Animal Science Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of animal science as described?

To meet animal welfare needs and improve health standards

To increase animal diversity and wildlife preservation

To meet needs for food and products economically and efficiently without harming the environment (correct)

To develop new animal breeds for enhanced survival

Which of the following livestock is primarily raised by smallholder farmers in rural areas?

Ducks

Chickens

Hogs

Cattle (correct)

What is NOT a part of the external anatomy of farm animals?

Skin

Lungs (correct)

Feathers

Horns

In which cavity are the reproductive organs located?

Pelvic cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones in the skeletal system?

Hormonal balance Signup and view all the answers

Homeostasis refers to which of the following?

Constant conditions of the internal environment Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for producing osteoblasts?

Osteogenic Cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of osteocytes?

To maintain bone integrity by supplying nutrients Signup and view all the answers

The axial skeleton includes which of the following structures?

Ribs Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is characterized by many interosseous spaces?

Cancellous Bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major muscle action that occurs in skeletal system function?

Contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the livestock industry in the Philippines is correct?

The Philippines imports an average of 4,500 tons of beef annually Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains the central canal in compact bone?

Haversian System Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the formation of bone through the activity of osteoblasts?

Osteogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoclasts?

To absorb bony tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are primarily designed to protect vital organs?

Flat Bones Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes short bones?

Equal shape and concussion absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which zone is not part of the epiphyseal plate?

Resorption Zone Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is designed to reduce friction along the course of tendons?

Sesamoid Bones Signup and view all the answers

What defines a trabecula in bone structure?

A small column or spicule of bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

Animal science aims to meet human needs for food and other products efficiently without harming the environment.
The Philippines is mostly self-sufficient in pork and eggs.
The Philippines imports an average of 4,500 tons of beef annually.
Commercial farms in urban areas often raise hogs and chickens, using commercially mixed feeds.
Rural farms rely on roughages and concentrates.

II. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals

External Anatomy

External structures have integral parts of the organ systems located internally.
Functions include protection (feathers, hair, skin), digestion (mouth, beak, snout), sensation (skin, eyes, ears), and aesthetics (comb, wattles, feathers).

Internal Anatomy

Organs function in a coordinated manner for survival.
Location includes the thoracic cavity (lungs, heart), abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, kidneys), and pelvic cavity (reproductive organs).

Animal Physiology

Study of the function of organ systems and living matter.
Focuses on the functions and the working of organs.

Homeostasis

Maintains internal conditions constant.
Crucial for the study of modern physiology.

The Skeletal System

1. Axial Skeleton

Includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs.

1.2 Appendicular Skeleton

Composed of forelimbs and hindlimbs.

Bones

Highly specialized supportive tissue, characterized by rigidity and hardness.
Functions include providing mechanical support, enabling locomotion, providing protection, and as a metabolic mineral reservoir.

Bone Composition

Cells:
- Osteogenic cells: Located in the periosteum, the fibrous membrane that covers bone surfaces.
- Osteoblasts: Bone-producing cells, forming new bone.
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that maintain bone integrity.
- Osteoclasts: Break down and reabsorb bone.
Osteoid: Non-mineral organic matrix of bone.
Inorganic mineral salts: Deposited in the matrix, which hardens the bone.

Two Types of Bones

Interosseous space: Space between adjacent trabeculae.
Trabeculae: Spicules of bone substance.
- Cancellous bone (spongy bone): Few trabeculae.
- Compact bone (lamellar bone): Extensive lamellae (layers of bone).

Classification of Bone

Long bones: E.g., forelimbs and hindlimbs – provide leverage for locomotion.
Short bones: E.g., carpals and tarsals, which absorb shock and cushion joints.
Flat bones: E.g., skull, ribs, scapula, pelvic bones, protect vital organs.
Sesamoid bones: Small bones embedded in tendons (e.g., patella).
Irregular bones: E.g., vertebral column (protection and support).
Pneumatic bones: E.g., maxillary and frontal bones (air spaces).

The Muscular System

Creates movement, protects organs
Types of muscle tissue:
- Skeletal muscles: Attached to bones, cause movement through contraction and relaxation.
- Smooth muscles: Found in hollow organs and aid in digestion and blood flow. Involves the autonomic nervous system for involuntary regulation.
- Cardiac muscles: Muscle of the heart that pumps blood. Involuntary, with three layers found in the heart.

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Description

This quiz covers the essentials of animal science, focusing on aspects such as anatomy and physiology of farm animals. It discusses the role of animal science in meeting human needs for food and other products while ensuring environmental sustainability. Test your knowledge on the external and internal structures of farm animals and their physiological functions.