VisionIAS Monthly Current Affairs September 2024 PDF

 Building Mental Resilience for UPSC CSE with VisionIAS Student Wellness Cell The UPSC Civil Services Examination is one of the most prestigious exams in the country, bringing immense professional and personal satisfaction. However, the journey often i...

 Building Mental Resilience for UPSC CSE with VisionIAS Student Wellness Cell The UPSC Civil Services Examination is one of the most prestigious exams in the country, bringing immense professional and personal satisfaction. However, the journey often involves overcoming loneliness, intense competition pressure, anxiety, and other psychological challenges. These issues can impact both your preparation and overall well-being. At VisionIAS, we recognize the multifaceted nature of this journey. To support our students comprehensively, we have established a dedicated Student Wellness Cell. Since April 2024, our highly professional psychologists and experienced professionals have provided confidential and mindful support as per student needs. From Stress Management to Academic Excellence Enhancing Academic Professional Mental Well-Supported Performance: Health Support: Mind for Excellence: Effective stress Seeking professional help Mental well-being is management contributes is crucial for success in essential for achieving to better academic UPSC preparation. success in UPSC exams. outcomes. Comprehensive Safe and Non-Judgmental Confidential and Wellness Cell: Environment: Structured Support: Addressing various issues A space for students to Multiple, structured impacting mental health discuss issues and receive sessions based on the and academic personalized support. severity of the issues. performance. Common Issues and Our Approach Our counseling services have addressed a variety of issues, including: Anxiety and Hopelessness: Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to promote positive thinking. Lack of Motivation and Focus: Introducing time management strategies and SMART goal-setting. Emotional Struggles: Providing a safe space for expression and techniques such as journaling and progressive muscle relaxation. Social Isolation and Loneliness: Encouraging healthy social interactions and setting personal boundaries. Family and Personal Issues: Offering advice on coping with family dynamics, Scan the QR code personal loss, and significant life stressors. for more details To support the larger student community, VisionIAS is now extending our counseling and wellness support to all students preparing for UPSC CSE, regardless of their coaching institute affiliation. Schedule a session by visiting our office at Apsara Arcade near Karol Bagh Metro Station or emailing [email protected]. Remember, seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness. AHMEDABAD BENGALURU BHOPAL CHANDIGARH DELHI GUWAHATI HYDERABAD JAIPUR JODHPUR LUCKNOW PRAYAGRAJ PUNE RANCHI  Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________ 4 3.8. Minerals Security Partnership Finance Network 1.1. One Nation One Election __________________ 4 _________________________________________ 56 1.2. Global AI Governance ____________________ 6 3.9. Steel Sector in India ____________________ 58 1.3. Grievance Redressal Mechanism ___________ 8 3.10. India's Dairy Cooperative Sector _________ 60 1.4. Unified Pension Scheme _________________ 12 3.11. News in Shorts ________________________ 62 1.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 13 3.11.1. Financialisation _________________________ 62 1.5.1. ‘Black Coat Syndrome’ in Courts ____________ 13 3.11.2. Average household spending on food falls below 1.5.2. Rights of Detenu in Preventive Detention _____ 13 half since 1947: EAC-PM Paper __________________ 63 1.5.3. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 3.11.3. BHASKAR Initiative for India's Startup Ecosystem ___________________________________________ 14 ___________________________________________ 63 1.5.4. Plea Bargaining _________________________ 14 3.11.4. Priority Sector Lending ___________________ 64 1.5.5. 2023 amendment to Rule 3 of IT Rules 2021 __ 14 3.11.5. Unified Lending Interface (ULI)_____________ 65 1.5.6. 23rd Law Commission Constituted __________ 16 3.11.6. National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and 1.5.7. Sanction for Prosecuting a Public Servant _____ 16 Development (NaBFID) _________________________ 65 1.5.8. Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions 3.11.7. Perpetual Bonds ________________________ 66 (ASOSAI) ____________________________________ 16 3.11.8. Windfall Tax ___________________________ 66 1.5.9. Errata _________________________________ 17 3.11.9. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund ____________ 66 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ______________ 18 3.11.10. SPICED Scheme ________________________ 67 3.11.11. Delhi Declaration on Civil Aviation _________ 67 2.1. QUAD ________________________________ 18 2.2. India’s Role in Conflict Resolution _________ 21 4. SECURITY _____________________________ 69 2.3. India-Singapore Relations ________________ 23 4.1. Drones and Internal Security _____________ 69 2.4. Security of Supplies Arrangement (SOSA) ___ 26 4.2. FATF Mutual Evaluation Report 2024 ______ 71 2.5. Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) ________ 27 4.3. News in Shorts _________________________ 74 4.3.1. Blueprint for Action on Responsible AI in Military 2.6. TAPI Gas Pipeline Project ________________ 30 ___________________________________________ 74 2.7. News in Shorts _________________________ 32 4.3.2. Operation Chakra III ______________________ 75 2.7.1. India signed first-of-its-kind agreements under IPEF 4.3.3. Second Arihant-Class submarine ‘INS Arighaat’ ___________________________________________ 32 commissioned into Indian Navy __________________ 76 2.7.2. Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) _________________ 32 4.3.4. Vertical Launch Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile 2.7.3. UN adopts Pact for the Future at the UN Summit for (VL-SRSAM) __________________________________ 76 the Future __________________________________ 33 2.7.4. India, GCC adopt Action Plan for Joint Activities 33 5. ENVIRONMENT ________________________ 77 2.7.5. India-Brunei Darussalam Elevate Bilateral Ties to 5.1. Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari ________________ 77 ‘Enhanced Partnership’ ________________________ 34 5.2. Mission Mausam _______________________ 78 2.7.6. India-Denmark Green Strategic Partnership ___ 35 5.3. Human-Animal Conflict __________________ 80 2.7.7. G4 Nations _____________________________ 35 5.4. News in Shorts _________________________ 82 2.7.8. India's Military Diplomacy _________________ 35 5.4.1. Air Quality Management Exchange Platform 2.7.9. Recent Military Exercises __________________ 36 (AQMx) _____________________________________ 82 2.7.10. Operation Sadbhav _____________________ 36 5.4.2. Air Quality and Climate Bulletin _____________ 84 2.7.11. Northern United-2024 ___________________ 36 5.4.3. Teal Carbon _____________________________ 84 2.7.12. Axis of Resistance_______________________ 36 5.4.4. Scheme for Hydro Electric Projects (HEP) _____ 86 2.7.13. Fast Track Immigration - Trusted Travellers' 5.4.5. Environmental Compensation Guidelines for Programme (FTI-TTP) __________________________ 37 Battery Waste Management ____________________ 86 3. ECONOMY ____________________________ 38 5.4.6. India-Germany Platform for Investments in 3.1. Regional Disparity in Development ________ 38 Renewable Energies Worldwide __________________ 87 3.2. Middle Income Trap _____________________ 40 5.4.7. Energy Transition Principles by UN __________ 87 5.4.8. International Rhino Foundation (IRF) released State 3.3. Financial Inclusion and 10 Years of PMJDY___ 41 of the Rhino 2024 Report _______________________ 88 3.3.1. 50 years of Indian Microfinance Sector _______ 44 5.4.9. Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats __ 88 3.4. National Industrial Corridor Development 5.4.10. Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure Programme _______________________________ 46 (CDRI) marks its Fifth Anniversary ________________ 89 3.5. Vadhvan Port __________________________ 47 5.4.11. Tardigrades ____________________________ 90 3.6. PM E-DRIVE Scheme ____________________ 50 5.4.12. Phrynarachne Decipiens __________________ 90 3.7. Voluntary Vehicle Modernization Program __ 54 5.4.13. Water Spinach__________________________ 91 5.4.14. Exercise AIKYA _________________________ 91 1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  5.4.15. Atacama Salt Flat _______________________ 91 7.7.7. Quasars _______________________________ 126 6. SOCIAL ISSUES _________________________ 92 7.7.8. Saturn’s Rings __________________________ 126 6.1. Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan 92 7.7.9. NITI Aayog releases Expert Group Report on Future 6.2. Swachh Bharat Mission __________________ 94 Pandemic Preparedness _______________________ 127 7.7.10. Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas __________________ 127 6.3. Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY ________________ 96 7.7.11. New Treatment Regimen for Multi-Drug 6.4. Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material 99 Resistant-Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) ________________ 128 6.5. Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace 102 7.7.12. Sonoluminescence _____________________ 128 6.6. Women-Led Self-Help Groups (SHGs): Lakhpati 7.7.13. Circumnutation ________________________ 129 Didi _____________________________________ 104 7.7.14. Wood Wide Web ______________________ 129 6.7. News in Shorts ________________________ 106 7.7.15. AVGC-XR Sector _______________________ 129 6.7.1. Subtle Gender Discrimination in Society _____ 106 8. CULTURE _____________________________ 130 6.7.2. NPS Vatsalya Scheme ____________________ 107 8.1. 100 years of Discovery of Harappan Civilisation 6.7.3. New India Literacy Programme (NILP)_______ 107 ________________________________________ 130 7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY _____________ 109 8.2. Port Blair Renamed as Sri Vijaya Puram ___ 132 7.1. Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) ________ 109 8.3. News in Shorts ________________________ 135 7.2. Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) _________ 111 8.3.1. Mankidia Tribes ________________________ 135 7.3. Organ-on-chip (OoC) Technology _________ 113 8.3.2. Odisha Famine of 1866 ___________________ 135 7.4. Vishvasya: National Blockchain Technology Stack 8.3.3. Anubhav Awards ________________________ 135 ________________________________________ 115 8.3.4. FIDE Chess Olympiad ____________________ 135 7.5. India’s R&D Ecosystem _________________ 118 8.3.5. Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training 7.6. Graphene ____________________________ 122 (RESET) Programme __________________________ 136 7.7. News in Shorts ________________________ 123 9. ETHICS _______________________________ 137 7.7.1. Quantum Natural Language Processing (QNLP) 123 9.1. Corruption ___________________________ 137 7.7.2. Silicon Carbide _________________________ 124 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ____________________ 140 7.7.3. Polaris Dawn Mission Successfully Completes 10.1. Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan World's First Private Spacewalk _________________ 124 Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) ______________________ 140 7.7.4. Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM) _____________ 124 11. Places in News _______________________ 142 7.7.5. Chandrayaan-4 _________________________ 125 7.7.6. Square Kilometer Array __________________ 125 12. Personalities in News __________________ 143 2 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Copyright © by Vision IAS All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS. 3 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 1.1. ONE NATION ONE ELECTION Why in the news? The Union Cabinet has accepted the recommendations of the High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections under the chairmanship of former President Shri Ram Nath Kovind. About Simultaneous Elections Simultaneous Elections (popularly known as One Nation, One Election) means holding elections to the House of the People, all the State Legislative Assemblies, and local bodies i.e., Municipalities and Panchayats, together o Simultaneous elections do not mean that voting across the country for all elections needs to happen on a single day. In India, simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas were held in the years 1951-52, 1957, 1962 and 1967. o This cycle was disrupted due to premature dissolution of State Assemblies in 1968-69 and of the Lok Sabha in 1970. Need for Simultaneous elections Governance and development: Frequent elections delay development programs due to the Model Code of Conduct (MCC). o Frequent elections affect economic growth, investment decisions and opportunity cost of deferred economic decisions. o Conducting elections to all three tiers of the Government together would avoid disruption of supply chains and production cycles due to migrant workers seeking leave of absence to cast their vote. High financial burden: Holding simultaneous elections would reduce the massive expenditure incurred for conduct of separate elections every year. Diversion of human resources: Such as security forces and other electoral officers (like Teachers) from their primary duties for significantly prolonged periods. Reducing the burden on courts: Fewer elections mean fewer election-related disputes, reducing the workload on courts. Reducing identity politics: Frequent elections use identity politics, like caste and class stirring division and disrupting societal cohesion. Voter participation: Staggered elections induce ‘voters’ fatigue’ and present a significant challenge in ensuring their participation. 4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Key highlights of High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections The committee advocated simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and local bodies to address the burden on the Government, businesses, Courts, political parties, civil society etc. due to frequent elections. Recommendations are as follows: Synchronization of Elections: Elections to be held in two phases o First phase: Conduct Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections simultaneously. o Second phase: Conduct local body elections (Panchayats and Municipalities) within 100 days of general elections. Constitutional Amendments proposed: The high-level committee had proposed amendments to three Articles, insertion of 12 new sub-clauses in the existing articles and tweaking three laws related to Union Territories having legislative assemblies. Insert Article 82A Amendment of Article 83 (Duration of Introduction of Article Houses of Parliament) and Article 172 324A (Duration of State Legislatures): Article 82A(1) will state that “on the date of In case of a hung House, a no- Relating to holding the first sitting of the House of the People confidence motion or defection, simultaneous after a general election”, the President will fresh elections to be conducted to elections to issue a notification bringing Article 82A into constitute the new Lok Sabha or Municipalities and effect. The date of this notification “shall be State Assembly for the unexpired Panchayats with called the Appointed date”. term of the immediately preceding general elections. Article 82A(2) will state that “all the full term of the House. o Ratification by Legislative Assemblies constituted in any o It ensures continuity in cycle of states required general election held after the appointed Simultaneous Elections. date shall come to an end on the expiry of the full term of the House of the People. Single electoral roll: To be prepared by the Election Commission of India in consultation with the State Election Commission(s) by amending Article 325. o As it includes amending State subjects (Local Government) in the 7th Schedule, Part IX, and Part IXA of the Constitution of India, ratification by the States required under Article 368(2). Need for ratification by states: The Committee observed that constitutional amendments in relation to terms of Parliament and state assemblies will not require ratification by states. However, constitutional amendments in relation to local bodies will be required to be passed with ratification by at least half of the states. Making Logistical arrangements for conduction of Simultaneous Elections o For elections to the House of the People and State Legislative Assemblies: The Election Commission of India will draw a plan for advanced estimation of procurement of EVMs/VVPATs, deployment of polling personnel, security forces etc. 5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o For elections to Municipalities and Panchayats: The State Election Commission(s) in consultation with the ECI, will draw a plan for the logistical requirements. Constitution of an Implementation Group to monitor the execution of the process. Challenges and complexities of simultaneous elections Overshadowing regional issues: Conducting elections simultaneously to the Lok Sabha and all State assemblies would result in national issues overshadowing regional and State specific issues. Impact on the Regional parties: Simultaneous elections may create a system where National political parties would have a significant advantage over regional parties. Political accountability: Frequent elections hold lawmakers accountable, while fixed terms may provide unwarranted stability without performance scrutiny challenging democratic principles. Concerns Regarding Federalism: Constitutional Amendments concerning the term of the state legislative assemblies under Article 172 can be carried out without ratification by states. Thus, opinion and say of States is reduced. Logistical Issues: Organizing ONOE would require significant resources, including a vast supply of electronic voting machines and trained personnel to oversee the process. Conclusion A delicate balance between the efficiency gains of simultaneous elections and the foundational principles of federalism, democratic integrity, and political plurality needs to be ensured through detailed legislative deliberations. 