tsar Nicholas II and the sometimes a word, event or deed. Communist Revolution of EXAMPLE: Russia before WW II. In ○ Black is used to represent addition, the actions of the death or evil. animals on the farm are ○ White stands for life and used to expose the greed purity. and corruption ○ Red can symbolize blood, Irony passion, danger, or immoral It is use of the words in such a way character. in which the intended meaning is