Whap SBQ 😨😱 PDF

whap sbq 😨😱 The Enlightenment (c. 1685-1815) ​ Key Idea: A transformative intellectual and cultural movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and human progress, challenging traditional authority and paving the way for revolutions and social reforms. ​ Content-Specific Vocabu...

whap sbq 😨😱 The Enlightenment (c. 1685-1815) ​ Key Idea: A transformative intellectual and cultural movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and human progress, challenging traditional authority and paving the way for revolutions and social reforms. ​ Content-Specific Vocabulary: ○​ Reason: The capacity for logical, rational, and analytical thought. The Enlightenment valued reason as the primary source of knowledge and guidance. ○​ Individualism: Emphasizing the importance and worth of the individual, rather than collective or traditional groups. People can use logic. ○​ Natural Rights: Inherent rights that all individuals possess, such as life, liberty, and property (Locke) or equality (Rousseau). ○​ Social Contract: The idea that government legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed. ○​ Separation of Powers: The division of government authority among different branches to prevent tyranny (Montesquieu). ○​ Deism: The belief in a God who created the universe but does not intervene in its daily workings; emphasizes reason and natural law over religious dogma. ○​ Empiricism: The idea that knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation (Bacon, Locke). ○​ Tabula Rasa: The concept that the human mind is a "blank slate" at birth, and knowledge comes from experience (Locke). ○​ General Will: The collective will of the people, which should guide government decisions (Rousseau). ○​ Enlightened Despot: An absolute ruler who uses Enlightenment principles to reform society (e.g., improve education, promote religious toleration). ○​ Laissez-faire: A system of economic transactions devoid of government interention. ​ Key Figures: ○​ John Locke (1632-1704): ​ Key Works: Two Treatises of Government. ​ Ideas: Natural rights (life, liberty, property), government by consent, right to revolution if government violates natural rights. ○​ Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755): ​ Key Works: The Spirit of the Laws. ​ Ideas: Separation of powers, checks and balances, importance of the rule of law. ○​ Voltaire (1694-1778): ​ Key Works: Candide.  ​ Ideas: Freedom of speech, religious toleration, criticism of religious fanaticism. ○​ Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): ​ Key Works: The Social Contract. ​ Ideas: Popular sovereignty, the general will, importance of civic virtue, emphasis on equality. ○​ Adam Smith (1723-1790): ​ Key Works: The Wealth of Nations (1776). ​ Ideas: Laissez-faire economics, free markets, the "invisible hand" of self-interest promoting societal good. ○​ Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): ​ Key Concepts: "Dare to Know!" (Sapere Aude), emphasis on individual reason and autonomy. What is Enlighternment? ○​ Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794): ​ Ideas: Argued against torture and capital punishment. ​ Book: On Crimes and Punishments ○​ Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797): ​ Key Works: A Vindication of the Rights of Women ​ Ideas: Advocated for women's rights, especially access to education. ○​ Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793): ​ Key Works: Declaration of Rights of Women. ​ Ideas: Advocated for women's rights ​ Key Impacts: ○​ Atlantic Revolutions: Enlightenment ideas directly influenced the American and French Revolutions, providing justification for rebellion and shaping revolutionary goals. ○​ Reforms: Inspired legal and social reforms, such as abolition of torture, promotion of education, and religious toleration (often implemented by enlightened despots). ○​ Rise of Liberalism: The Enlightenment provided the intellectual foundation for liberalism, emphasizing individual rights, limited government, and constitutionalism. ○​ Challenge to Traditional Authority: Questioned divine right monarchy, religious dogma, and social hierarchies, paving the way for new forms of political and social organization. ​ Limitations and Critiques: ○​ Exclusion of Women and People of Color: Enlightenment ideals often did not extend to women, enslaved people, or colonized populations. ○​ Emphasis on Reason over Emotion: Some critics argued that the Enlightenment overemphasized reason and neglected the importance of emotions, intuition, and tradition. ○​ Social Inequality: Some of the Enlightenment's advocates for equality may not have pushed for social equality II. Atlantic Revolutions 😭🙏 ​ Key Idea: Enlightenment ideals (liberty, equality, popular sovereignty) fueled revolutions in the Americas and Europe, but the extent to which these ideals were realized varied significantly due to existing social hierarchies and economic structures. ​ Content-Specific Vocabulary: ○​ Popular Sovereignty: The principle that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power. ○​ Natural Rights: Rights that belong to all individuals from birth, such as life, liberty, and property (as articulated by John Locke). ○​ Social Contract: An agreement between individuals and their government, where individuals give up some rights in exchange for protection and order. ○​ Mercantilism: An economic system where colonies exist to benefit the mother country. ○​ Peninsulares: Spanish-born