Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals PDF

Anatomy & Physiology NIEL L. NINGAL, PhD  L UNO-R Grading System E...

Anatomy & Physiology NIEL L. NINGAL, PhD  L UNO-R Grading System E C Preliminary Mid-Term Final T Examination-70% Examination-70% Examination-70% U Quizzes -20% Class standing-10% Quizzes -20% Class standing-10% Quizzes -20% Class standing-10% R Preliminary Grades Mid-term Grades Final Grades General Weight Grades E Animal Production & Management 2 Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  Anatomy ▶Science that deals with the form and structure of all organisms Physiology ▶Study of the integrated functions of the body and the function of all its parts, including biophysical and biochemical processes. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  Branches of Anatomy 1. Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy 2. Comparative Anatomy 3. Embryology 4. Microscopic Anatomy or Histology 5. Ultrastructural cytology Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 1. Macroscopic anatomy  study of form and relations of the structures of the body that can be seen with the unaided eye Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 2. Comparative anatomy  study of the structures of various species of animals with particular emphasis on those characteristics that aid in classification Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 3. Embryology  Study of the developmental anatomy, covering the period from conception to birth Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 4. Histology Study of tissues and cells (organelles) that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 5. Ultrastructural Cytology Deals with portions of cells and tissues (organelles and structures) as they visualized with the aid of the electron microscope Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  Nomenclature for systemic anatomy System Name of the study Chief Structure Skeletal Osteology Bones Articular Arthrology Joint Muscular Myology Muscles Digestive Stomach & intestines Respiratory Lungs & airways Splanchnology Urinary Kidney & urinary bladder Reproductive Ovaries & Testes Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Endocrine Endocrinology Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Ductless glands  Nomenclature for systemic anatomy System Name of the study Chief Structure Endocrine Endocrinology Ductless glands Neurology Brain, spinal cord Nervous and nerve Circulatory Cardiology Heart and blood vessels Sensory Esthesiology Eye and ears Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  A N SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY A SYSTEM NAME OF STUDY CHIEF STRUCTURE T O Skeletal Osteology Bones M Articular Arthrology Joint Y Muscular Myology Muscles and Digestive Gastroenterology Stomach and intestine P Respiratory Pulmonology Lungs and airways H Urinary Urology Kidneys and urinary bladder Y Reproductive Splanchnology Ovaries and testes S Endocrine Endocrinology Ductless glands I Nervous Neurology Brain, spinal cord and O nerve L Circulatory Cardiology Heart and vessels O Sensory Esthesiology Eye and ears G Y  Anatomical terms Term Meaning Cranial Toward the head Caudal Toward the tail Rostral Reference to features of the head towards the nose Median plane Imaginary plane passing through the body so as to divide the body into equal right and left halves Sagittal plane/mid sagittal plane Anatomy & Physiology Any planeofparallel to the median plane Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  Anatomical terms Term Meaning Transverse plane At right angles to the median plane and divides the body into cranial and caudal segments Horizontal plane At right angles to both the median plane and transverse plane. Divides the body into dorsal and ventral segments Medial Close or toward the median plane Lateral Away from the median plane Dorsal Toward or beyond the backbone or vertebral column Ventral Away from the vertebral column or toward the midabdominal wall Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  Anatomical terms Term Meaning Proximal Relatively close to a given part Distal Relatively far to a given part; usually used in reference to portions of extrimity Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Skeletal System Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  Osteology  Study of bones that makes up the skeleton or framework of the body Functions of bones 1. Support the body 2. Provide leverage for locomotion 3. Protect the soft tissue within the body 4. Act as storage organ for calcium and phosphorus Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Compact bone  Dense or cortical  Hard layer that constitutes the exterior of most bones and forms almost the entire shaft of long bones Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Cancellous bone  Spongy bone  Composed of spicules arranged to form a porous network  Space usually filled with red bone marrow Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Medullary cavity  Marrow  Space surrounded by the cortex of long bones  Contains yellow bone marrow Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  Meaning Epiphysis Either end of a long bone Cylindrical shaft or long Diaphysis bone between two epiphysis Mature bone adjacent Metaphysis to the epiphysis Layer of hyaline cartilage Epiphyseal within the metaphysis of cartilage or an