WEEK 2 - ANSCI MOCK Exam PDF

I.Introduction Goal of animal science: able to MEET NEEDS for food and other essential products from animals in most ECONOMIC and EFFICIENT way WITHOUT JEOPARDIZING ENVIRONMENT Livestock Industry Carabao Cattle Hogs Chicken Goats Ducks Philippines is Self...

I.Introduction Goal of animal science: able to MEET NEEDS for food and other essential products from animals in most ECONOMIC and EFFICIENT way WITHOUT JEOPARDIZING ENVIRONMENT Livestock Industry Carabao Cattle Hogs Chicken Goats Ducks Philippines is Self-sufficient in: eggs pork Philippines import more in: beef (4,500 tons average import annually) (Urban Areas) Commercial Farms often raises: hog chicken > Uses commercially mixed feeds (Rural Areas) Smallholder Farmers often raises: Carabao Cattle Goats > Rely on Roughages and Concentrates  II.Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals EXTERNAL ANATOMY - Structures found outside the body with integral part or parts of the organ systems located internally Generally involved in the following functions: Protection/covering such as feathers, hairs, horns, skin, etc. Digestion like mouth, beak, bill, snout, muzzle, etc. Sensation such as skin, nostrils, eyes, ears Aesthetic like comb, wattles, feathers INTERNAL ANATOMY - Organs and organ systems that function in a well-coordinated manner to enable survival, growth and reproduction Generally located in the following: Thoracic cavity - lungs, heart Abdominal cavity - stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, spleen, large intestine, kidneys, adrenals Pelvic cavity - reproductive organs ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY study of FUNCTION of the ORGAN SYSTEMS of body study of FUNCTION of LIVING MATTER HOMEOSTASIS constant conditions of internal environment maintenance of static condition key word in the study of modern physiology 1. The Skeletal System 1.1 Axial Skeleton - includes: skull, vertebrae, and ribs 1.2 Appendicular Skeleton - Forelimbs and Hindlimbs BONES - highly specialized supportive tissue - characterized by its rigidity and hardness 4 main FUNCTIONS mechanical support (eg. rib) locomotion (eg. long bones) protection (eg. skull) metabolic reservoir of minerals BONE COMPOSITION 1. Cells a. Osteogenic Cells (Mesenchymal Cells) - Located in the inner layer of periosteum - Fibrous membrane that covers surface of the bone - Give rise to osteoblasts b. Osteoblasts - bone secreting cells - lines trabeculae surfaces of the bone  - secretes amorphous and fibrous then deposit stored calcium to harden bones c. Osteocytes - mature bone cells that stop secreting the bone substance - main function: maintain integrity of bone by supplying nutrients from blood vessels in canaliculi - are osteoblasts that are trapped in lacunae during mineralization d. Osteoclasts (Remodeling Cells) - eats bony tissues - from fused osteocytes - multinucleated in Howship’’s lacunae at the bone surface 2. Osteoid: non-mineral matrix of collagen and glycosaminoglycan 3. Inorganic Mineral Salts deposited within the matrix Two Types of Bones 1. Interosseous Space - space between adjacent trabeculae 2. Trabeculae - a portion of the bone substance called spicule 1. Cancellous Bone (Spongy Bone) - few trabeculae, many interosseous space 2. Compact Bone (Lamellar Bone) - few interosseous space, extensive lamellae (from developed existing trabeculae) Osteon / Haversian System - basic unit of a compact bone - circular struct composed of central canal called Haversian Canal - Haversian canal connects a transversely positioned Volkmann's canal Osteogenesis - bone is formed from secretory activity of osteoblasts Epiphyseal Plate (Epiphyseal Line) - site of bone growth as seen in long bones - zones (growth, cartilage transformation, and ossification) CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BASED ON GROSS APPEARANCE 1. Long Bones - great dimension Functions: as lever, support, and locomotion Examples: Forelimbs and Hindlimbs 2. Short Bones - cuboids / equal shapes Functions: absorbs concussion Example: carpals, tarsals 3. Flat Bones - thin and expanded Functions: protect vital organs, provides spaces for muscle attachment Example: Skull, ribs, scapula, pelvic bones 4. Sesamoid Bones - sesame-seed shape develops along the course of tendons Functions: reduce frictions, change course of tendons Example: Patella 5. Irregular Bones - unpaired bones in median plane Functions: protection and support, muscle attachment Example: vertebral column 6. Pneumatic Bones - presence of air spaces/sinuses Example: maxillary and frontal bones 2. The Muscular System - creates movement - protects vital organs Types of Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal Muscles - attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing 2. Smooth Muscle - aid digestion and ensure blood flow - found in hollow organs / walls of organs - triggered by impulses from ANS (autonomic nervous system) 3. Cardiac Muscles - pump blood - 3 layers in heart: pericardium, myocardium, endocardium