Week 2.pptx

Learning Theories & Instructional Technology Explore the foundational learning theories that underpin effective instructional design and the innovative technologies that enable engaging digital learning experiences. PK by Philip Kissi What are Learning Theories? Learning theories are fra...

Learning Theories & Instructional Technology Explore the foundational learning theories that underpin effective instructional design and the innovative technologies that enable engaging digital learning experiences. PK by Philip Kissi What are Learning Theories? Learning theories are frameworks that describe how individuals acquire, retain, and recall knowledge. These theories provide a foundation for understanding the cognitive processes involved in learning and inform the design of effective instructional strategies. Behaviorism: Learning through Stimulus and Response Response 1 The learner's observable behavior after being exposed to a stimulus. Stimulus 2 An environmental cue that triggers the learner's behavior. Conditioning 3 The process of associating a stimulus with a particular response. Behaviorism is a learning theory that emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli in shaping an individual's observable behavior. The core principle is that learning occurs through the association between a stimulus and a response, a process known as conditioning. Learners acquire new skills or modify existing ones by repeatedly experiencing the connection between a trigger (stimulus) and their resulting action Classical Conditioning Stimulus-Response Pavlovian Experiment Classical conditioning involves The classic example is Pavlov's learning by association, where a experiment, where dogs were neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned to salivate at the sound naturally occurring stimulus to elicit of a bell, which was paired with the a particular response. presentation of food. Involuntary Responses In classical conditioning, the learned response is involuntary, like salivation, blinking, or muscle contractions, rather than a voluntary action. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Shaping Behavior Feedback Operant conditioning By gradually reinforcing Immediate and consistent focuses on using positive desired behaviors, operant feedback is crucial in and negative conditioning can help operant conditioning. reinforcement to shape learners develop new skills Learners need to behavior. Rewards and and modify existing habits understand the connection consequences play a key over time. between their actions and role in this approach to the resulting learning. consequences. Applications in Instructional Technology Technology- Constructivist Approaches Cognitive Supports Enhanced Learning Constructivist learning Cognitive learning theories Integrating behaviorist theories inform the design guide the development of principles, instructional of instructional technology instructional technologies technology can provide that fosters active that optimize information personalized feedback, engagement, social processing, provide reinforce positive interaction, and the scaffolding, and tap into behaviors, and optimize construction of knowledge learners' prior knowledge learning experiences through hands-on, project- and mental schemas. through adaptive software based activities. and digital tools. Constructivism: Learning through Active Engagement Learner-Centered 1 Focus on the student's active role Social Interaction 2 Learning through collaboration Discovery Learning 3 Constructing knowledge through exploration Constructivism emphasizes that learners actively construct their own understanding by connecting new information to their prior knowledge and experiences. Students are not passive recipients of knowledge, but actively engage in the learning process through social interaction, problem-solving, and discovery. The role of the instructor is to facilitate this active construction of knowledge. Social Constructivism 1 Collaborative Learning 2 Cultural Influences Social constructivism emphasizes This theory acknowledges that the role of social interactions and our understanding of the world is collaboration in the learning shaped by the cultural and social process. Students learn by contexts in which we operate. engaging with their peers and Learning is influenced by our instructors. backgrounds and experiences. 3 Scaffolding Instructors provide scaffolding, or support, to guide students in constructing their own knowledge. This support is gradually reduced as learners become more independent. Cognitive Constructivism Individual Construction Developmental Stages Cognitive constructivism focuses on the Cognitive constructivists like Piaget individual's mental processes and how propose that learning occurs through a they construct their own unique series of developmental stages, where understanding of the world. Learners learners progress from simple to more actively build knowledge by interpreting complex ways of thinking and problem- and integrating new information with solving as they mature. their existing schemas and experiences. Applications in Instructional Technology Behaviorism Constructivism Instructional technology can apply Constructivist approaches leverage behaviorist principles by using instructional technology to facilitate techniques like programmed instruction, active, exploratory learning. This includes computer-assisted learning, and virtual interactive educational software, online simulations to provide immediate collaborative workspaces, and virtual feedback and reinforce desired reality experiences that encourage behaviors. learners to construct their own understanding. Cognitivism: Learning through Mental Processes Information Processing 1 Cognitivists view learning as an internal mental process where information is received, 2 Schema Theory processed, stored, and Learners organize knowledge retrieved. Instructional design into mental frameworks or focuses on structuring schemas. New information is information to optimize this assimilated into existing cognitive processing. schemas or accommodated Applications in 3 through the creation of new Instructional schemas. Instructional Technology Cognitivist principles are technology can support schema applied in educational software, development. multimedia presentations, and adaptive learning platforms that tailor content to individual learners' needs and prior knowledge. Information Processing 1 Encoding 2 Storage 3 Retrieval The process of Information is stored The process of converting external in short-term accessing and stimuli into a form memory, long-term recalling information that can be memory, and from memory, which processed by the sensory memory, can be influenced by brain, such as with different cues and through sight, capacities and associations. sound, or touch. durations. Schema Theory Mental Representations Activating Prior Knowledge Schema theory proposes that When people encounter new people organize knowledge into information, they activate relevant mental frameworks or schemas that schemas from their long-term help them understand and make memory to interpret and integrate sense of new information. the new knowledge. Adapting Schemas As people learn, their schemas can be modified, expanded, or replaced to accommodate new experiences and concepts. Applications in Instructional Technology E-Learning Platforms Virtual Reality Gamification Behaviorist and cognitivist Constructivist approaches Applying behaviorist theories inform the design leverage virtual reality to principles of of e-learning environments create immersive, reinforcement, educational with structured lessons, exploratory learning games and gamified apps feedback mechanisms, experiences that allow motivate students through and multimedia content to students to actively rewards, challenges, and engage learners. construct knowledge immediate feedback. through experimentation. Integrating Learning Theories with Instructional Technology Explore how the key learning theories of Behaviorism, Constructivism, and Cognitivism can be effectively integrated with innovative instructional technologies to enhance the learning experience.