immature bone; disk Only area in which a Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals bone can lengthen Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Articular cartilage  Thin layer of cartilage that covers the articular (joint) surface of a bone Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Periosteum  A fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone except where articular cartilage is located Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Endosteum Fibrous membrane that lines the marrow cavity and osteonal canal of the bone Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Vertebrate skeleton Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Composition of the bone Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Joints permit different kind of movements Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Classification of bones according to gross appearance 1. Long bones 2. Short bones 3. Flat bones 4. Irregular bones 5. Sesamoid bones 6. Pneumatic bones Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  1. Long bones  Each consist of a relatively cylindrical shaft and two extremities  Fxn: levers and aid in support, locomotion and prehension Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  2. Short bones  Cuboid or approx. equal in all dimensions  No marrow cavity but the interior is composed of spongy bone  Exterior is formed by a thin layer of compact bone  Fxn: absorbs concussion  Ex: carpus & Tarsus Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  3. Flat bones  Relatively thin  Consist of two plates of compact bone:  Lamina externa &interna  Fxn: protection of vital organs; muscle attachment  Ex: scapula, ribs, pelvic bone, bones of skull Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 4. irregular bones  Unpaired bone on the median pane  Fxn: protection, support and muscular attachment  Ex: bone of vertebrae and some of the unpaired bones of the skull Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 5. Sesamoid bone  Resemble a sesame seed  Occurs along tendons  Fxn: reduce friction, increase leverage or change direction of pull Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 6. Pneumatic bone  Contain air space or sinuses that communicate with the atmosphere  Ex: frontal and maxillary bone Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Division of bones 1. Axial skeleton ▶ Runs from the head to the tip of the tail, forming the axis of the animal 2. Appendicular skeleton ▶ Consists of the appendages 3. Splanchnic skeleton ▶ Bones which lie within soft tissue and are not attached to the main skeleton Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. AXIAL SKELETON 1. Skull a) Cranium b) Facial 2. Vertebral Column a) Cervical vertebrae b) Thoracic vertebrae c) Lumbar vertebrae d) Sacral vertebrae Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 1. Skull ▶Bones of the head ▶ Fxns: ▶ Protectthe brain ▶Support and provide attachment for the muscles of mastication, swallowing, vocalization, and facial expression ▶Supports many of the sense organ ▶Provide a bony channel through which inspired air can enter the body Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 1. Skull ▶ Parts of the skull: ▶Cranium – box shaped structure that houses the brain and is attached to the two nasal chambers ▶Facial – bones of the face Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 2. Vertebral Column ▶Composed of median irregular bone called vertebrae ▶ Fxns: ▶ Protectthe spinal cord ▶Provide a stiff but flexible rod t support the body ▶Provide attachment for the rib cage and muscles, which protects the internal organs Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 1. Cervical vertebrae 2. Thoracic vertebrae 3. Lumbar vertebrae 4. Sacral vertebrae 5. Coccygeal vertebrae Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. a. Cervical vertebrae ▶Bone of the neck region ▶Have well developed articular processes to accommodate the large range of motion of the neck ▶Atlas – first cervical vertebrae ▶Axis – second cervical vertebrae Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. b. Thoracic vertebrae ▶bone of the chest region ▶characterized by well-developed spinous processes and articular facet for the ribs Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. c. Lumbar vertebrae ▶bones of loin region ▶ have large, flattened transverse processes that project lateral Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. d. Sacral vertebrae ▶Sacral vertebrae – bones of the pelvis region ▶ are fused to form a single-wedge bone, which articulates with the last lumbar vertebra cranially, with the first caudal vertebra caudally, and with the wings of the ilia craniolaterally Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  VERTEBRAL FORMULA OF COMMON DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND HUMAN SPECIES CERVICAL THORACIC LUMBAR SACRAL COCCYGEAL Horse 7 18 6 5 15-20 Ox 7 13 6 5 18-20 Sheep 7 13 6-7 4 16-18 Goat 7 13 7 4 12 Hog 7 14-15 6-7 4 20-23 Dog 7 13 7 3 20-23 Chicken 14 7 14 14 6 Human 7 12 5 5 4 Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 3. STERNUM AND RIBS ▶Sternum – forms the ventral of the bony thorax and gives attachment to the costal cartilage of the ribs as well as providing a bony origin for the pectoral muscles ▶Parts of the sternum Manubrium – the cranial extremity of the sternum Body – middle portion of the sternum Xiphoid process – the caudal extremity of the sternum Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 3. STERNUM AND RIBS ▶consists of individual bone called sternebrae that tend to fuse as age advances ▶ the number of sternebrae (excluding the manubrium and xiphoid from the count) varies with species Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 3. STERNUM AND RIBS ▶Ribs – form the lateral wall of the bony thorax functions: ▶form the thoracic cavity ▶protect the soft tissues within the thoracic cavity ▶enable respiration to take place Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. 