Animal Science Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of animal science as described?

  • To meet animal welfare needs and improve health standards
  • To increase animal diversity and wildlife preservation
  • To meet needs for food and products economically and efficiently without harming the environment (correct)
  • To develop new animal breeds for enhanced survival

    • Which of the following livestock is primarily raised by smallholder farmers in rural areas?

  • Ducks
  • Chickens
  • Hogs
  • Cattle (correct)

    • What is NOT a part of the external anatomy of farm animals?

  • Skin
  • Lungs (correct)
  • Feathers
  • Horns

    • In which cavity are the reproductive organs located?

    <p>Pelvic cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of bones in the skeletal system?

    <p>Hormonal balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homeostasis refers to which of the following?

    <p>Constant conditions of the internal environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for producing osteoblasts?

    <p>Osteogenic Cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of osteocytes?

    <p>To maintain bone integrity by supplying nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axial skeleton includes which of the following structures?

    <p>Ribs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is characterized by many interosseous spaces?

    <p>Cancellous Bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major muscle action that occurs in skeletal system function?

    <p>Contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the livestock industry in the Philippines is correct?

    <p>The Philippines imports an average of 4,500 tons of beef annually (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure contains the central canal in compact bone?

    <p>Haversian System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the formation of bone through the activity of osteoblasts?

    <p>Osteogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osteoclasts?

    <p>To absorb bony tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones are primarily designed to protect vital organs?

    <p>Flat Bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes short bones?

    <p>Equal shape and concussion absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone is not part of the epiphyseal plate?

    <p>Resorption Zone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is designed to reduce friction along the course of tendons?

    <p>Sesamoid Bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a trabecula in bone structure?

    <p>A small column or spicule of bone tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Animal Physiology

    The study of the function of the organ systems of the body.

    Homeostasis

    The ability of an animal to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

    Axial Skeleton

    The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs.

    Appendicular Skeleton

    The part of the skeleton that includes the forelimbs and hindlimbs.

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    Bone

    Highly specialized supportive tissue characterized by its rigidity and hardness.

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    Osteoblasts

    Cells that are responsible for bone formation.

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    Osteoclasts

    Cells that are involved in the breakdown of bone tissue.

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    Periosteum

    A fibrous membrane that covers the surface of the bone.

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    Ossification

    The process of bone formation.

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    Bone Remodeling

    The process of bone breakdown and remodeling.

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    Osteocytes

    Mature bone cells responsible for maintaining the integrity of bone tissue. They are formed from osteoblasts trapped within bone.

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    Osteoid

    The non-mineralized organic part of bone that consists of collagen fibers and glycosaminoglycans, forming the framework for mineralization.

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    Interosseous Space

    Spaces between adjacent trabeculae (spicules) in cancellous bone.

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    Trabeculae

    Spicules of bone tissue that form the network of cancellous bone.

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    Cancellous Bone (Spongy Bone)

    Type of bone with fewer trabeculae and larger interosseous spaces, giving it a porous appearance.

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    Compact Bone (Lamellar Bone)

    Type of bone with extensive lamellae and fewer interosseous spaces, giving it a dense appearance.

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    Osteon (Haversian System)

    The basic structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae surrounding a central Haversian canal.

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    Osteogenesis

    The process of bone formation, involving the activity of osteoblasts.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Animal science aims to meet human needs for food and other products efficiently without harming the environment.
    • The Philippines is mostly self-sufficient in pork and eggs.
    • The Philippines imports an average of 4,500 tons of beef annually.
    • Commercial farms in urban areas often raise hogs and chickens, using commercially mixed feeds.
    • Rural farms rely on roughages and concentrates.

    II. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals

    External Anatomy

    • External structures have integral parts of the organ systems located internally.
    • Functions include protection (feathers, hair, skin), digestion (mouth, beak, snout), sensation (skin, eyes, ears), and aesthetics (comb, wattles, feathers).

    Internal Anatomy

    • Organs function in a coordinated manner for survival.
    • Location includes the thoracic cavity (lungs, heart), abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, kidneys), and pelvic cavity (reproductive organs).

    Animal Physiology

    • Study of the function of organ systems and living matter.
    • Focuses on the functions and the working of organs.

    Homeostasis

    • Maintains internal conditions constant.
    • Crucial for the study of modern physiology.

    The Skeletal System

    1. Axial Skeleton

    • Includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs.

    1.2 Appendicular Skeleton

    • Composed of forelimbs and hindlimbs.

    Bones

    • Highly specialized supportive tissue, characterized by rigidity and hardness.
    • Functions include providing mechanical support, enabling locomotion, providing protection, and as a metabolic mineral reservoir.

    Bone Composition

    • Cells:
      • Osteogenic cells: Located in the periosteum, the fibrous membrane that covers bone surfaces.
      • Osteoblasts: Bone-producing cells, forming new bone.
      • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that maintain bone integrity.
      • Osteoclasts: Break down and reabsorb bone.
    • Osteoid: Non-mineral organic matrix of bone.
    • Inorganic mineral salts: Deposited in the matrix, which hardens the bone.

    Two Types of Bones

    • Interosseous space: Space between adjacent trabeculae.
    • Trabeculae: Spicules of bone substance.
      • Cancellous bone (spongy bone): Few trabeculae.
      • Compact bone (lamellar bone): Extensive lamellae (layers of bone).

    Classification of Bone

    • Long bones: E.g., forelimbs and hindlimbs – provide leverage for locomotion.
    • Short bones: E.g., carpals and tarsals, which absorb shock and cushion joints.
    • Flat bones: E.g., skull, ribs, scapula, pelvic bones, protect vital organs.
    • Sesamoid bones: Small bones embedded in tendons (e.g., patella).
    • Irregular bones: E.g., vertebral column (protection and support).
    • Pneumatic bones: E.g., maxillary and frontal bones (air spaces).

    The Muscular System

    • Creates movement, protects organs
    • Types of muscle tissue:
      • Skeletal muscles: Attached to bones, cause movement through contraction and relaxation.
      • Smooth muscles: Found in hollow organs and aid in digestion and blood flow. Involves the autonomic nervous system for involuntary regulation.
      • Cardiac muscles: Muscle of the heart that pumps blood. Involuntary, with three layers found in the heart.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essentials of animal science, focusing on aspects such as anatomy and physiology of farm animals. It discusses the role of animal science in meeting human needs for food and other products while ensuring environmental sustainability. Test your knowledge on the external and internal structures of farm animals and their physiological functions.

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