Chemistry and Optics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a diatomic molecule?

  • H<sub>2</sub>
  • CO<sub>2</sub> (correct)
  • O<sub>2</sub>
  • N<sub>2</sub>

A balanced chemical equation shows the reactants and products with equal numbers of each element on both sides.

True (A)

What prefix is used to denote three atoms in a molecular compound?

tri

A cation is formed when an atom ___ electrons.

<p>loses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of reaction to its correct equation format:

<p>Synthesis = A + B → AB Decomposition = AB → A + B Single-Displacement = A + BC → B + AC Double-Displacement = AB + CD → AD + CB</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a polyatomic ion?

<p>Nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mirror is curved inwards?

<p>Concave Mirror</p> Signup and view all the answers

The charge of iron can be either ______ or ______.

<p>Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup></p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>Angle of Incidence = Angle between incident ray and normal Normal = Dashed line perpendicular to the surface Specular Reflection = Reflection from smooth surfaces Diffuse Reflection = Reflection from rough surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lens is shaped like an hourglass?

<p>Diverging Lens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A convex mirror curves inwards.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for a point where light rays converge?

<p>Focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mirror produces a virtual image that is upright and smaller in size?

<p>Convex Mirror (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The index of refraction for water is 1.00.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lens is used to correct myopia?

<p>Diverging lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperopia is caused by the distance between lens and retina being too ______.

<p>small</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of mirrors with their characteristics:

<p>Plane Mirror = Same size, upright and laterally inverted, virtual image Concave Mirror = Can produce real and inverted images Convex Mirror = Produces smaller, virtual images behind the mirror</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another?

<p>Refraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Presbyopia can be corrected with bifocals.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to light rays when they travel from a slow medium to a fast medium?

<p>They refract away from the medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

<p>Energy production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts are found in animal cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of cell division is called _____

<p>mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase do chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cellular organelles with their primary functions:

<p>Nucleus = Contains DNA and controls cell activities Vacuole = Storage unit for nutrients and substances Cell Membrane = Controls what enters and leaves the cell Cytoplasm = Holds and cushions organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

The circulatory system is responsible for gas exchange in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during cytokinesis?

<p>Equal division of cytoplasm and organelles among daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

<p>To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diaphragm is flat when exhaling.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one major organ of the digestive system.

<p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is a tiny flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory system when swallowing.

<p>epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following body systems with their primary function:

<p>Circulatory System = Pumps blood throughout the body Respiratory System = Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide Digestive System = Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients Endocrine System = Regulates hormones in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major source of methane gas?

<p>Livestock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lithosphere refers to the water component of Earth's climate system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what is meant by 'anthropogenic' in relation to climate change.

<p>Result of human influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

<p>Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one diatomic element.

<p>Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an ionic compound, the non-metal ends with the suffix __________.

<p>ide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

<p>Mitosis = Process of cell division Alveoli = Site of gas exchange in lungs Ionic bond = Electrostatic attraction between ions Covalent bond = Sharing of electrons between non-metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range for bases?

<p>8-14 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The focal length of a concave lens is always negative.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in plant cells is responsible for separating daughter cells during mitosis?

<p>Cell plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Angle of Incidence

The angle formed between the incident ray and the normal.

Normal

A line perpendicular to the surface of a mirror or lens at the point where the incident ray strikes.

Angle of Reflection

The angle formed between the reflected ray and the normal.

Incident Ray

The original light ray that strikes the mirror or lens.

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Reflected Ray

The light ray that bounces off the mirror or lens.

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Focus

The point where reflected or refracted rays of light converge.

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Principal Axis

A line that runs perpendicular to the center of curvature, vertex, and focus of a mirror or lens.

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Object

The object that produces the light rays that form an image.

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What are Diatomic Molecules?

Diatomic molecules are molecules composed of two atoms of the same element. They are naturally found as pairs in their elemental state.

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What is a Chemical Formula?

A chemical formula is a representation of a compound using chemical symbols and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each element. For example, NaCl represents one atom of sodium (Na) and one atom of chlorine (Cl) in sodium chloride.

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How are Ionic Compounds Formed?

Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal. The metal loses electrons becoming a cation (positively charged ion), and the nonmetal gains electrons becoming an anion (negatively charged ion). These opposite charges attract each other forming the compound.

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How are Molecular Compounds Formed?

Molecular compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between two or more nonmetals. They are named using prefixes to indicate the number of each atom in the molecule.

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What is a Chemical Reaction?

A chemical reaction involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds between atoms and molecules. It is represented by a chemical equation showing reactants on the left and products on the right.

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Plane Mirror

A type of mirror that reflects light rays parallel to the principal axis and forms a virtual, upright, and same-sized image behind the mirror.

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Concave Mirror

A curved mirror that converges light rays to a focal point. Objects beyond the center of curvature (C) produce inverted, smaller, real images between the focal point (F) and C. Objects situated at the focal point result in no image formation. Objects between F and the vertex form larger, upright, virtual images behind the mirror.

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Convex Mirror

A curved mirror that diverges light rays. Objects placed anywhere in front of the mirror result in smaller, upright, virtual images formed behind the mirror.

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Index of Refraction

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a specific medium. It indicates how much the speed of light decreases as it passes through that medium.