colonists in Latin America, holding the highest social and political positions. ○​ Creoles: American-born Spaniards in Latin America, who often resented the dominance of the peninsulares. ○​ Mestizos: People of mixed Spanish and Indigenous ancestry. ○​ Mulattos: People of mixed Spanish and African ancestry. ​ Key Revolutions: ○​ American Revolution (1775-1783): ​ Causes: British policies (taxes - Stamp Act 1765, Townshend Acts 1767, Tea Act 1773), Enlightenment ideals (John Locke, Thomas Paine). ​ Opposing Sides: Colonists (Patriots - figures like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams) vs. Great Britain (Loyalists - supported by the British government and figures like King George III). ​ Key Events: Boston Tea Party (1773), Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775). ​ Key Documents: Declaration of Independence (1776 - Thomas Jefferson), US Constitution (1789), Bill of Rights (1791). ​ Outcomes: Independence, representative republic BUT limited citizenship (land-owning white males; slavery persisted). ○​ French Revolution (1789-1799): ​ Causes: Social inequalities (Estates System), economic problems (debt, famine), Enlightenment ideas (Rousseau, Montesquieu). ​ Key Events: Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789), Reign of Terror (1793-1794). ​ Opposing Sides: Initially, Monarchists (King Louis XVI, aristocracy) vs. Revolutionaries (various factions - Jacobins, Girondins - figures like Robespierre, Danton). ​ Key Documents: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789), Constitution of 1791, Constitution of 1793.  ​ Outcomes: Initially radical republic, then Napoleon's empire; some lasting social change (abolition of feudalism, emphasis on equality before the law), BUT also instability, violence, and authoritarianism. ○​ Haitian Revolution (1791-1804): ​ Causes: Brutal slavery, desire for freedom and equality inspired by Enlightenment and the French Revolution, racial inequalities. ​ Key Figures: Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines. ​ Opposing Sides: Slaves/Mullatoes vs. White Colonists/French Government. ​ Key Events: Slave revolt (1791), French attempts to regain control. ​ Key Documents: Constitution of 1801, Constitution of 1805 ​ Outcomes: Independence (first independent Black republic), abolition of slavery BUT internal conflict, economic hardship, international isolation. ○​ Latin American Revolutions (Early 19th Century): ​ Causes: Social inequalities (Peninsulares vs. Creoles), colonial rule, Enlightenment ideas, inspiration from other revolutions. ​ Key Figures: Simón Bolívar (Venezuela), José de San Martín (Argentina), Miguel Hidalgo (Mexico). ​ Opposing Sides: Spanish colonial authorities vs. independence movements led by Creoles, mestizos, and indigenous peoples. ​ Key Events: Wars of independence throughout the region. ​ Key Documents: Constitutions in newly independent nations. Plan de Iguala, Constitution of 1824 ​ Outcomes: Independence BUT instability, caudillos (military dictators), continued social inequalities, economic dependence. ​ Comparative Analysis: ○​ Similarities: Inspired by Enlightenment ideals, sought greater autonomy/independence, challenged existing power structures. ○​ Differences: Varying degrees of social change, different levels of violence, different outcomes regarding citizenship and equality, different social and economic structures after independence. III. Nationalism (Liberals vs. Conservatives) 🥶😭 ​ Key Idea: Nationalism emerged as a powerful force in the 19th century, shaping political boundaries and fueling both unification and conflict. However, liberals and conservatives had different visions of what a nation should be. ​ Content-Specific Vocabulary: ○​ Nation-State: A state whose citizens share a common sense of national identity, culture, and history. ○​ Civic Nationalism: Nationalism based on shared values, citizenship, and political participation. ○​ Ethnic Nationalism: Nationalism based on shared ethnicity, language, culture, and ancestry.  ○​ "Imagined Community" (Benedict Anderson): The concept that nations are socially constructed communities, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group. ​ Liberal Nationalism: ○​ Key Principles: Popular sovereignty, individual rights, constitutional government, self-determination. ○​ Vision of the Nation: A nation is formed by the will of the people, based on shared values and a social contract; emphasizes individual liberty and representative government. ○​ Examples: ​ Early Italian nationalism (figures like Mazzini). ​ Movements for constitutional reform in Great Britain. ○​ ​ Conservative Nationalism: ○​ Key Principles: Order, tradition, social hierarchy, often linked to monarchy and aristocracy, emphasis on national unity and strength. ○​ Vision of the Nation: Nation is based on shared history, culture, and often ethnicity; emphasizes loyalty to the state and established institutions; often used to justify authoritarian rule. ○​ Examples: ​ Otto von Bismarck's unification of Germany ("blood and iron"). ​ Rise of imperialist nationalism in the late 19th century. ○​ ○​ Real Politik: a system of politics or principles based on practical considerations rather than moral or ideological ones ​ Key Figures: ○​ Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872): Italian nationalist who advocated for a unified, democratic Italy based on the will of the people. ○​ Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898): Prussian