Vivi Sci Exam Review PDF

## SCIENCE EXAM REVIEW **Marks:** KM = 22 marks, T = 24 marks, A = 22 marks, C = 22 marks **Chemistry** 1. **List the diatomic molecules.** * H₂, O₂, F₂, Br₂, I₂, N₂, Cl₂ * Hydrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Bromin...

## SCIENCE EXAM REVIEW **Marks:** KM = 22 marks, T = 24 marks, A = 22 marks, C = 22 marks **Chemistry** 1. **List the diatomic molecules.** * H₂, O₂, F₂, Br₂, I₂, N₂, Cl₂ * Hydrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine 2. **Chemical formulas and naming of ionic + molecular compounds** * Chemical formulas are equations in the form of reactants products * **Word Equation**: Sodium + Chlorine Sodium Chloride * **Skeleton Equation**: Na + Cl₂ → NaCl * **Balanced Equation**: 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl * **Ionic compounds = Metal + Non-Metal** * **Change ending of non-metal to "ide"**: Fluorine → Fluoride * **Molecular compounds = Non-Metal + Non-Metal** * Add prefixes to the beginning of the elements + add "ide" * 1 = mono, 2 = di, 3 = tri, 4 = tetra, 5 = penta, 6 = hexa * If the first element only has 1 atom, don't add "mono" * **Example:** C + O₂ → CO₂ Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide 3. **Identify types of reactions** * **Synthesis**: A + B → AB * **Decomposition**: AB → A + B * **Single-Displacement**: A + BC → B + AC * **Double-Displacement**: AB + CD → AD + CB * **Neutralization**: Acid + Base → Salt + Water * **Combustion**: C_xH_y + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O (+CO + C) 4. **How do atoms become cations? Anions?** * **Cations**: Positively charged ion, give electrons away * **Anions**: Negatively charged ion, gain electrons 5. **Other Terms**: (Given sheet, but good to memorize) * Polyatomics: Nitrate (NO₃^-), Chlorate (ClO₃^-), Carbonate (CO₃^2-), Sulfate (SO₄^2-), Phosphate (PO₄^3-) Hydroxide (OH^-), Ammonium (NH₄⁺) * **Solid (s)**, **Gas (g)**, **Liquid (l)**, **Heat Added (→)**, **Aqueous (aq)** * **Multivalent Ions**: (Metals with more than 1 charge) * Copper (Cu) → Cu⁺ or Cu²⁺ * Tin (Sn) → Sn²⁺ or Sn⁴⁺ * Iron (Fe) → Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ * Lead (Pb) → Pb²⁺ or Pb⁴⁺ * **Iron + Phosphate → Iron (III) Phosphate** * **When writing word equations, you might need to include manganese** * **The charge of the metal ion determines how many of the polyatomic ions you need.** ## OPTICS 1. **Terms** * **Angle of Incidence**: Angle between incident ray and normal * **Normal**: A dashed line on diagrams perpendicular to the medium surface * **Angle of Reflection**: Angle between reflected ray and normal * **Incident Ray**: Original, incoming light ray * **Reflected Ray**: Light ray that begins where incident ray and normal meet * **Focus**: A point where light rays, coming from the object, converge (meet) * **Principal Axis**: Line that passes perpendicular to the centre of curvature, vertex and focus * **Object**: Item in real life which determines where image will be * **Image**: Copy of object that is placed somewhere, depending on object placement, mirror type, lens type, etc. * **Specular Reflection**: When light rays hit smooth surfaces and are reflected/refracted smoothly (opposite of diffuse reflection) * **Diffuse Reflection**: When light rays hit unsmooth surfaces and are reflected/refracted roughly (opposite of specular reflection) 2. **Types of Mirrors/Lenses + Rules for Diagrams** * **Plane Mirror**: Flat/straight * **Concave Mirror**: Curved inwards * **Convex Mirror**: Curved outwards * **Converging Lens**: Almond shaped * **Diverging Lens**: Hourglass shaped 3. **SALT Characteristics - Mirrors Only** * **Plane Mirror:** * **S**: Same * **A**: Upright + Laterally Inverted * **L**: Same distance * **T**: Virtual * **Concave Mirror:** * **Object Beyond C**: Smaller, Inverted, Between C and F, Real * **Object at C**: Same, Inverted, at C, Real * **Object Between C and F**: Larger, Inverted, Beyond C, Real * **Object at F**: No image formed * **Object Between F and V**: Larger, Upright, Behind mirror, Virtual * **Convex Mirror:** * **S**: Smaller * **A**: Upright * **L**: Behind Mirror * **T**: Virtual 4. **Index of Refraction Equation** * The index of refraction is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium. * It really measures the slowing down of the speed of light. * n = c/v * n: Index of refraction (no units) * c: Speed of light (3.00 x 10⁸ m/s) * v: Speed of light in the medium * **Remember:** Air = 1.00 index of refraction, Water = 1.33 index of refraction 5. **Define:** * **Hyperopia**: Far-sightedness; the inability of the eye to focus light from nearby objects * Caused by the distance between lens and retina being too small or because the cornea-lens combination is too weak * Corrected with a converging lens. * **Presbyopia**: A form of far-sightedness caused by the lens in a person's eye hardening and becoming less flexible as a person ages. * Caused by lens in eye becoming stiff and less flexible. * Corrected with bifocals 6. **Myopia**: Near-sightedness; the inability to focus light from distant objects. * Caused by the distance of the lens and retina being too large or because the cornea-lens combination converges light too strongly. * Corrected with diverging lens. 7. **Refraction** * Refraction is the bending of light as it goes from one medium into another, different medium. * Light rays going from a slow to fast medium refract away from the medium: Angle of incidence < Angle of refraction. * Light rays going from a fast to slow medium refract towards the medium: Angle of incidence > Angle of refraction. ## Biology 1. **Why do cells undergo cell division?** * Reproduce * Grow * Repair damage 2. **Major Cellular Organelles:** * **Mitochondria**: Carries out cellular respiration to convert glucose into energy the cell can use to do all its activities. * **Nucleus**: Contains DNA and manages all cell activity. * Also referred to as the "control center of the cell" * **Cell Wall**: Only in plants * Provides structural support and protection for the cell. * **Cell Membrane**: Supports cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell. * Outermost boundry of the cell. * **Cytoplasm**: Holds and cushions organelles. * Contains dissolved substances the cell stores until needed.. * **Vacuole**: Storage unit for nutrients, water and other substances. * Larger in plants (one big vacuole) than animals (many small ones) * **Chloroplast**: Only in plants * Sac that contains green pigment called chlorophyll, which is used to capture the sun’s energy during photosynthesis 3. **Cell Cycle** * **Interphase**: Cell grows, accumulates nutrients, DNA duplicates (prepare for mitosis), Longest stage of cell cycle 4. **Mitosis**: Divided into 4 phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase * **Prophase**: * Chromatin turns into chromosomes * Nuclear membrane starts to dissolve * Centrioles start to move to opposite poles * **Metaphase**: * Chromosomes line up along equator of the cell * **Anaphase**: * Chromosomes split into daughter chromosomes * Spindle fibers guide chromosomes to opposite poles * **Telophase**: * Chromosomes reach opposite poles * Chromosomes turn back to chromatin. * Nuclear membrane re-forms now around the two cells * **Cytokinesis**: Involves equal division of cytoplasm and organelles among the two daughter cells. 5. **Main Function of Systems + How They Are Connected** * **Digestive System**: Organ system takes in, breaks up and digests food and then excretes waste. * **Circulatory System**: Regulates body temperature, transports substances around the body. * **Respiratory System**: Provides oxygen to body while removing carbon dioxide (gas exchange). * **Digestive + Circulatory**: When small intestine absorbs nutrients, capillaries take the nutrients and circulate them around the body. * **Circulatory + Respiratory**: When we breathe in, oxygen gets put in alveoli so the capillary networks can take it and exchange it for carbon dioxide (alveoli are surrounded with capillary networks) * **Respiratory + Digestive**: Connected by the epiglottis; a tiny flap-like structure that covers the trachea when swallowing to prevent food from entering your respiratory system. 6. **Main Organs of the Systems + Type of Tissue They Have** * **Digestive System**: * Mouth * Esophagus: Tube that pushes food to stomach * Stomach: Holds food and churns to continue digestion * Small intestine: Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs here. * Large intestine: Absorbs water and excretes remaining waste. * Rectum + Anus: Where feces come out * **Mainly made up of epithelial tissue** * **Liver**: Creates bile to help with digestion * **Gall bladder**: Stores bile * **Pancreas**: Produces enzymes to help small intestine digest, creates insulin for blood glucose level 7. **Circulatory System**: Heart (made of cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue and connective