Introduction to Pharmacology Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction to pharmacology PHS 310, Basic Principles of Pharmacology Dr.Leila Alblowi Objectives : By the end of this lecture, students will be able to: 01 Define key pharmacological 03 Identify different routes of terms and concepts drug ad...

Introduction to pharmacology PHS 310, Basic Principles of Pharmacology Dr.Leila Alblowi Objectives : By the end of this lecture, students will be able to: 01 Define key pharmacological 03 Identify different routes of terms and concepts drug administration, along with their advantages and disadvantages. 02 Identify various sources of drugs  01 Pharmacology What is pharmacology? Pharmacology Is the study of actions of the drugs on the body and their mechanism of action It includes the study of biochemical and physiological effect of drugs Pharmacology Biochemistry Physiology Pharmacology Chemistry Medicine The Two Key Aspects of Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Greek“Kinesis”__movement Greek“Dynamis” –power Movement of the drug in the body Is the study of the effects of the and alterations of the drug by the drugs on the body and their body. mechanisms of action. Absorption “What the drug dose to the body “ Distribution Metabolism Excretion “What the body does to the drug” Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. What is a Drug ? A chemical substance of known chemical structure when administered to a living organism produces a biological effect. Used for diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment (or management) of a disease. Where do Drugs come from? Plantes---, animals ---, microorgnism--- and A.Natural Minerals--- B.Synthetic Most drugs now are synthetics Eg --- Genetic engineering drugs are medications made by C.Genentic engenring altering an organism's genes to treat or prevent diseases. Eg: ---  Drug Nomenclature 2. The Nonproprietary (Generic) 1. Chemical name: name: This describes the drug chemically is assigned by the U.S. Adopted Name Council. With few 1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-napthyloxy)-propan- exceptions, generic names are less complicated and 2-ol = Propranolol easier to remember than chemical names. It gives a clue to the class of the drug, e.g. : ✓Proranolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol_ all are β- blockers 3. Proprietary (Trade or Brand) name: Is assigned by the company marketing the drug. The trade name is sometimes called the proprietary, product, or brand name. e.g., Tylenol®, Panadol®, and Adol® are different brand names of paracetamol  Examples of Trade-Name Products Containing Popular Generic Substances Trade/ Brand name Generic name Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs Prescription Drugs Are those which are dispensed only on prescriptions, these drugs considered unsafe for used except under medical supervision, e.g., diazepam Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTC) these drugs are available directly to the public without a prescription. They are considered safe for used without medical supervision, e.g., analgesics, antidiarrheal, allergy , antacids and cold and cough remedies  02 Routes of drugs administration  Routes of drugs administration Route of Advantages Disadvantages administration 1.Enteral(e.g., Simple, inexpensive, convenient, Drug exposed to harsh gastrointestinal Aspirin) painless, no infection (GI)environments and first-pass administering a metabolism,requires GI absorption, drug by mouth. slow delivery to site of pharmacologic action 2.Parenteral(IV) Rapid delivery to site of Irreversible, infection, pain, skilled (e.g., morphine) pharmacologic action, personnel required drugs directly into high bioavailability, not subject to the systemic first-pass metabolism or harsh GI circulation. environments  Routes of drugs administration Route of Advantages Disadvantages administration 3.Mucous Rapid delivery to site of pharmacologic Few drugs have chemical characteristics or membrane (e.g., action,not subject to first-pass metabolism formulations that allow them to be nitroglycerin*Subling or harsh GI environments, often painless, administered via this route ual *) simple,convenient, low infection, direct delivery to affected tissues possible 4.Transdermal (e.g., Simple, convenient, painless, excellent or Slow delivery to site of pharmacologic action, nicotine) continuous or prolonged administration, may be irritating not subject to first-pass metabolism or harsh GI environments Other routes of drugs administration Topical Oral inhalation and nasal preparations: ✓ Drug effects are almost as rapid as are those with IV bolus. ✓ Drugs that are gases (anesthetics.) ✓ This route is effective for patients with respiratory disorders Routs of parenteral drug administration Thanks! Does anyone have any questions? CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Slidesgo Flaticon, and infographics & Flaticon images by Freepik Freepik