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Hyperopia (Farsightedness)

A condition where the eye struggles to focus light from nearby objects. It is caused by either a shorter distance between the lens and retina or a weaker cornea-lens combination. It is corrected by using a converging lens.

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Presbyopia

A type of farsightedness resulting from the lens losing flexibility with age. It makes it difficult to focus on close objects.

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Myopia (Nearsightedness)

A condition where the eye struggles to focus light from distant objects. It arises from a longer distance between the lens and retina or a stronger cornea-lens combination that converges light too much. It is corrected by using a diverging lens.

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Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. The angle of refraction depends on the relative speeds of light in the two media.

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Mitochondria

The cell's energy powerhouse, it uses glucose to create usable energy through cellular respiration.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, it contains DNA and manages all cell activity.

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Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer found only in plant cells, it provides structural support and protection.

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Cell Membrane

The outermost boundary of the cell, it controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within the cell that holds organelles and stores dissolved substances.

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Vacuole

Storage unit for nutrients, water, and other substances, found in both plant and animal cells.

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Chloroplast

Sac-like structure found only in plant cells, it contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

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Interphase

The longest stage of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, accumulates nutrients, and duplicates its DNA.

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What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

A law stating that the total mass of the reactants before a chemical reaction must equal the total mass of the products after the reaction.

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What are diatomic elements?

Diatomic elements are elements that exist naturally as two atoms bonded together, represented as a molecule.

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What are alveoli?

Tiny air sacs in the lungs with thin walls that allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with blood capillaries.

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What is gas exchange?

The movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs.

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What is the epiglottis?

The flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the respiratory system.

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What is the trachea?

The tube that connects the pharynx to the lungs, carrying air.

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What is the diaphragm?

The large, dome-shaped muscle that aids in breathing. It contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to push air out.

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What is the heart?

The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products.

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What are arteries?

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

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What are veins?

Blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

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Study Notes

Chemistry

  • Diatomic Molecules: H₂, O₂, F₂, Br₂, I₂, N₂, Cl₂
  • Chemical Formulas & Naming: Chemical formulas represent reactants and products in equations. Word equations can be converted to skeleton equations then balanced. Ionic compounds are formed by combining a metal and a non-metal. Molecular compounds consist of two non-metals. Prefixes (mono, di, tri, etc.) are used to specify the number of atoms of each element when naming molecular compounds.
  • Types of Reactions:
  • Synthesis: A + B → AB
  • Decomposition: AB → A + B
  • Single Displacement: A + BC → B + AC
  • Double Displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
  • Neutralization: acid + base → salt + water
  • Combustion: CxHy + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
  • Cations & Anions: Cations are positive ions formed by losing electrons, while anions are negative ions formed by gaining electrons.
  • Polyatomic Ions: Examples include nitrate (NO₃⁻), chlorate (ClO₃⁻), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), hydroxide (OH⁻), and ammonium (NH₄⁺).

Optics

  • Terms:
  • Angle of incidence: angle between incident ray and normal
  • Angle of reflection: angle between reflected ray and normal
  • Normal: dashed line perpendicular to the surface.
  • Incident ray: incoming light ray
  • Reflected ray: outgoing light ray
  • Focus: converging point for light rays from object.
  • Principal axis: Line passing perpendicular to the centre of curvature.
  • Object: item in real life determining image formation
  • Image: copy of the object
  • Specular reflection: smooth surfaces
  • Diffuse reflection: rough surfaces
  • Types of Mirrors/Lenses:
  • Plane mirror : Flat
  • Concave mirror: curved inward
  • Convex mirror: curved outward
  • Converging lens: almond shaped
  • Diverging lens: hourglass shaped
  • Rules for diagrams: Rules for drawing ray diagrams for plane, concave, and convex mirrors and converging and diverging lenses are important.
  • SALT: Same, upright, same distance, virtual (mirror characteristics)

Biology

  • Cell Division: Cells divide to reproduce, grow, and repair.
  • Cellular Organelles:
  • Mitochondria: cellular respiration (energy production)
  • Nucleus: control center, contains DNA
  • Cell wall: support and protection (plants only)
  • Cell membrane: selectively permeable barrier
  • Cytoplasm: holds organelles
  • Vacuoles: storage
  • Chloroplasts: photosynthesis (plants only)
  • Cell Cycle: Interphase (growth), Mitosis, Cytokinesis
  • Systems Interaction: The digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems work together. The digestive system breaks down food and delivers nutrients to the circulatory system, which circulates them through the body. The respiratory system delivers oxygen required by the circulatory system for the body's functions and removes carbon dioxide, a byproduct.
  • Types of Tissue: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

Climate Change

  • Components of Earth's Climate System: Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Cryosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere
  • Greenhouse Gases: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, ozone, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • Sources of greenhouse gases: Often related to human activity. Examples: livestock, landfills.
  • Anthropogenic Impacts on Climate Change: Human activities produce greenhouse gases which affect Earth's climate by trapping heat.

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Description

Test your knowledge on diatomic molecules, chemical equations, and the properties of mirrors and lenses. This quiz covers various concepts in chemistry and optics, including reactions, molecular compounds, and light behavior. Perfect for students in higher-level science courses.

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