Week 8 The Sexual Self PDF

The Sexual Self Understanding The Self – Week 8 Intended Learning Outcomes: Demonstrate an understanding of how sexual identity, orientation, and behavior contribute to the complex formation of the sexual self and its relationship with overall self-identity; Analyze the physiologic...

The Sexual Self Understanding The Self – Week 8 Intended Learning Outcomes: Demonstrate an understanding of how sexual identity, orientation, and behavior contribute to the complex formation of the sexual self and its relationship with overall self-identity; Analyze the physiological and psychological aspects of sexual response, understanding the stages of sexual arousal, desire, and satisfaction, and how they contribute to one's sexual experience; and, Intended Learning Outcomes: Analyze various methods of contraception and their effectiveness in preventing unintended pregnancies and STDs, and discuss the ethical and practical considerations. DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus If the egg is fertilized with a sperm carrying the X-chromosome, the gonads should develop into ovaries and the offspring will be female. If the egg is fertilized with a sperm carrying the Y-chromosome, the gonads should develop into testes and the offspring will be male.  Further Sexual Development during Puberty STAGES PUBERTY STAGES IN PUBERTY STAGES IN GIRLS BOYS 1 Age: 8 to 11 Age: 9 to 12 Enlargement of ovaries Male hormones become and hormone production a lot active starts Growth spurt begins No visible external No visible external development yet development yet  Further Sexual Development during Puberty STAGES PUBERTY STAGES IN GIRLS PUBERTY STAGES IN BOYS 2 Age: 8 to 14 Age: 9 to 15 Development of the breasts Increase in height and the and first breast buds shape of the body changes Area around the nipple Development of muscle tissue (aureole) increases in size and fat Pubic hair may also appear Aureole becomes darker and Increase in height and weight increases in size Body gets rounder and curvier Testicles and scrotum grow Pubic hair begins to appear at the base of the penis  Further Sexual Development during Puberty STAGES PUBERTY STAGES IN GIRLS PUBERTY STAGES IN BOYS 3 Age: 9 to 15 Age: 11 to 16 Breasts continue to grow Penis starts to grow in length Pubic hair gets courser and Pubic hair gets courser and darker darker Face begins to appear more Whitish discharge in the vagina mature First menstrual period may begin Shoulders become broader Increase in muscle tissue Voice starts to change and deepen Facial hair on the upper lips begins to develop  Further Sexual Development during Puberty STAGES PUBERTY STAGES IN GIRLS PUBERTY STAGES IN BOYS 4 Age: 10 to 16 Age: 11 to 17 Aureoles may even get even darker Penis grows in width and separate into little mounds Testicles and scrotum continue to Pubic hair begins to have a more grow; hair grows on the anus adult triangular pattern of growth The texture of the penis becomes Menarche should start now more adult-looking Ovulation starts Increase in underarm and facial hair First fertile ejaculation Skin gets oilier, and voice continues to deepen  Further Sexual Development during Puberty STAGES PUBERTY STAGES IN GIRLS PUBERTY STAGES IN BOYS 5 Age: 12 to 19 Age: 14 to 18 Full height is reached Full adult height Ovulation becomes regular Pubic hair and the genitals Pubic hair is filled in look like an adult man’s do Breasts are fully developed Shaving is necessary Some continue to grow past this point EROGENOUS ZONES OF THE BODY What are Erogenous Zones? The areas of the body that are highly sensitive when stimulated since these have a high number of sensory receptors or nerve endings that react to the stimuli.  Two Types of Erogenous Zones in the Skin NONSPECIFIC TYPE SPECIFIC TYPE Similar to any other portion of the Found in the mucocutaneous regions usual haired skin of the body Nerves are composed of the density Favor acute perception of dermal-nerve and hair-follicle Includes the genital regions networks (prepuce, penis, female external An exaggerated form of tickle genitalia or vulva, perianal skin, Includes the sides and back of the lips, and nipples) neck, axilla (armpits, underarm), and sides of the thorax (chest) SEXUAL RESPONSE  What is Sexual Response Cycle? It refers to the structured series of changes the body goes through (physically, psychologically, emotionally) when a person is involved in a sexually simulating activity, such as intercourse and masturbation.  Sexual Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson) Phase 1: Initial physiological sexual arousal response Excitement Increased heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure Myotonia, vasocongestion, and nipple hardening or erection Flush or reddening of the skin Phase 2: Plateau Intensifies the response from the excitement phase Continuous increase and stabilization of breathing, blood flow, and heart rate  Sexual Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson) Phase 3: Orgasm Sexual climax of excitement Shortest and generally last only for a few seconds A sense of euphoria and a feeling of tension relief Phase 4: The body returns to its normal functioning Resolution Refractory period – the recovery time after orgasm. SEX AND THE BRAIN  Brain as a Sex Organ The brain is considered as the largest sex organ of the body, which is responsible for controlling biological urges, mental processes, and emotional and physical responses to sex. Roles of the Brain in Sexual Activity Translates nerve impulses sensed by the skin to pleasurable sensation Controls the nerves and muscles used in sexual activities Cerebral cortex is responsible for sexual thoughts and fantasies. Limbic system is the source of emotions and feelings. Releases hormones (physiological origin of sexual desire) Hormones Released by the Brain during Sexual Activities Oxytocin – “love hormone”; desire to maintain close relationships Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – ovulation in females