Week 2 Serology: Introduction to Immunity (PDF)

Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Prof./Dr. Gianina Dacuya-Omac, RMT Transcriber/s: Thrish a...

Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Prof./Dr. Gianina Dacuya-Omac, RMT Transcriber/s: Thrish and Makdonaldu LESSON #1 INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNITY AND IMMUNE SYSTEM ○​ Immune – lesser/not to have the infection INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNITY AND THE ​ The recognition of foreign substances and IMMUNE SYSTEM subsequent production of antibodies to these substances. IMMUNOLOGY TYPES OF IMMUNITY ​ Study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body. NATURAL IMMUNITY ○​ Foreign substances - Non-self antigens, mean you do not possess ​ It is also called “innate that antigen. These antigens will result immunity” in the stimulation of the antibody ​ It is non-specific, meaning if production of the host. your body recognizes a ​ Study of the molecules, cells, organs, and pathogen, the reaction is systems responsible for the recognition and always the same. disposal of foreign (non-self) material. ​ It is present at birth. This ○​ When you say non-self, si host wala type of immunity, the person siya nito. This non-self material can develops this type during stimulate antibody production. maturation. ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ACQUIRED IMMUNITY ​ Primarily, defending the body against infections. ​ It is also known as ○​ Viral infection adaptive immunity ○​ Bacterial infection ​ It is specific; let’s say ○​ Parasitic infection for the first time, ○​ These infections are non-self na-encounter mo yung antigens/non-self material (galing sa pathogen na ‘to, so bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.) magkakaroon ka ng ○​ The causative agents of these infections response. Second time, possess specific antigens. These na-encounter mo yung antigens, once enter the host body, will same pathogen, mas trigger a response to dispose of this malakas na yung non-self antigen. The body will make response mo because very specific na siya. sure to eliminate those pathogens. Unlike natural immunity, non-specific siya, so ​ Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens. even if same pathogen yung nasa loob mo, ○​ Foreign antigens cause infection and same response pa rin si body mo. you do not possess this antigen. ​ Kapag acquired immunity, mas malakas ang ​ Defending the body against the development of response ng body mo the second time around, tumors. lalo na kung third time. ○​ The tumor starts from a cancer cell, ​ Acquired immunity–let’s say nagkasakit ka, proliferates, and will result in a tumor. tapos na-infect ka ng specific type of Your immune system works hard for you microorganism, so ngayon since nagkasakit ka, to be able to fight infections, and nagkaroon ka ng antibody against that pathogens and prevent you from having microorganism. The next time you encounter tumors or cancer. that organism, the response of your body is stronger. IMMUNITY ​ Let’s say you have a dengue virus, you will have antibodies against the dengue virus. You will not ​ The condition of being resistant to infection have an antibody of this virus during birth since DON’T STOP UNTIL YOU’RE PROUD! :> 1  Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Prof./Dr. Gianina Dacuya-Omac, RMT Transcriber/s: Thrish and Makdonaldu you have yet to acquire this virus. It is upon E.​ Sweat and sebaceous glands EXPOSURE. MECHANICAL BARRIERS ​ Natural Immunity = Non-specific ​ Acquired Immunity = Specific ​ The peristaltic movement of the intestine ○​ Kapag may nakain na masama, pwede ilabas mo through defecation or diarrhea to eliminate the foreign pathogens/materials. ○​ Peristaltic movement is yung paggalaw ng intestine mo papuntang anus. ​ Shedding of cells ​ Coughing or Sneezing ○​ Kapag may naamoy kang hindi maganda o nakapasok sa airways mo, you can eliminate this through sneezing or coughing. ​ Flushing action of urine ○​ Flush the toxic substances in urine. NATURAL IMMUNITY CHEMICAL BARRIERS EXTERNAL DEFENSE MECHANISM ​ Acid pH ○​ Let’s say, the vaginal canals of women ​ Composed of structural barriers that prevent are acidic to protect them from foreign most infectious agents from entering the body. pathogens that will develop in that ​ Natural Immunity is present at birth. environment. ​ Lysozyme STRUCTURAL/PHYSICAL BARRIER ​ Lactoferrin INTERNAL DEFENSE MECHANISM ​ Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organisms. ​ Present at birth. PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS ​ Body temperature ​ Oxygen tension ​ Hormonal balance A.