Week 12 Revision Lecture_A PDF

Revision and Exam Prep Lowri Bennett BSc Hons RVN Lecture A [email protected] Week 1-5 Week 1 Terminology Prefix Root Suffix Distal to the point of the carpus/hock Anatomical planes  Recap questions 1. You are assisting in surgery, and the vete...

Revision and Exam Prep Lowri Bennett BSc Hons RVN Lecture A [email protected] Week 1-5 Week 1 Terminology Prefix Root Suffix Distal to the point of the carpus/hock Anatomical planes  Recap questions 1. You are assisting in surgery, and the veterinarian asks you to hold a structure "distal to the elbow.“ Where should you focus your attention? 2. A dog is lying in dorsal recumbency. Describe the position of the dog. 3. Describe the location of the "plantar" and "palmar" surfaces? 4. What is the difference between the median and a sagittal anatomical plane? 5. How would describe the term ‘myocarditis’ to an owner? 6. What is the medical term for a slow heart rate? Week 2 – External landmarks, body cavities and the skeleton Cavities Contains Boundaries Membranes Thoracic Cavity Heart Cranial: Thoracic inlet Pleura Lungs (associated Dorsal: Spine/muscles structures) Ventral: Sternum Caudal: Diaphragm Lateral: Ribs Abdominal Cavity Digestive system and Cranial: Diaphragm Peritoneum related glands Dorsal: Spine/muscles Ventral/lateral: Abdominal muscles. Caudal: Pelvic inlet Pelvic Cavity Urinary bladder and Cranial: Pelvic inlet (no Peritoneum some reproductive physical separation with abdo organs cavity) Caudal: Opening of caudal pelvis Dorsal: Sacrum/spine Ventral: Pelvis (pubis/ischium) Coelomic Cavity Single body cavity - - (Birds/reptiles) with no diaphragm Nuchal Equine External landmarks  External Hoof  1. Heel bulb​  2. Periople at the heel​  3. Heel​  4. Quarter​  5. Toe​  6. Periople​  7. Coronary band​  External landmarks  1. Frog - This is a rubbery wedge-shaped structure positioned between the bars.​  2. Bars - There are two bars on each hoof. They are on either side of the frog.​  3. Sole - The sole covers the bottom of foot.​  4. White line - This is actually inter- connected lamina that you can see. ​  5. Wall - The same basic structure as your finger and toenails. ​ Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Calcaneus  Recap Questions 1. Name the regions of the vertebral column in order from cranial to caudal. 2. What is the anatomical name for the shoulder blade? 3. Identify the bones below the tarsus in an equine distal limb. 4. The heart is visible within a specific cavity. Name the cavity and explain its boundaries. 5. Name the cavity found in birds and reptiles Week 3 – Structure of the body Types of Description Location Function epithelium Simple Single layer of thin, flat cells Areas of diffusion (e.g. Allows diffusion of Squamous alveoli, blood/lymphatic materials to occur and vessels, glomerulus) secretes lubrication Simple Single layer of square/cube cells Lining of ducts, glands and Secretes and absorbs Cuboidal kidney tubules Simple Single layer of column shaped Lining of organs with an Secretes and absorbs Columnar cells absorptive or secretory function (e.g. GI tract) Stratified Can be squamous (most Areas subjected to friction Protects against common), cuboidal, or columnar (e.g. oesophagus, mouth, abrasion Multiple layers – tough skin epidermis) Can contain keratin (to form hair, nails etc.) for extra protection. Pseudostratified Closely packed cells which Along the respiratory Protects against large appear to be arranged in layers airways. dust particles, but are all are attached to pollutants, pollen, basement membrane. corrosive agents and Almost always columnar with pathogens. Types of Description Location Function epithelium Ciliated Can occur on simple or Lines tubes/cavities Beat rapidly to move pseudostratified (not stratified) where material must be particles/fluid within Can occur on columnar (most trapped/moved (e.g. the lumen/cavity common) or cuboidal epithelium respiratory tract, Cilia (hair-like) projections present on oviducts) the free surface Transitional A type of stratified epithelium where Lines the bladder, urethra Allows urinary organs multiple layers of cells can change and ureters to expand and stretch shape Glandular Epithelium has interspersed secretory Mucous membranes (e.g. Secretes clear sticky (goblet) cells intestine, oral cavity) protective mucus onto membrane surface  Attach to skeleton Lines internal organs Only in heart (myocardium) Large tubular cells (e.g. gut) Tubular branched cells Voluntary movement Tapered cells Connected by intercalated discs Striated (stripey) Involuntary movement Involuntary movement Not striated (non Striated (stripey) Connective tissue Functions Location Loose connective tissue - Connect and surrounds tissues and Most widespread connective Areolar organs. tissue in the body. Collagen – Provides strength Elastic – Allows tissue to stretch Reticular – A less abundant type of collagen