Luteinizing hormone (LH) – regulates the testes and ovaries; stimulates the production of testosterone from the testes Vasopressin – male arousal Estrogen and progesterone – regulates motivation to engage in sexual behavior for females Three Categories of Falling in Love (Helen Fisher)  Stage 1: LUST Physical attraction Desire for sexual gratification (the need for a person to reproduce) Driven by testosterone (male) and estrogen (female) Stage 2: ATTRACTION People are “love struck, blinded by love, or infatuated.” Three chemical triggers: norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin Stage 3: ATTACHMENT Desire for long lasting commitment Involves defense of territory, feeding and grooming, close proximity, separation anxiety, and shared tasks  Three Chemical Triggers for Attraction 1. Norepinephrine – gives a person an extra surge of energy and triggers increased heart rate, loss of appetite, and desire to sleep 2. Dopamine – gives a person a feeling of ecstasy; produced when spending time with someone you love or during sexual intercourse 3. Serotonin – causes obsessive thinking  Sexual Desire Sexual Drive Subjective feeling of A basic, biological wanting or interest to mediated motivation to engage in sex seek sexual activity or sexual gratification Physiological Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior Motivation Hypothalamus – has an important function in motivated behaviors, as well as sexual functioning Amygdala – the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation Nucleus accumbens – also known as the pleasure center, has an important role in motivation and cognitive processing of aversion  DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIORS  Sex – based on the biological make-up and sexual characteristics of a person (male or female) Gender – a social construct, which includes roles, behaviors, expressions and identities Sexual orientation – a person’s emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual Gender identity – one’s sense of being male or female; how a person identifies himself/herself  SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES What are Sexually Transmitted Diseases? It is also known as sexually transmitted infections (STI). It is a disease or infection acquired through sexual contract where the organisms that cause STD are passed from one person to another through blood, semen, vaginal, or any other bodily fluids. Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases CLAMYDIA A parasitic bacterium that causes unusual discharge, stinging in the sex organ when urinating, lower abdominal pain, lower back pain, nausea, fever, and pain during sex Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases GONORRHEA Passed down through unprotected oral, anal, and vaginal sex The bacteria spread to warm, moist areas of the body such as the eyes, throat, mouth, vagina, the entire reproductive tract, urethra, and anus Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases GENITAL HERPES Caused by a virus that infects the skin, mouth, mucous membranes of the genitals, and the rectum Can also be transmitted through sharing towels with an infected person Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases GENITAL WARTS Caused by a virus characterized by rough, wart-like growths Usually found around the head of the penis (men), and around the vaginal opening and could spread to the rectal area as well as the cervix (women) Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases SYPHILIS A dangerous and life- threatening bacterial disease that could affect other vital organs such as the heart, spine, and brain Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases ECTOPARASITIC INFECTIONS Caused by parasites such as lice and mites Pubic lice – also known as crab louse that live on the pubic hair Scabies – caused by mites that live on the skin, which cause itching on various parts of the body and characterized by small bumps on the skin REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH  Republic Act No. 10354 Also known as “The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012” The right to equality and nondiscrimination of these rights, the right to sustainable human development, the right to health which includes reproductive health, the right to education and information, and the right to choose and make decisions for themselves in accordance with their religious convictions, ethics, cultural beliefs, and the demands of responsible parenthood  What is Responsible Parenthood? It is the will and ability of parent(s) to respond to the needs and aspirations of the family and children. It is the shared responsibility between parents to determine and achieve the desired number and timing of their children according to their own aspirations (RA 10354 Section 4v).  What is Reproductive Health (RH)? It can be defined as a state of complete well-being in matters relating to one’s sexual and reproductive life. It implies that people are able to have a responsible, safe, consensual and satisfying sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide of, when, and how often to do so. Further, it implies that men and women attain equal relationships in matters related to sexual relations and reproduction (RA 10354 Section 4s).  