tissue) * Pumps blood throughout the body, carrying oxygen to cells. * **Blood Vessels:** Arteries (send blood away), veins (take blood towards) and capillaries (give nutrients to cells and connect arteries and veins). * Blood made of RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma 8. **Respiratory System**: Mouth/nose take in air * Pharynx: Travels down to get to trachea * Trachea: Removes foreign materials (such as dust) * Bronchi: Filters air more using mucus and cilia * Lungs: Contains bronchioles and alveoli. * Bronchioles: Transports air all throughout lungs to reach alveoli. * Alveoli: Tiny air sacs with thin walls to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with capillaries. * **Mainly made up of epithelial tissue** * **Diaphragm:** Flat when breathing in, dome when breathing out (pushes air out) ## Climate Change 1. **Components of Earth's Climate System** * **Atmosphere**: Gas * **Hydrosphere**: Water * **Cryosphere**: Ice/permafrost * **Lithosphere**: Crust/upper mantle * **Biosphere**: Animals/plants 2. **Sources of Methane Gas** * Livestock and landfills are the biggest sources. 3. **Describe Anthropogenic** * The result of human influence, humans are responsible for the current climate changes on Earth. 4. **List Greenhouse Gases** * Water Vapor * Carbon Dioxide * Methane * Nitrous Oxides * Ozone * Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ## Short Answer 1. **What Is the Law of Conservation of Mass?** * The number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides. 2. **Chemical Formula and Names** * **Ionic Compounds**: (Metal + Non-metal) are made of ions that are charged. * Metal goes first, then non-metal after, ending of non-metal is "ide". * **Molecular Compounds**: (Non-metal + Non-metal) are made of non-metal elements that share valence electrons with each other. * **Ionic Compound**: Ionic bond * **Molecular Compound**: Covalent bond 3. **Word Equations, Balancing Equations and Types of Reactions** * **Diatomic Elements**: When shown alone, 2 atoms must be present. * H₂, O₂, F₂, Br₂, I₂, N₂, Cl₂ 4. **pH of Acids and Bases** * **Acids**: 0-6: Battery acid, 6 = milk * **Neutral**: 7: Pure water * **Bases**: 8-14: Blood, 14 = drain cleaner 5. **Draw a ray diagram for a concave mirror. Do SALT.** 6. **Problem Solving Using Thin Lens Equations** * f: Focal length (positive = concave/converging, negative = convex/diverging) * do: Distance of object (always positive) * di: Distance of image (positive = real image, negative = virtual image) * m: Magnification (positive = upright, negative = inverted) * ho: Height of object (positive = upright, negative = inverted) * hi: Height of image (positive = upright, negative = inverted) 7. **Identify a plant and animal cell.** * **Plant**: Large vacuole, green, rectangular, rigid * **Animal**: Small Vacuole, not green, round, smooth 8. **State stages of mitosis + an explanation for plant and animal cells.** * **Mitosis**: * Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase * **Plant Cell**: Cell plate grows to separate the two daughter cells. * **Animal Cell**: Cleavage furrow (pinch in the middle of the cell) appears to separate the two daughter cells 9. **Gas Exchange + What Happens in Structures Involved?** * All respiratory organs are involved. * Alveoli exchange gases with capillary networks surrounding them. 10. **How is the circulatory system and respiratory system connected?** * When we breathe in oxygen, the oxygen gets stored in alveoli for gas exchange. * The capillaries take the oxygen and goes back to the heart and then to the rest of the body. 11. **Define refraction. What is apparent vs actual depth? Draw a diagram using light rays and the normal** * Refraction is the bending of light as it goes from one medium into another, different medium. * Apparent depth is the depth that an object appears to be at due to refraction of light in a transparent medium. * Actual depth is the depth the object actually is. * Diagram of a straw in a glass of water is necessary to visualize this. 12. **Describe 2 pieces of evidence that shows Earth's climate is changing.** * **Rising temperature:** Over the past 50 years, Earth's temperature has been steadily rising, and these past 12 years have been the warmest ever recorded. * **Rising Sea Levels:** Sea levels have risen drastic amounts over the past 120 years, and over the past 30, its risen twice as much. There's ice in Greenland that melted drastically.