​ Intact Skin ○​ If walang sugat yan, it will protect you from BASIC POLYPEPTIDES pathogens. B.​ Mucous membranes of the respiratory and GI tract. ​ Spermin ○​ The mucous membrane traps the foreign ​ Defensin pathogens. C.​ Ciliated Epithelium BASIC POLYPEPTIDES ○​ The mucous membrane traps the foreign pathogens. TYPES: D.​ Lacrimal Apparatus ​ Alpha IFN DON’T STOP UNTIL YOU’RE PROUD! :> 2  Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Prof./Dr. Gianina Dacuya-Omac, RMT Transcriber/s: Thrish and Makdonaldu ​ Beta IFN NEUTROPHILS ​ Gamma IFN COMPLEMENT -​ Principal soluble mediator of inflammatory response. -​ Kapag mayroon kang inflammation inside your body, your complement will support you or mediate with the reaction. ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS ​ Normal serum constituents that increase rapidly ​ Represents approximately 50 to 70 percent of by at least 25 percent due to infection, injury, or the total peripheral white blood cells. trauma to the tissues. ​ The WBCs are divided into 2: Granulocytes, ​ Present in the serum. meaning they contain granules on their ​ If may problem sa body like infection, injured cells/cytoplasm. Whereas, the Agranulocyte (A yung cells or tissue, and inflammation, acute means absent) is absent granules. phase reactants INCREASE. ​ Neutrophils are included in the granulocytes. ​ Examples of Acute Phase Reactants are ​ Granules are important in fighting C-reactive Protein (CRP), Serum Amyloid A, microorganisms such as infection, ESPECIALLY Alpha 1 anti-trypsin, Haptoglobin, and BACTERIA. Your neutrophils are INCREASED. Fibrinogen. ​ Kapag nakita ni Doctor na nilalagnat ka at ​ Increase the amount/number in serum when mataas si Neutrophils, the Doctor can conclude infection is present. that the patient is currently sufferring from bacterial infections. ○​ Primary granules - contain enzymes CELLULAR DEFENSE MECHANISM such as myeloperoxidase; elastase; proteinase 3; lysozyme; cathepsin G; and defensins. ○​ Secondary granules - collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozyme, reduced nicotinamide, adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. ○​ Tertiary granules - contain gelatinase and plasminogen activator. EOSINOPHILS -​ The cells that defend your body against the pathogens. a.​ Neutrophils b.​ Eosinophils c.​ Basophils d.​ Mast cells e.​ Monocytes f.​ Macrophages g.​ Dendritic cells DON’T STOP UNTIL YOU’RE PROUD! :> 3  Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Prof./Dr. Gianina Dacuya-Omac, RMT Transcriber/s: Thrish and Makdonaldu ​ INCREASED IN PRESENCE OF ALLERGENS ​ A cell that contains granules AND PARASITIC INFECTION. ​ To distinguish mast cells from basophils, you ​ Included in granulocytes. have to know what is the content of their ​ Primary granules contain acid phosphatase and granules. arylsulfatase. ○​ Mast cells contain acid phosphatase, ​ Eosinophil-specific granules contain several alkaline phosphatase, and protease. different proteins: Major Basic Protein, Eosinophil Cationic Protein, Eosinophil MONOCYTES Peroxidase, and Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin. BASOPHILS ​ Included in agranulocytes because monocytes ​ Under the granulocytes. do not have granules. ​ Present when there is an allergy or in general, ​ Lymphocytes and Monocytes belong to the there is an infection, but is most increased agranulocyte group. because of allergy. ​ Monocytes are the LARGEST ​ Granules are histamine, a small amount of ​ Generally classified as an “agranulocyte” heparin, and eosinophil chemotactic factor A, all ​ Largest blood cell of which have an important function in inducing ​ Phagocyte in blood. and maintaining immediate