What is Family Planning? It allows both men and women to make informed choices on when and if they decide to have children. Benefits of family planning/contraception according to WHO: Prevent pregnancy-related health risks in women Reduce infant mortality Help prevent HIV/AIDS Empower people and enhance education Reduce adolescent pregnancies Slow population growth  Methods of Contraception Natural method Periodic abstinence, lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), coitus interruptus (withdrawal or pulling out) method Long-acting reversible Implants or intra uterine device (IUD) contraception Hormonal contraception Birth control pill, birth control injection Barrier method Condoms Fertility awareness Periodic abstinence method Permanent contraception Vasectomy, tubal ligation  Natural Family Planning Method It is the method that uses the body’s natural physiological changes and symptoms to identify the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle. 1. Periodic abstinence (fertility awareness) method 2. Use of breastfeeding or lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) 3. Coitus interruptus (withdrawal or pulling out) method  Periodic Abstinence Method Involves refraining from sexual intercourse Considered as the most effective natural birth control method Types of periodic abstinence method: 1. rhythm (calendar) method 2. basal body temperature monitoring 3. cervical mucus (ovulation) method Rhythm or Calendar Method Involves refraining from having sex during a woman’s fertile days A woman is likely to get pregnant if she has sex 3 to 4 days before ovulation and 3-4 days after ovulation. To determine the first fertile day, subtract 18 from the shortest cycle. To determine the last day, subtract 11 from the longest menstrual cycle.  Basal Body Temperature It is the woman’s lowest body temperature at rest on a given day. BBT falls between 97.52 to 98.24 degree Fahrenheit (36.4 to 36.8 degree Celsius) The woman must take her temperature early every morning before doing any activity.  Cervical Mucus Method Based on carefully observing the woman’s mucus patterns during ovulation A woman is fertile during the days when she observes her cervical mucus is thin and watery, plus the day after it as well.  Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM) It is the temporary infertility that occurs in a woman when she is not menstruating after giving birth and that she is fully breastfeeding. Withdrawal or Pull-out Method A man pulls out his penis from a woman’s vagina prior to ejaculation so that the sperm is not ejected inside the woman’s reproductive system. Hormonal Contraceptive (Artificial Family Planning) ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE Also known as the pill Contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone Estrogen suppresses ovulation, while progesterone decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperm’s access to the ova. Hormonal Contraceptive (Artificial Family Planning) TRANSDERMAL CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH A medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream Contains both estrogen and progesterone, and is attached once a week for three weeks Hormonal Contraceptive (Artificial Family Planning) VAGINAL RING Inserted into the vagina and slowly releases hormones through the vaginal wall into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy Releases a dose of estrogen and progesterone into the bloodstream Hormonal Contraceptive (Artificial Family Planning) SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS Involve the delivery of a steroid progestin from polymer capsules or rods placed under the skin Effectiveness for 1 to 5 years Hormonal Contraceptive (Artificial Family Planning) HORMONAL INJECTIONS Given once every three months Typically suppresses ovulation, keeping the ovaries from releasing an egg Also thickens cervical mucus to keep sperm from reaching the egg Hormonal Contraceptive (Artificial Family Planning) INTRAUTERINE DEVICE A small, T-shaped plastic device wrapped in copper or contains hormones Prevents fertilization of the egg by damaging or killing sperm  Chemical Barriers SPERMICIDES, VAGINAL GELS & CREAMS, AND GLYCERIN FILMS Used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix Lowers the pH level of the vagina  Chemical Barriers DIAPHRAGM Made of latex (rubber) and formed like a shallow cup Dome-shaped barrier that block sperms from entering the uterus Filled with spermicide and fitted over the uterine cervix  Chemical Barriers CERVICAL CAP A silicone cup inserted in the vagina to cover the cervix and keep sperm out of the uterus Spermicide is added to the cervical cap  Chemical Barriers MALE CONDOM A latex or synthetic rubber sheath placed on the erect penis before vaginal penetration to trap the sperm during ejaculation  Chemical Barriers FEMALE CONDOM A thin pouch inserted into the vagina before sex, serving as protective barrier to prevent pregnancy and protection from sexually transmitted diseases  Surgical Methods VASECTOMY A surgical operation wherein the tube that carries the sperm to a man’s penis is cut A permanent male contraception method  Surgical Methods TUBAL LIGATION A surgical procedure for female sterilization involving severing and tying of the fallopian tubes Disrupts the movement of the egg to the uterus for fertilization and blocks sperm from traveling up the fallopian tubes to the egg  REFERENCES Otig, V.S. et al. (2019). A Holistic Approach in Understanding the Self. Mutya Publishing House, Inc. Pregnancy and Postpartum TV (2023). CONCEPTION TO FETUS | The Miracle of Life | Medical 3D Animation of Conception/Fertilization [Video file]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhpbWkrLs9g Rowland, D. & Gutierrez, B.R. (2017). Phases of the Sexual Response Cycle. Psychology Faculty Publications, 62. https://scholar.valpo.edu/psych_fac_pub/62 Family Planning Organization of the Philippines (2020). Comprehensive Sexuality Education – Pleasure [Video file]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lO_38Vy3XwQ Department of Health (Philippines). (2021). Usap Tayo sa Family Planning: World Contraception Day 2021 [Video file]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Sw_3RDuB5g Family Planning Organization of the Philippines (2020). Reproductive Health - Comprehensive Sexuality Education FPOP REAP [Video file]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnx6oOqIHIA Republic Act No. 10354. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2012/ra_10354_2012.html RA 10354 “RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT OF 2012”. https://region8.cpd.gov.ph/responsible-parenthood-and-reproductive-health-rprh-general-information/