statesman who used "blood and iron" to unify Germany under Prussian leadership. ○​ Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859): Austrian Prince who led the Congress of Vienna and sought to restore monarchies and suppress nationalist movements. ○​ Benedict Anderson: Described nations as 'imagined communities' in his book, Imagined Communities (1983). ○​ Ernest Renan: Argued a nation is a soul, a spiritual principle, based on both a shared past and a desire to live together in the present ​ Congress of Vienna (1814-1815): Attempted to suppress nationalism and restore the old order, but ultimately nationalism continued to spread. IV. Industrial Revolutions (1st and 2nd) ​ Key Idea: The Industrial Revolutions brought about unprecedented economic and social changes and had a profound impact on all aspects of life, including labor systems, social structures, and global power dynamics. ​ Content-Specific Vocabulary: ○​ Industrialization: The process of shifting from an agrarian economy to one based on manufacturing and machine production. ○​ Factory System: A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor, concentrated in a single location. ○​ Urbanization: The growth of cities as people migrated from rural areas in search of work. ○​ Capitalism: An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit. ○​ Proletariat: The working class, who sell their labor for wages. ○​ Bourgeoisie: The middle class, who own the means of production. ○​ Interchangeable Parts: Parts that are, for practical purposes, identical. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of the same type. ○​ Assembly Line: a manufacturing process in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced. ​ First Industrial Revolution (c. 1760 - c. 1840): ○​ Key Innovations: ​ Textile Machinery: Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves, 1764), Water Frame (Richard Arkwright, 1769), Power Loom (Edmund Cartwright, 1785). ​ Steam Engine: Improved by James Watt (1769) ​ Iron Production: New methods of producing iron using coke. ○​ ○​ Location: Started in Great Britain due to factors like access to resources (coal, iron), a stable political system, and a growing population. ○​ Social Impacts: Rise of the factory system, growth of the working class, urbanization, new social inequalities, child labor, pollution. ​ Second Industrial Revolution (c. 1870 - c. 1914): ○​ Key Innovations: ​ Steel Production: Bessemer Process. ​ Electricity: Generators, electric motors, light bulbs (Thomas Edison). ​ Internal Combustion Engine: Used in automobiles and airplanes. ​ Chemicals: Synthetic dyes, explosives, fertilizers. ​ Communication: Telegraph, telephone (Alexander Graham Bell). ○​ Location: Spread to other parts of Europe (Germany, France) and the United States. ○​ Social Impacts: Further urbanization, rise of big business (corporations, monopolies), increased consumerism, growing labor movements (trade unions, strikes), new social hierarchies. ○​ Transportation: Railroads, steamships V. Critics of Capitalism ​ Key Idea: The Industrial Revolution and the rise of capitalism led to critiques of the system's social and economic consequences, including worker exploitation, inequality, and social alienation. ​ Content-Specific Vocabulary: ○​ Socialism: A political and economic system advocating for social ownership and democratic control of the means of production. ○​ Communism: A political and economic ideology that advocates for a classless society where the means of production are collectively owned. ○​ Anarchism: A political philosophy that advocates for the abolition of the state and all forms of hierarchical authority. ○​ Utopianism: The belief in the possibility of creating ideal societies based on cooperation and social harmony. ○​ Proletariat: The working class ○​ Bourgeoisie: The middle class ○​ Fabianism: The ideology advocating for democratic means to push social and economic reform ​ Key Ideologies and Figures: ○​ Utopian Socialism: ​ Key Figure: Robert Owen (1771-1858) ​ Vision: Create ideal communities based on cooperation and social harmony, improved working conditions, and education. ​ Example: Robert Owen's New Lanark factory, New Harmony (Indiana). ○​ Marxism: ​ Key Figures: Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). ​ Key Works: The Communist Manifesto (1848), Das Kapital. ​ Predictions: Capitalism would inevitably be overthrown by a proletarian revolution, leading to a classless society where the means of production are collectively owned. ○​ Anarchism: ​ Key Figure: Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) ​ Beliefs: Advocated for the abolition of the state and all forms of hierarchical authority, believing in individual freedom and voluntary association. ○​ Liberalism: ​ Key Figure: John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) ​ Theories: Advocated for individual freedom and limited government intervention, but also recognized the need to address social inequalities through reforms. ○​ Fabianism: ​ Principles: Advocated for gradual and peaceful transition to socialism through parliamentary means and social reform. ​ Beliefs: Did not believe in violence and class struggle ​ Key Criticisms of Capitalism: ○​ Exploitation of workers (low wages, dangerous conditions). ○​ Growing inequality (concentration of wealth in the hands of a few). ○​ Social alienation (loss of community and meaning in work). ○​ Destructive competition. ○​ Environmental degradation.