hypersensitivity ​ Phagocyte engulfs the foreign materials. reactions. TISSUE MACROPHAGES MAST CELLS ​ Larger version of monocyte tissues. ​ If a monocyte is in the tissue, we call it a MACROPHAGE. ​ Their functions included microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, intracellular parasite, ​ The enzyme content of the granules helps to eradication, phagocytosis, secretion of cell distinguish them from basophils, as they contain mediators, and antigen presentation. acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and protease. DON’T STOP UNTIL YOU’RE PROUD! :> 4  Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Prof./Dr. Gianina Dacuya-Omac, RMT Transcriber/s: Thrish and Makdonaldu DENDRITIC CELLS ​ Secondary organs (other sources): Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Appendix, Tonsils, and other mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue. TWO TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES: A.​ THYMUS ​ Produces T Lymphocytes B.​ BONE MARROW ​ Produces B Lymphocytes SURFACE MARKERS ON LYMPHOCYTES ​ The main function is to phagocytose antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes. ​ To differentiate B lymphocytes from T lymphocytes, you need to know their surface markers because, under the microscope, they ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY look the same. ​ Clusters of Differentiation (CD) ○​ Acts as a reference in standardizing names of membrane proteins found on all human white blood cells (WBC). ​ Some markers are specific for cells of a particular lineage or maturational pathway. ​ Some markers vary in expression. SURFACE MARKERS ON T, B, and NK cells ​ Allow the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific stimulus, a foreign ANTIGE MOL CELL TYPE FUNCTION antigen. N WT ​ Allows the host to respond more effectively if (KD) re-infection with the same microorganism occurs. CD 3 20-28 Thymocytes, T Found on all T cells cells; associated LYMPHOCYTES with T-cell antigen receptor. CD 4 55 T helper cells, Identifies T helper monocytes, cells; also found macrophages on most T regulatory cells. CD 8 60-76 Thymocyte Identifies cytotoxic subsets, T cells cytotoxic T cells ​ Key cells involved in the immune response. ​ 7-10 um diameter has a large rounded nucleus CD 16 50-80 Macrophages, Low affinity Fc that may be somewhat indented. NK cells, receptor for ○​ T lymphocytes neutrophils antibody; mediates ○​ B lymphocytes phagocytosis ○​ NK Cells ​ Primary lymphoid organs in humans: Bone CD 19 >120 B cells, Part of B-cell marrow and the thymus DON’T STOP UNTIL YOU’RE PROUD! :> 5  Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Prof./Dr. Gianina Dacuya-Omac, RMT Transcriber/s: Thrish and Makdonaldu follicular coreceptor; A.​ T LYMPHOCYTES dendritic cells regulates B-cell ​ Directly eliminates the foreign antigen development and or infected cells. activation B.​ B- LYMPHOCYTES ​ Produce antibodies to destroy the CD 21 145 B cells, Receptor for infected cells. follicular complement dendritic cells component C3d; part of B-cell NATURAL KILLER CELLS coreceptor with CD 19 ​ Are generally larger than T cells and B cells at approximately 15 um in diameter, and they CD 56 175-220 NK cells, Not known contain kidney-shaped nuclei with condensed subsets of T chromatin and prominent nucleoli. cells ​ They have the ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure to them. ​ For example, the CD 3 marker can only be ​ Possess CD 16, CD 56, and CD 94. found in your T-cells. ​ Also known as “NK Cell” ​ Whereas, if the marker on a lymphocyte is CD ​ Its reaction is non-specific, meaning kapag 21, it means that the lymphocyte is a B nakakita siya ng infected cell, ta-targetin niya lymphocyte. yun from the name itself “NATURAL”. ​ If maraming lymphocyte sa blood, hindi natin ​ Cytolytic = destroy the cells/cell lysis. nirereport na increase si B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes, we only write that the lymphocytes are increased, hindi na need i-specificy if B or T COMPARISON OF T AND B CELLS lymphocytes. T CELLS B CELLS B LYMPHOCYTES Develop in the thymus. Develop in the bone ​ Has the capacity to produce harmful