The Enlightenment (1685-1815) Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which Enlightenment thinker emphasized the idea of a social contract, where government legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed?

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (correct)
  • Baron de Montesquieu
  • Voltaire
  • John Locke

What is the core principle behind the concept of 'laissez-faire' economics?

  • The belief that economies function best without government interference. (correct)
  • A planned economy directed by a central authority.
  • A system of mercantilism with strict government control over trade.
  • Government intervention in the economy to promote social welfare.

Which Enlightenment thinker argued for the separation of powers in government, with checks and balances between branches?

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  • Voltaire
  • John Locke
  • Baron de Montesquieu (correct)

What is the meaning of the term 'tabula rasa' as used by John Locke?

<p>The belief that the human mind is a blank slate at birth, shaped by experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'deism' as it emerged during the Enlightenment?

<p>The belief in a God who created the universe but does not intervene in its workings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a key characteristic of the Enlightenment?

<p>Acceptance of traditional authority and religious dogma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea behind 'natural rights' as articulated by Enlightenment thinkers?

<p>Rights that are inherent to all individuals, regardless of social status. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment thinker is most closely associated with the concept of 'freedom of speech' and criticism of religious fanaticism?

<p>Voltaire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the impact of Enlightenment ideals on the American Revolution?

<p>Enlightenment ideals inspired the colonists' desire for liberty and self-government. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a major cause of the French Revolution?

<p>The British invasion of France in 1789. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the concept of 'popular sovereignty'?

<p>The belief that government should be based on the consent of the governed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of mercantilism in the colonial era?

<p>To generate wealth for the mother country by exploiting colonial resources and labor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the social hierarchy in colonial Latin America?

<p>A rigid system with Peninsulares at the top and Mulattos at the bottom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of the American Revolution?

<p>The establishment of a representative republic, but with limited citizenship and the continuation of slavery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events was a key turning point in the American Revolution?

<p>The Battle of Saratoga. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment thinker emphasized the idea of a social contract between the government and its people?

<p>John Locke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of civic nationalism?

<p>Focus on shared ethnicity and ancestry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures is associated with liberal nationalism?

<p>Giuseppe Mazzini (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between liberal and conservative nationalism?

<p>Liberal nationalism emphasizes individual rights while conservative nationalism emphasizes national unity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a core principle of conservative nationalism?

<p>Social hierarchy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of "Imagined Community" relate to nationalism?

<p>It highlights the role of social construction in shaping national identities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events best exemplifies conservative nationalism?

<p>The unification of Germany under Bismarck (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of a nation-state?

<p>A shared sense of national identity among its citizens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these concepts is NOT directly linked to the rise of nationalism in the 19th century?

<p>The Enlightenment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures championed a unified Italy based on the will of the people?

<p>Giuseppe Mazzini (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes the shift from an agricultural economy to one based on manufacturing and machine production?

<p>Industrialization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who argued that a nation is a 'soul' based on a shared past and a desire for collective future?

<p>Ernest Renan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures is associated with the concept of 'Real Politik'?

<p>Otto von Bismarck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a direct result of the Industrial Revolutions?

<p>The rise of urbanization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Industrial Revolutions led to the rise of which social class?

<p>Bourgeoisie (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of the French Revolution that influenced later revolutions, such as those in Haiti and Latin America?

<p>The abolition of feudalism and the promotion of equality before the law. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is NOT associated with the Latin American Revolutions?

<p>Toussaint Louverture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the Congress of Vienna?

<p>To create a balance of power amongst European nations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key idea associated with the Industrial Revolutions?

<p>A surge in the number of small-scale farms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key difference between the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution?

<p>The French Revolution was primarily driven by economic concerns, while the Haitian Revolution was motivated by social equality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Haitian Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Latin American Revolutions all have in common?

<p>They were all inspired by Enlightenment ideals and challenged existing power structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key document of the French Revolution that articulated its core principles?

<p>The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major challenge faced by newly independent nations in Latin America following their revolutions?

<p>The absence of strong leadership and frequent instability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Storming of the Bastille in the French Revolution?

<p>It was a symbolic act of defiance against the monarchy and a turning point in the revolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a cause of the Latin American Revolutions?

<p>The rise of a powerful and centralized monarchy in Spain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a key innovation of the First Industrial Revolution?

<p>Internal Combustion Engine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a social impact of the Second Industrial Revolution?

<p>Increased consumerism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a major turning point in steel production during the Second Industrial Revolution?

<p>Bessemer Process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a key innovation in communication during the Second Industrial Revolution?

<p>Internal Combustion Engine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary criticism of capitalism, as argued by critics discussed in the text?

<p>Worker exploitation and unequal distribution of wealth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following political and economic ideologies advocates for a classless society with collective ownership of production?

<p>Communism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Growth of traditional agriculture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary factor that led to the Industrial Revolution's origin in Great Britain?

<p>A stable political system and access to resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

The Enlightenment

A cultural movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and human progress, challenging traditions.

Reason

The capacity for logical and analytical thought, valued in the Enlightenment.

Natural Rights

Inherent rights of individuals such as life, liberty, and property, as proposed by Locke.

Social Contract

The idea that government's legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed.

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Separation of Powers

The division of government into branches to prevent tyranny, proposed by Montesquieu.

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Deism

Belief in a God who created the universe but does not intervene in daily affairs.

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Tabula Rasa

The idea that the human mind is a 'blank slate' at birth and is shaped by experience (Locke).

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Laissez-faire

An economic system with minimal government intervention in transactions.

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Popular Sovereignty

Authority of government derived from the consent of the people through elected representatives.

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Mercantilism

Economic system where colonies exist primarily to benefit the mother country.

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Peninsulares

Spanish-born colonists in Latin America with the highest social status.

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Creoles

American-born Spaniards in Latin America resenting peninsulares' dominance.

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American Revolution

Conflict (1775-1783) driven by British taxes and Enlightenment ideals leading to US independence.

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French Revolution

Revolution (1789-1799) caused by social inequality, economic crisis, and Enlightenment ideas.

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Realpolitik

A system of politics based on practical considerations rather than morals.

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Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist advocating for a unified, democratic Italy by the people's will.

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Otto von Bismarck

Prussian statesman known for using 'blood and iron' to unify Germany.

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Congress of Vienna

Meeting aimed at restoring old monarchies and suppressing nationalism (1814-1815).

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Industrialization

The shift from an agrarian economy to one based on manufacturing and machinery.

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Urbanization

The growth of cities from people migrating for work.

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Proletariat

The working class that sells their labor for wages.

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Interchangeable Parts

Identical parts made to fit into any assembly of the same type.

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Nationalism

A political force that shapes nations and influences unity or conflict.

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Nation-State

A state where citizens share a common national identity, culture, and history.

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Civic Nationalism

Nationalism based on shared values, citizenship, and political participation.

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Ethnic Nationalism

Nationalism based on shared ethnicity, language, and culture.

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Imagined Community

Concept that nations are socially constructed communities in people's minds.

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Liberal Nationalism

Nationalism emphasizing individual rights, self-determination, and constitutional government.

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Conservative Nationalism

Nationalism focusing on order, tradition, and loyalty to the state or monarchy.

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Bismarck's Unification

Use of conservative nationalism to unite Germany through 'blood and iron'.

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Assembly Line

A manufacturing process where parts are added in sequence as the assembly moves through workstations.

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First Industrial Revolution

A period from c. 1760 to c. 1840 marked by innovations in textile machinery and steam engines, starting in Great Britain.

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Textile Machinery

Machines like the Spinning Jenny and Power Loom that revolutionized fabric production during the First Industrial Revolution.

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Bessemer Process

An innovative method developed in the Second Industrial Revolution for producing steel efficiently.

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Socialism

A political and economic system advocating for social ownership and democratic control of production means.

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Communism

An ideology advocating for a classless society with collective ownership of means of production.

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Anarchism

A political philosophy calling for the abolition of the state and all hierarchical authority.

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Storming of the Bastille

A key event in the French Revolution on July 14, 1789, marking the start of popular rebellion.

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Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution (1793-1794) characterized by extreme violence and political purges.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

A foundational document of the French Revolution asserting individual rights and freedoms (1789).

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Haitian Revolution

A successful slave revolt in Haiti (1791-1804) that led to independence and the first Black republic.

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Simón Bolívar

A key leader in Latin American independence movements, known for liberating several countries in South America.