3. STERNUM AND RIBS ▶Types of ribs ▶True or sternal ribs – ribs that articulate with the sternum ▶False or asternal ribs – ribs that touch the costal cartilage of the rib in front ▶Floating ribs –ribs that are short and the ventral end is free Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. NUMBER OF RIBS OF COMMON DOMESTIC ANIMALS SPECIES PAIR OF RIBS STERNA ASTERNAL RIBS RIBS Horse 18 8 10 Ox 13 8 5 Sheep 13 8 5 Pig 14 7 7 Dog 13 9 4 Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.  BONES OF AXIAL SKELETON SKULL VERTEBRAE RIBS STERNUM CRANIAL PART FACIAL PART Ethmoid Incisive Cervical True ribs Sternebrae Frontal Lacrimal Thoracic False ribs Manubrium Interparietal Mandible Lumbar Floating ribs Xyphoid process Occipital Maxilla Sacrum Parietal Palatine Coccygeal Pterygoid Nasal Sphenoid Turbinates (conchae) Temporal Zygomatic Vomer Hyoid Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals apparatus Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON  Appendicular skeleton – is made up of the bones of the limb a. Pectoral or thoracic limb Division of Forelimb  Shoulder  Upper arm  Forearm  Manus Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Pectoral girdle  there is no bony attachment between the limb and trunk  the connection is made entirely by muscles running from the scapula and humerus to the head, neck and thorax Clavicle  a thin spicule of unconnected bone lying within the muscle running between the forelimb and head and neck Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Scapula  a large triangular flat bone applied to the wall of the thorax between ribs 1 and 4 Forelimb  Humerus  Radius and ulna  Carpus  metacarpal  digits Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Humerus  the largest bone in the forelimb this is a long bone with a slight twist in the region of the mid-shaft Radius and ulna  bones of antebrachium (forearm) Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Radius  the larger bone of the two, although in the birds it is smaller than the ulna  it enters into the elbow joint proximally and the carpus distally  the most medial of the two bones forming the lower limb  It is the main weight-bearer Ulna  with the radius this form the lower forelimb and is larger and longer than radius Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Carpus  a complex region that includes two rows of small bones  this region corresponds to the human wrist and is frequently, although erroneously called the knee by horseman Metacarpal  boned distal to the carpus Digits Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON b. Pelvic limb Division of Pelvic limb  Hip  Thigh  Leg  Pes Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Pelvic girdle consists of two halves, each formed from three flat bones Ilium  most of this is vertical and forms the cartilaginous sacroiliac joint with the sacrum  the largest and most dorsal of the pelvic bone  it is irregularly triangular with the apex at the acetabulum and the base projecting craniodorsal Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Ischium  projects backward and ventral from the acetabulum forming much of the floor of the pelvic cavity  it has a large roughened caudal prominence – the tuber ischiadicum - pin bone in cattle Pubis  the smallest of the tree pelvic bone forms the cranial part of the floor of the pelvic cavity Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON PELVIC GIRDLE FEMALE MALE PARTS Pubic floor concave convex Pelvic outlet Large, shallow broad small and flaring Pelvic inlet angle of inclination Deep and funnel on inlet greater shaped conjugate diameter 9.5cm 7.5cm transverse diameter 9.5cm 8cm Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Hind limb  FEMUR –long bone which forms the skeleton of the thigh  FIBULA –the finer of the two bones that forms the lower hind limb; it is smaller and lies on the lateral side of the leg  TIBIA –the larger of the two bones of the lower limb and lies on medial to the fibula  TARSUS – also called hock, it is like the carpus of the thoracic limb is composed of multiple small bones; it corresponds to human ankle Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D. APPENDICULAR SKELETON THORACIC LIMB PELVIC LIMB PART OF LIMB BONES PART OF LIMB BONES Thoracic or Scapula, clavicle, Pelvic girdle Sacrum, pelvis: shoulder girdle coracoids ilium, ischium & pubis Brachium (arm) Humerus Thigh Femur Antebrachium Radius and ulna Crus (true leg) Tibia & fibula (forearm) Carpus (knee) Carpal bone Tarsus (hock) Tarsal bones Metacarpus Metacarpal bones Metatarsus Metatarsal bones Phalanges (digits) Proximal, middle Phalanges (digits) Proximal, middle and distal and distal phalanges phalanges Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals Niel L. Ningal, Ph.D.