Medical Terminology: Disease and Treatment PDF

Medical Terminology Disease and Treatment Rehab S. Abelrahman, PhD Associate Professor of Pharmacology &Toxicology College of Pharmacy, Taibah University Learning Objectives 01 02 03 04 Define basic List the major Identify main...

Medical Terminology Disease and Treatment Rehab S. Abelrahman, PhD Associate Professor of Pharmacology &Toxicology College of Pharmacy, Taibah University Learning Objectives 01 02 03 04 Define basic List the major Identify main Interpret Main terms related to categories of medical abbreviations disease and diseases terminology and terms. treatment related to disease and treatment Select the best correct answer: White blood cells engulf foreign organisms by the A disease that has a sudden and severe onset is process of described as a. phagocytosis a. chronic b. egestion b. mild c. ejection c. acute d. dysphagia d. infectious The sum of all body defences against infectious disease Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue is termed is termed a. anemia a. pyosis b. neoplasia b. complementation c. parasitism c. secretion d. toxicity d. immunity A disease is any disorder of normal body function. Diseases can be grouped into a number of different categories Infectious diseases Degenerative diseases categories Neoplasia 997 7 Immune disorders Metabolic disorders In Hormonal disorders Mental and emotional disorders u  micro Infectious diseases are caused by certain harmful micro-organisms and other parasites that live at the expense of another organism. Any disease-causing agent is described as a pathogen. result from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can lead to a lesion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death of tissue). Degenerative diseases Common examples include arthritis, cardiovascular problems, and certain respiratory disorders such as emphysema. Structural malformations such as congenital malformations, pro-lapse (dropping), or hernia (rupture) may also result in degenerative changes. Neoplasia is the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue.  Immune disorders include failures of the immune system, allergies, and autoimmune diseases, in which the body makes antibodies to its own tissues Metabolic disorders result from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular functions. Many hereditary disorders fall into this category. II Hormonal disorders are caused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by an inability of the hormones to function properly Mental and emotional disorders affect the mind and adaptation of an individual to his or her environment  Key Terms Disease acute Sudden, severe; having a short course chronic of long duration, progressing slowly etiology The cause of a disease immunity All our defenses against infectious disease pathogen An organism capable of causing disease (root path/o means “disease”) microorganism An organism too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope phagocytosis The ingestion of organisms, such as invading bacteria or small particles of waste material by a HLA cell (root phag/o means “to eat”); the phagocytic cell, or phagocyte, then destroys the ingested material  Key Terms Cancer Malignant To benign Disease malignant Growing worse, harmful, tending to cause death, describing an invasive tumor that can spread in (metastasize) to other tissues hyperplasia Excessive growth of normal cells in normal arrangement hypertrophy An increase in the size of an organ without increase in the number of cells; may result from an increase in activity, as in muscles gangrene Death of tissue, usually caused by lack of blood supply; may be associated with bacterial infection and decomposition necrosis Death of tissue (root necr/o means “death”)  times wholebody disease 145 in one Place Disease systemic Pertaining to the whole body edema Accumulation of fluid in the tissues, swelling IT pus A product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells (root: py/o) IF sepsis The presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues; in adjective: septic toxin A poison; adjective: toxic (roots: tox/o, toxic/o) trauma A physical or psychological wound or injury lesion A distinct area of damaged tissue, an injury or wound Disease endemic Occurring at a low level but continuously in a given region, such as the common cold (from en-, meaning “in” and Greek demos, meaning “people”) epidemic Affecting many people in a given region at the same time, a disease that breaks out in a large proportion of a population at a given time pandemic Describing a disease that is prevalent throughout an entire region or the world; for example, AIDS is pandemic in certain regions of the world nosocomial Describing an infection acquired in a hospital (root nos/o means “disease,” and comial refers to a hospital), which can be a serious problem Root Meaning Example Definition of Example carcin/o cancer, carcinoma carcinoid resembling a carcinoma onc/o tumor oncogenic causing a tumor path/o disease pathogen organism that produces disease pyr/o, pyret/o fever, fire pyrexia fever tox/o, toxic/o poison endotoxin toxin within bacterial cells Prefixes Meaning Example Definition of Example dys- abnormal, painful, dysplasia abnormal development (plas) of tissue difficult mal- bad, poor malabsorption poor absorption of nutrients tachy- rapid tachycardia rapid heart (cardi/o) rate xero- dry xeroderma drness of the skin Suffixes Meaning Example Definition of Example -megaly enlargement hepatomegaly enlargement of the liver (hepat/o) -pathy any disease of nephropathy any disease of the kidney Words for Disease Meaning Example Definition of Example Used as Suffixes dilationa, dilatationa expansion, widening vasodilation widening of blood vessels (vas/o) edema accumulation of fluid, cephaledema swelling of the head swelling necrosis death of tissue osteonecrosis death of bone (oste/o) tissue spasm sudden contraction, cramp arteriospasm spasm of an artery stenosis narrowing, constriction bronchostenosis narrowing of a bronchus (air passageway) toxin poison nephrotoxin substance poisonous or harmful for the kidneys Diagnosis and Treatment diagnosis The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness surgery A method for treating disease or injury by manual operations therapy Treatment, intervention anaesthesia Loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of a drug chemotherapy Use of chemicals to treat disease; the term is often applied specifically to the treatment of cancer with chemicals immunotherapy Treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of the immune system, either specifically or non-specifically contraindication A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous c Diagnosis and Treatment OWN vital signs 1 Measurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life symptom Any evidence of disease; sometimes limited to subjective evidence of disease as experienced by the individual, such as pain, dizziness, and weakness inspection Visual examination of the body palpation Examining by placing the hands or fingers on the surface of the body to determine characteristics such as texture, temperature, movement, and consistency auscultation Listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen stethoscope An instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body (from the Greek root steth/o, meaning “chest”) endoscope An instrument for examining the inside of an organ or cavity through a body opening or small 1 incision; most endoscopes use fiber optics for viewing Word Parts Meaning Example Definition of Example Pertaining to Drugs -tropic acting on psychotropic acting on the mind (psych/o) anti- against antiemetic drug that prevents vomiting (emesis) contra- against, opposite, contraceptive preventing conception opposed hypn/o sleep hypnosis induced state of sleep pyr/o, pyret/o fever antipyretic counteracting fever vas/o vessel vasodilation widening of a vessel  Test your knowledge Determination of a disease’s nature and cause is called A reason for not using a specific drug is a a. admission a. prescription b. diagnosis b. counter-purpose c. titration c. contraindication d. prognosis d. prognosis A simple device for listening to sounds within the body is a The solvent in an aqueous solution is a. cystoscope a. acid b. stethoscope b. salt c. barometer c. base d. speculum d. water  Match the following terms, and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number Letter A. Occurring at a low level but continuously in a given region, 1. epidemic B. Affecting many people in a given region at the same time, 2. nosocomial D C. Describing a disease that is prevalent throughout an entire region or the world 3. endemic D. Describing an infection acquired in a hospital 4. pandemic  Define the following words. Definition hyperplasia Hormonal disorders phagocytosis gangrene