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Causes of Latin American Revolutions

Social inequalities, Enlightenment ideas, and colonial exploitation led to independence movements in the early 19th century.

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Constitution of 1801

Drafted by Toussaint Louverture during the Haitian Revolution, asserting citizenship for all and aiming for civil equality.

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Outcomes of Revolutions

Revolutions led to independence but resulted in instability, caudillos, and social inequalities in newly formed nations.

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Study Notes

The Enlightenment (c. 1685-1815)

  • A transformative intellectual and cultural movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and human progress.
  • Challenged traditional authority and paved the way for revolutions.
  • Key idea: Reason is the primary source of knowledge and guidance.
  • Individualism emphasizes the worth of the individual, not groups.
  • Natural rights: inherent rights include life, liberty, and property (Locke), or equality (Rousseau).
  • Social contract: government legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed.
  • Deism: God created the universe but does not intervene.
  • Empiricism: knowledge from sensory experience.
  • Tabula rasa: the human mind is a blank slate at birth.

Key Figures

  • John Locke: Two Treatises of Government. Natural rights (life, liberty, property), government by consent, right to revolution if government violates rights.
  • Baron de Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws. Separation of powers, checks and balances, importance of the rule of law.
  • Voltaire: Candide. Freedom of speech, religious toleration, criticism of religious fanaticism.
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract. Popular sovereignty, general will, importance of civic virtue; emphasis on equality.
  • Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations. Laissez-faire economics, free markets, the "invisible hand" of self-interest promoting good.
  • Immanuel Kant: "Dare to Know!". Reason and autonomy.
  • Cesare Beccaria: Argued against torture and capital punishment.
  • Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Advocated for women's rights, especially access to education.
  • Olympe de Gouges: Declaration of Rights of Women. Advocated for women's rights.

Atlantic Revolutions

  • Enlightenment ideals (liberty, equality, popular sovereignty) fueled revolutions in the Americas and Europe.
  • Popular Sovereignty: Government authority from the consent of the people, through their elected representatives.
  • Natural Rights: Rights inherent from birth (life, liberty, and property).
  • Social Contract: Agreement between individuals and the government, where individuals give up some rights to receive protection and order.

Key Revolutions

  • American Revolution (1775-1783): British policies (taxes), Enlightenment ideals (Locke), and figures like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Key events: Boston Tea Party, Lexington and Concord.
  • French Revolution (1789-1799): Social inequalities (Estates System), economic problems (debt, famine), and Enlightenment ideas (Rousseau). Key events: Storming of the Bastille, Reign of Terror.
  • Haitian Revolution (1791-1804): Brutal slavery and desire for equality. Leaders include Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines.
  • Latin American Revolutions (19th Century): Social inequalities (Peninsulares and Creoles), colonial rule, and Enlightenment ideas. Key figures: Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín.

Nationalism (Liberals vs. conservatives).

  • Nationalism emerged as a powerful force in the 19th century, shaping political boundaries and leading to both unification and conflict.
  • Liberal Nationalism: Popular sovereignty, individual rights, and constitutional government.
  • Conservative Nationalism: Order, tradition, social hierarchy, linked to monarchy or aristocracy.
  • Realpolitik: System of politics based on practical considerations rather than ideology.
  • Nation-State: A state with shared national identity, culture, and history. (Civic/ethnic based)

Industrial Revolutions

  • First Industrial Revolution (c. 1760-1840):
    • Innovations like the steam engine, textile machinery, iron production.
    • Started in Great Britain; rise of factories, urbanization, and social inequality.
  • Second Industrial Revolution (c. 1870-1914):
    • Innovations like electricity, internal combustion engine, and advancements in communication. Increased industrialization, and social changes beyond Britain.

Critics of Capitalism

  • Exploitation of workers, growing inequality, social alienation, destructive competition, and environmental degradation.
  • Socialism: Advocating for social ownership and democratic control of production.
  • Communism: Classless society where the means of production are owned collectively.
  • Anarchism: Abolition of the state and hierarchical authority.
  • Utopianism: Ideals of creating ideal societies based on cooperation and social harmony.
  • Liberalism: Individual freedom and limited intervention, often looking to gradual, non-violent change .
  • Fabianism: Advocating for a peaceful transition to socialism primarily through established political means.
  • Marxism : Ideas of revolution and a classless society.

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