Week 15-Global City and Migration for Moodle PDF

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD WEEK 14 Global City and Migration Based on 'International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century: Global Trends and Issues' by Stephen Castles YMV  Objectives of the Lesson At the end of the lesson, students...

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD WEEK 14 Global City and Migration Based on 'International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century: Global Trends and Issues' by Stephen Castles YMV  Objectives of the Lesson At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: 1. Identify the attributes of a global city. 2. Analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization. 3. Explain how multinational corporations influence the development of global cities. 4. Analyze different factors underlying the global movements of people.  Outline of the Discussion Introduction What are Global Cities? Mobility, Migration, and the Global City Diversity and Community in the Global City Defining the Global City Historical precedents: – “Imperial” Cities - seats of imperial power – “Free” Cities - links in ancient trade routes QUIZ: Can you recall any cities in the above categories? – “World” city (Roderick McKenzie, who conceptualized a global network of cities as early as 1927 )  Defining the Global City Perspective Matters: – The globe as the unit of analysis – The global city transcends boundaries of nation-states Saskia Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global “command centers” of the world economy – Global financial centers  Defining the Global City New global cities have since arisen not only as financial centers but also a producers of services that are global in scope Global cities are post-industrial (Shanghai & Singapore) – Manufacturing has been scattered across national and global networks – Turn from “landscapes of production” to “landscapes of consumption” Defining the Global City – Apart from being financial centers, global cities are: Geopolitical power centers Cultural and trendsetting powerhouses Higher education hubs Creative Industries Defining the Global City Mike Featherstone – Tourists, constant and visible presence in the global city, are the only people fully devoted to cosmopolitan consumption (overseas holiday) – FLANEUR is a man who enjoys the freedom to idly roam the city by himself He may be replaced by an electronic flaneur who enjoys the greater mobility in the virtual reality through social media – “data city”, a city of bits Defining the Global City Zygmunt Bauman – A highly “liquid environment” which is a crucible of demographic and social change – Competitive economy – Flexible workforce – English speaking countries are the most dynamic – Higher mobility (Ex. America than Italy) – The ability to attract the key professional and innovative workplace & investors Defining the Global City RICHARD FLORIDA global cities are place for “creative class” or incubators of creativity - Geography is not dead because of the reach of Internet connectedness Source:https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best- universities/universities-highest-percentage-international-students Defining the Global City The international educational market represents a significant potential of the “creative class” in large, attractive cities The international tertiary education market has grown since 1975 All cities worthy of the “global city” title are nowadays are also magnets for international students The synergies between education, research and industry are crucial for global capitalism Global cities must be “brain hubs” and good ecosystems attracting and retaining the creative class  Japanese Mori Foundation’s Global Power City Index, the list of global cities expanded which are measured according to six(6) CRITERIA as follows : 1) economy 2) research and development 3) cultural attraction 4) livability 5) environment 6) accessibility The top five (5) global cities are New York, London, Paris, Tokyo and Singapore  Historical Aspects The aftermath of the Cold War ended bipolarity of the world’s hegemonic powers held by Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc The classification of countries into three was changed into two: developed ad developing. Developed countries are countries that have progressive economies and advanced technological infrastructure while developing countries are low-income countries with less developed industrial bases.  Such inequalities pushes people living in developing countries to seek better opportunities in developed countries or sometimes, motivates them to just move from one country to another to attain the ways of living they are aspiring for. This ongoing movement of people from one country to another is called migration. As physical and human geographies develop, the world is becoming connected.  Types of Migration Internal migration is any movement from one place to another in the same country. On the other hand, international migration is a movement from one country to another. In the midst of globalization, nations around the world engage in trade to promote and strengthen relationships among them.  According to Nau (2009), transnational relations exist in the present world because countries trade with one another, and populations move across state boundaries. Due to transnational relations and the growing demand for economic wealth, migration exists. It is defined as the form of social behavior that both shapes and is shaped by broader social and economic structures and processes of transformation. Source: Nau, H. (2009). Transnational Relations and Globalization. However, migration is not only rooted in economic aspirations but also in political motivations. 1. Voluntary economic migration is rooted in the pursuit of economic stability. 2. Forced Displacement (natural disasters, war, conflict, or persecution) 3. Refugee Crisis-Individuals or groups fleeing their country due to persecution on the basis of their ethnicity, religion, political beliefs, or social group membership. According to Boswell (2002), forced displacement and the refugee crisis could be traced to the factors of state tyranny or corruption or the fear of violence such as civil war.  1. Global Cities as Major Migration Destinations Global cities attract both skilled and unskilled labor due to economic opportunities. Examples: Cities like New York, London, and Dubai are global hubs for migrants. Economic strength, job availability, and resources draw migrants seeking better conditions. 2. Diversity and Demographic Shifts in Global Cities Migration increases cultural and ethnic diversity, creating super-diverse communities. Impacts on urban planning, social services, and community integration. Migration-driven population growth reshapes the demographic landscape of cities.  3. Challenges and Issues Arising from Migration in Global Cities Urban Challenges: Demand on housing, public services, and transportation systems. Social Integration: Balancing diversity with social cohesion in multicultural settings. Need for inclusive policies to address issues and promote harmonious urban life.  4. Economic Contributions and Inequality Migrants fill roles across the economic spectrum, enhancing workforce in various sectors. Economic disparity may emerge, with gaps between high-income and low-wage roles. Highlighting the dual impact of migration on both prosperity and inequality.  5. Global Cities as Nodes in Migration Networks International connectivity makes global cities hubs in the migration network. Chain migration: Migrants often bring family members, creating long-term migration flows. These cities facilitate global migration patterns through infrastructure and opportunity. Migration Policies and Global Cities Policies Shaping Migration: Government policies, border controls, and visas Implications: Impact on economy, labor markets, and urban dynamics  Future of Global Cities and Migration Trends Climate change, evolving labor markets, and geopolitics will shape future migration. Adaptive migration policies are key to sustainable development of global cities. Global cities are expected to remain major hubs for international migrants. Conclusion Migration significantly impacts global cities, shaping their demographics, economies, and cultures. Importance of understanding the intersection of global city growth and migration for urban planning.  References Castles, Stephen. “International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century: Global Trends and Issues.” International Social Science Journal, vol. 52, no. 165, 2002, pp. 269–281. International Organization for Migration. World Migration Report 2022. IOM Publications, 2022 King, Russell. Migration, Globalisation and Place. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Livi-Bacci, Massimo. A Concise History of World Population. 6th ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 2017. Sassen, Saskia. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton University Press, 2001. Publishing, 2012. UN DESA - United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. International Migration Report 2020, UN Publications, 2021.