Week No. 7-Topic 9-Knowledge Management Systems.pptx

Chapter 09: Knowledge Management and Specialized Information Systems Stair, Reynolds and Chesney: Principles of Business Information Systems, Fourth edition (9781473774605) © Cengage Learning 2021 Principles • Knowledge management systems allow organizations to share knowledge and experience amon...

Chapter 09: Knowledge Management and Specialized Information Systems Stair, Reynolds and Chesney: Principles of Business Information Systems, Fourth edition (9781473774605) © Cengage Learning 2021 Principles • Knowledge management systems allow organizations to share knowledge and experience among their managers and employees. • Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of systems that can replicate human decision making for certain types of well-defined problems. • Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at the level of an expert but must be developed and maintained very carefully. • Virtual reality systems can reshape the interface between people and information technology by offering new ways to communicate information, visualize processes, and express ideas creatively. • Specialized systems can help organizations and individuals achieve their goals For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Knowledge » Knowledge: – Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of a set of information and the ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision. – Knowing the procedures for ordering more inventory to avoid running out is an example of knowledge. For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Knowledge Management Systems • A knowledge management system (KMS) is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to create, store, share, and use the organization’s knowledge and experience • A KMS can involve different types of knowledge – Explicit knowledge: objective; can be measured and documented in reports, papers, and rules – Tacit knowledge: hard to measure and document; typically not objective or formalized For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Knowledge creation 1. When an individual learns directly from another individual, in an apprentice type relationship, tacit knowledge is created from tacit knowledge. 2. When two pieces of explicit knowledge are combined. A website mash-up could be considered an example of this type of new knowledge. 3. When an expert writes a book teaching others, explicit knowledge is being created from tacit knowledge 4. When someone reads that book, and (eventually) becomes an expert themselves, tacit knowledge has been created by explicit knowledge For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Obtaining, Storing, Sharing and Using Knowledge • Creating or obtaining knowledge – Knowledge workers often work in teams • Storing knowledge – Knowledge repository: includes documents, reports, files, and databases • Sharing knowledge – Collaborative work software and group support systems – Nontechnical approaches • Using knowledge – Begins with locating organization’s knowledge • Knowledge map or directory For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Artificial Intelligence • Artificial intelligence (AI): ability of computers to mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain • Some AI applications: – Make medical diagnoses – Explore for natural resources – Determine what is wrong with mechanical devices – Assist in designing and developing other computer systems • Artificial intelligence systems include the people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate characteristics of intelligence For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Major branches in AI • • • • Expert systems Robotics Vision systems Natural language processing and voice recognition • Learning systems • Neural networks For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Major branches in AI  Expert systems: Hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inferences, similar to a human expert  Robotics: Mechanical or computer devices that perform tasks:  Requiring a high degree of precision, or  Tedious or hazardous for humans  Vision systems Hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures  Fingerprint analysis  Identifying people based on facial features For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Major branches in AI  Natural language processing and voice recognition: Processing that allows the computer to understand and react to statements and commands made in a “natural” language, such as English Voice recognition: converting sound waves into words  Learning systems: Combination of software and hardware that allows the computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives Learning systems software requires feedback on results of actions or decisions  Neural networks: Computer system that simulates functioning of a human brain  Discovers relationships and trends in large databases  Solves complex problems for which all the information is not present For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning An Overview of Expert Systems • Behave similarly to a human expert in a particular field • Use heuristics to arrive at conclusions or make suggestions • Explore new business possibilities • Increase overall profitability • Reduce costs • Provide superior service to customers and clients For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Components of Expert Systems • • • • • Knowledge base Inference engine Explanation facility Knowledge acquisition facility User interface For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Components of Expert Systems  Knowledge base Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships used by expert system.  Inference engine – Seeks information and relationships from knowledge base – Provides answers, predictions, and suggestions, like a human expert  Explanation Facility • Allows a user or decision maker to understand how the expert system arrived at certain conclusions or results • Example: a doctor can find out the logic or rationale of diagnosis made by a medical expert system For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Components of Expert Systems  Knowledge Acquisition Facility • Provides convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all components of knowledge base • Acts as an interface between experts and knowledge base. • User Interface • Main purpose of user interface: makes development and use of an expert system easier for users and decision makers For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Virtual Reality • Virtual reality system: enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment • Immersive virtual reality: user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Summary • Knowledge management system (KMS): people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to create, store, share, and use organization’s knowledge and experience. • Artificial intelligence (AI): ability of computers to mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain. • Artificial intelligence systems: people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate characteristics of intelligence For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Summary (cont.) • Expert system: computer system that stores knowledge and makes inferences similar to a human expert • Robotics: mechanical or computer devices that perform tasks requiring a high degree of precision or that are tedious or hazardous for humans • Vision systems: computer system that permits computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Summary (cont.) • Natural language processing: allows computer to understand and react to statements and commands made in a “natural” language • Learning system: computer system that allows computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives • Neural network: computer system that can simulate the functioning of a human brain • Virtual reality system: enables users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning