FCE3401 Educational Technology PDF

FCE3401 Educational Technology Topic 2 Technology, Media, and Teaching and Learning Approaches (Part I) 1 Learning outcome: 1. Define the hierarchy of technology, media, and resources 2. Juxtapose several approaches and modes for t...

FCE3401 Educational Technology Topic 2 Technology, Media, and Teaching and Learning Approaches (Part I) 1 Learning outcome: 1. Define the hierarchy of technology, media, and resources 2. Juxtapose several approaches and modes for teaching and learning 3. Elaborate multimodality and orchestration 4. Identify devices and software 5. Differentiate between immersive, augmented reality, wearable technology, simulation and cloud computing 2 01. Hierarchy of Technology, Media, and Resources We have learned what Technology is in Topic 1. Let’s look at what Media is. >> Next  Means of communication. What is Anything that carries information between Media? a source and a receiver. 5  Concepts of Media Media can be understood through messages. (messages = learning content/information) Types of Message Message Channel The form in which a The form in which a message is stored – message is delivered – e.g. Pictures, e.g. Television, Radio, Objects, Symbols Computer 6 So… What is Instructional Media? Resources or materials that is produced and used systematically to deliver a message or content as a means to enhance the understanding and effectiveness of teaching and learning. Ismail & Mahmud (2004) 7 Text People Video Types of Media Visuals Manipulatives Audio 8 Why Should We Use Media in Instruction? Educational experiences that involve the learner physically and that give concrete examples are retained longer than abstract experiences such as listening to a lecture. Instructional media help add elements of reality. Example? 9 Dale’s Cone of Experience Edward L. Counts, Jr. 10 How do media support instructional activities? Gain attention: a picture on the screen, a question on the board, or music playing as students enter the room all serve to get the students’ attention Recall prerequisites: use media to help students recall what they learned in the last class, so that new material can be attached to and built upon it Present objectives to the learners: hand out or project the day’s learning objectives Present new content: not only can media help make new content more memorable, media can also help deliver new content (a text, movie, or video) 11  How do media support instructional activities? Support learning through examples and visual elaboration: one of the biggest advantages of media is to bring the world into the classroom when it is not possible to take the student into the world. Elicit student response: present information to students and pose questions to them, getting them involved in answering the questions. Provide feedback: media can be used to provide feedback relating to a test or class exercise Enhance retention and transfer: pictures enhance retention. Instructional media help students visualize a lesson and transfer abstract concepts into concrete, easier to remember objects. 12 How do media support instructional activities? Assess performance: media is an excellent way to pose assessment questions for the class to answer, or students can submit mediated presentations as classroom projects. 13 How about Display Media? >> Next Display Media Abstract ideas are illustrated using visuals or icons Charts, diagrams, infographics, timeline, flowcharts Helps to interpret complicated messages Helps to explain and show relationships To reinforce verbal messages through visualizations Why do we use display media? To enhance effective communication of instructional message What is instructional message? Symbols or signals that are used to convey a meaning or information It is usually represented by the combination of texts and visuals Design of a display media … Ensures legibility Minimizes the effort to Interpret a visual message Understand and comprehend a message or information Design of a display media … Increases students’ participation in classroom activities through visual message Focuses on only the most important part of a message How about Digital Media? >> Next What is Digital Media? “Digital media is defined as those technologies that allow users to create new forms of interaction, expression, communication, and entertainment in a digital format.” (Shelly, Gunter, & Gunter, 2010) 21 What is Digital Media? The term digital media has been coined to reflect the evolution of multimedia computing into multisensory communications. The goal of multimedia, and now digital media, is to reproduce as closely as possible the reliability and effectiveness found in face-to- face communications and then emulate that in virtual and online environments, such as social networking, using computers, and other technologies. 22 Be reminded that… The terms technology, multimedia, and digital media are not mutually exclusive. Technology vs. Multimedia vs. Digital Media digital media is defined as those technologies that allow users to create new forms of interaction, expression, communication, and entertainment in a digital format. Digital media uses all the elements of multimedia but in a digital format. 23 Technology vs. Multimedia vs. Digital Media The term digital media has not superseded or outdated the usefulness of the terms multimedia or technology. The term digital media simply underlines the pervasiveness of the use of digital formats for multimedia elements. Many applications previously defined as multimedia have seamlessly made the transition to digital media because they encompass all the elements of multimedia and digital media. 24  Types of Digital Media DIGITAL MEDIA INTERACTIVE DIGITAL SOFTWARE MEDIA allows users to move through any computer-based presentation information at their own pace. or application software that uses Interactive digital media also multimedia elements. By describes a digital media definition, digital media includes application that accepts input from interaction, so some, but not all, the user by means of a keyboard, digital media software is also voice, simple movements, or a considered interactive digital pointing device such as a mouse, media. and performs an action in response. 25 Source: Shelly, Gunter, & Gunter (2010) 26 How Digital Media is Used Teachers use digital media applications to deliver classroom presentations that enhance student learning. Students, in turn, use digital media applications to learn by reading, seeing, hearing, and interacting with the subject content. Another important application of digital media is to create simulations, which are computer-based models of real-life situations. flight simulator Digital media simulations often replace costly and sometimes hazardous demonstrations and training in areas, such as chemistry, biology, medicine, and aviation. 27 Hierarchy of Educational Technology & Resources With the advent of the Internet, the resources that educational technologists and content experts can access for inclusion in a learning environment are enormous. One way to capture the complexity of this dimension is in terms of a hierarchy that begins with information resources at the base of a pyramid. Information that has been determined to be reliable and accurate can be considered knowledge and a candidate for inclusion among learning resources. When that knowledge is linked to a learning goal or objective, it can be considered a learning resource. When activities, feedback, and assessment are included with a learning resource, it becomes an instructional object or resource. 28 A hierarchy of resources. Adapted from Spector (2015) 29 02. Approaches and Modes for Teaching and Learning Approaches and Modes for Teaching and Learning The world of the educational technologist is dominated by change, and the various things that change have an effect on each other. A new technology can introduce a new approach to teaching. Pedagogical approaches are also changing. Since the introduction of interactive simulations in the last part of the previous century, there has been a growing emphasis on learning by doing, sometimes also referred to as authentic or situated learning. Augmented and virtual realities and immersive environments have significantly enhanced the power of interactive simulations. As a result, such applications are expected to continue to change and influence how knowledge and expertise are developed. 31 Instructional Strategies There are many instructional strategies that instructional theorists have developed over the years. Examples include the following (these are only meant to be suggestive, as alternative strategies might be appropriate for the instances cited and this list is far from exhaustive): Drill and practice—appropriate for learning verbal information that for whatever reason must be committed to memory. Tutorial instruction—appropriate for learning simple procedures or how to navigate within a particular software system. 32  Exploratory instruction—appropriate Instructional for promoting understanding about Strategies phenomena new to the learner. (cont.) Interactive simulation—appropriate for promoting critical reasoning about dynamic, complex systems. Socratic questioning—appropriate for helping a learner link something new and seemingly unfamiliar to something already understood. Lecture—appropriate for introducing a new topic and creating some motivation and an appropriate foundation for that topic. 33 Approaches to teaching and learning are linked to the instructional objectives (adapted from Huang et al., 2021) 34 35 36 37 38