marrow. antibodies after differentiation into plasma cells. ​ Capacity to expand clonally, which allows them Found in the blood Found in bone marrow, to become the numerically dominant APCs. (60-80% of circulating spleen, and lymph ​ Activated B cells also produce a wide range of lymphocytes), thoracic nodes. cytokines and chemokines that modulate the duct fluid, and lymph maturation, migration, and function of other nodes. immune effector cells. ​ Ang trabaho talaga ni B lymphocytes are to Identified rosette Identified by surface produce antibodies to destroy the infected formation with SRBCs. immunoglobulin. cells. The end products of The end product of T LYMPHOCYTES activation are cytokines. activation is an antibody. Antigens include CD 2, Antigens include CD 19, ​ Responsible for cellular immune response and CD 3, CD 4, and CD 8. CD CD 20, CD 21, CD are involved in the regulation of antibody 40, and Class II MHC. reactions in conjunctions with B lymphocytes. Located in the Located in the cortical ​ Early surface markers on the thymocytes that paracortical region of region of lymph nodes. are committed to becoming t cells include CD 44 lymph nodes. and CD 25. ​ It directly eliminates the foreign antigen or SRBC = Sheep Red Blood Cells. infected cells. DON’T STOP UNTIL YOU’RE PROUD! :> 6  Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Prof./Dr. Gianina Dacuya-Omac, RMT Transcriber/s: Thrish and Makdonaldu TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE ACTIVE A.​ Natural Passive ​ Ito yung pinapasa sayo ni mommy by birth, so the day you were born, you A.​ Natural Active already have that antibody. ​ When you encounter a pathogen you develop an antibody. B.​ Artificial Passive ​ Meaning, na-infect or expose ka sa ​ Here, bigyan ka agad ng antibody from pathogen, so ang tendency and body a blood product, diretso na. Because mo is to develop an immune response. here, the patient is not able to develop For example, you develop an antibody an antibody or yung immune response to fight off the infections, now, meron ka niya is mahina na or ng antibodies. If ever na ma-encounter immunocompromised like HIV patients mo ulit yung infections/pathogen na yun, or cancer patients. meron ka ng antibody for that or ready ​ Hindi ito kagaya ng ibang immunity na yung katawan mo to face it as you which they trigger your body to develop have a pre-developed antibody because an immune response. you already have a prior exposure to that pathogen. INFLAMMATION ​ In short, the first time you encounter the virus, your body will produce antibodies. The second time you get the virus, there is already a pre-developed antibody dahil nga nagkaroon kana dati ng virus na yun. B.​ Artificial Active ​ In vaccination, you will have an antibody against the pathogens. Dahil yung mga vaccines, meron siyang mga pinahinang antigen from a pathogen. So, yung pathogen na yun can develop or trigger an immune response. Therefore, you will develop an antibody against the pathogen. ​ Here in the vaccine, they will inject you with a weaker portion of the pathogen to develop an immune response, and eventually, you can fight off that pathogen. DON’T STOP UNTIL YOU’RE PROUD! :> 7  Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY Prof./Dr. Gianina Dacuya-Omac, RMT Transcriber/s: Thrish and Makdonaldu CARDINAL SIGNS: ​ Rubor ​ Redness ​ Redness of the area/incision area/kung saan pumasok foreign material. ​ Calor ​ Heat ​ Mainit yung area dahil merong increase ng blood flow to that area/site of exposure. ​ Tumor ​ Swelling ​ Dolor ​ Pain ​ Functio Laesa ​ Loss of function ​ These are the signs that the patient is currently suffering from inflammation. ​ For example, the harmful material enters the body, so this will trigger inflammation. To know if the patient is suffering from inflammation, check the cardinal signs. — END — REFERENCES OF THE LECTURER: ​ Turgeon, M. (2014). “Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine”. 5th Edition ​ Stevens, C and Miller,L. (2017). “Clinical Immunology and Serology, A Laboratory Perspective”. 4th Edition Video Lec: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osESmr5kL3I&t=695 s DON’T STOP UNTIL YOU’RE PROUD! :> 8