Loose connective tissue - Functions primarily in: Under the skin Adipose Energy storage and release Around internal organs Temperature insulation Between muscles Organ protection Within bone marrow Hormone secretion. Breast tissue. Dense connective tissue – Collagen fibres that are densely and All over the body Tendon regularly arranged. Connects muscle to bone Dense connective tissue - Mainly comprised of elastic fibres All over the body to help Ligament Connects bone to bone stabilise joints. The Integument (a.k.a the skin) Stratum basale The system includes The epidermis (incl. Sebaceous keratinised sole/pads Dermis (loose connective tissue) Highly vascularised Arrector pili muscle Hair and nails originate in grooves Glands (e.g. sweat and sebaceous glands) Hypodermis Hypodermis (adipose connective tissue)  Diffusion  The movement of molecules from a region where they are at a high concentration to a region where they are at a lower concentration (e.g. in/out of cells)  Takes place where there is no barrier to the free movement of molecules​  Only occurs when the diffusing substance is small enough Osmosis  Solutions want to be the same concentration (e.g. salt water)  If salt concentration higher on one side of a semi-permeable membrane, water will be drawn across membrane by osmosis to the side with higher concentration  Happens between intracellular fluid and extracellular (interstitial) fluid across the cell membrane Aspinall & Capello, 2015  Recap Questions 1. What type of epithelium lines the alveoli of the lungs and why? 2. What is transitional epithelium, and where is it found? 3. Which type of epithelium is found in the skin? 4. What are the three main layers of the skin? 5. What type of epithelium would you find in the lining of the stomach and why? Week 4 – Reproductive System  MALE ANATOMY Canine Testes (plus epididymis and vas deferens) Prostate gland Bulbus glandis (dogs only) Penis  Feline ‘Accessory’ Glands Equine - Ampulla Ampulla - Prostrate Vesicular Gland - Vesicular gland Bulbourethral Glands - Bulbourethral gland (Horses and cats) Glans Penis Feline Reproductive System Canine + Feline Ovaries Oviducts (Fallopian tubes) Vagina Uterus (2 horns and body) Cervix Vagina Vulva Equine Reproductive Hormones Hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland in the brains These hormones are known as ‘gonadotrophins’ and include: Stimulates testes to ICSH: Interstitial Cell Stimulating produce Hormone (male equivalent of LH) testosterone + sperm FSH = Follicle stimulating hormone production Stimulates the ovaries to LH = Luteinising hormone develop and release egg  Reproductive Hormones These hormones are produced in response to the gonadotrophins: ​  Testosterone​- from the testicles  Oestrogen ​  Progesterone​ From the ovaries  Lactation The production of milk (lactation) is influenced by three hormones: Progesterone Released by the corpus leuteum Released by the anterior Prolactin pituitary gland in the brains Oxytocin  Oestrus Cycle Species Ovulation Cycle Type Age of puberty Canine Spontaneous Mono-oestrus ~ 6 months Feline Induced Seasonally ~ 5 months polyoestrous (Jan- Sept) Equine Spontaneous Seasonally 12-15 months polyoestrous (April- Oct)  Example Questions 1, Identify the name of the cell within the testes that divide to produce spermatids. 2. What is the correct name given to the offspring of guinea pigs? A D 3. Identify the structures labelled A-D on the image of this teste. B 4. State and briefly describe the type of oestrus cycle and ovulation a queen has B C B Week 5 – Respiratory System  Pharynx, Larynx From nasal cavity air passes to the pharynx Region at back of mouth – shared by digestive and respiratory systems Split into three sections Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx or Hypopharynx Air then flows into the cartilaginous larynx. The ‘epiglottis’ closes over the larynx during swallowing Vocal ligaments inside larynx bring about sounds (voice box). Hyoid bone is an attachment structure for the tongue and oral cavity muscles  Bronchi and Bronchioles The trachea divides into right and left ‘bronchi’, each one enters a lung This divide is known as the bifurcation Surrounded by cartilage rings Bronchi divide into smaller and smaller tubes Lose their cartilage walls as they get smaller – then called ‘bronchioles’, with only smooth muscle walls  Dog/Cat Lung lobes In horses there is very little external evidence of lobation​ Each mammalian lung is divided into lobes​ Species Left Side Right Side Dog/Cat 3 4 Horse 2 3 Rabbit 2 4 Each lung is covered by pulmonary pleura (a.k.a. visceral pleura) which is separated from the parietal pleura by the pleural space​ Pleural space contains a ‘vacuum’ A summary 1.  Example Questions A 1. State one purpose of the tracheal cartilage rings. 2. Identify the alternative name for the internal B nostrils. 3. Identify the three areas of the pharynx labelled A-C. C