1.2. GLOBAL AI GOVERNANCE Why in the news? The Council of Europe (COE) Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and human rights, democracy and the rule of law, the first legally binding international treaty on AI, was opened for signature. More on the news COE is an intergovernmental organisation formed in 1949, with 46 members including Japan, and the U.S., plus countries of the EU bloc and others. The Framework Convention was initiated in 2019, when the ad hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence (CAHAI) was tasked with examining the feasibility of such an instrument. It aligns with new regulations and agreements, including the G7 AI pact, Europe's AI Act, and the Bletchley Declaration. 6 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Key provision of the Framework Convention Scope: Covers the use of AI systems by public authorities – including private actors acting on their behalf – and private actors. Obligation of signatories: Parties will adopt or maintain appropriate legislative, administrative or other measures to ensure that Activities within the lifecycle of artificial intelligence systems are- o Consistent with obligations to protect human rights, as enshrined in applicable international and domestic law. o Not used to undermine the integrity, independence and effectiveness of democratic institutions and processes. Does not regulate technology and is essentially technology- neutral. Risk-based approach adopted for the design, development, and decommissioning of AI systems globally. Exceptions: Does not apply to national defence matters nor to research and development activities, except when the testing of AI systems may have the potential to interfere with human rights, democracy, or the rule of law. Underlines fundamental principles related to activities within the lifecycle of AI systems (see infographic). What is the need for global AI governance? Risk Mitigation: Global governance can set standards to mitigate global risks associated with AI systems like job displacement, discrimination, misuse in surveillance and military applications, AI Arms Races etc. Threat to democratic functioning: E.g., disinformation and deep fakes can impact the integrity of democratic processes. Tackling Inequities: The global AI governance landscape is uneven, with many developing nations, particularly in the global South, lacking a voice in decision-making. Transboundary nature: Issues associated with AI systems like data privacy and security can impact multiple countries simultaneously. AI Misalignment: It happens when AI systems act in ways that do not reflect human intentions. Examples include unsafe medical recommendations, biased algorithms, and issues in content moderation. Wide scale deployment: AI systems are increasingly being adopted in decision-making in key sectors like healthcare, finance, and law enforcement. What are the challenges in global AI governance? Representation Gap: AI governance initiatives largely lack representation, leading to significant gaps in national and regional efforts that affect AI assessment decisions and funding. o E.g., many initiatives exclude entire regions, with seven countries participating in all and 118, mostly from the global South, entirely left out. Coordination Gap: Lack of Global Mechanisms for international standards and research initiatives, leads to issues like- o Fragmentation, reduced interoperability and incompatibility between different plurilateral and regional AI governance o Ad Hoc Responses to AI challenges. o Narrow Focus, hindering their ability to tackle its complex global implications. Implementation Gap: o Lack of stronger systems to hold governments and private companies accountable for their commitments regarding AI governance. 7 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o Limited networking and resources in National strategies for AI development, leading to ineffective implementation. o No Dedicated Funding Mechanism for AI capacity-building with the scale or authority. Steps taken to regulate AI In India National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (NSAI): NITI Aayog launched the #AIforAll strategy to harness AI in sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and education. Principles for Responsible AI: NITI Aayog released "Principles for Responsible AI," focusing on ethics and accountability, followed by "Operationalizing Principles for Responsible AI," which provided actionable steps for implementation by the government and private sector. National Program on AI (India AI): The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) initiated the India AI program to foster AI innovation, skill development, and address ethical concerns. Digital Personal Data Protection Act: Enhances data protection for individuals and address AI-related privacy concerns. Global Partnership on AI (GPAI): India is a GPAI member, participating in global discussions on responsible AI and aligning its strategies with international standards. Global G7 pact on AI: It aims to establish a global framework for the responsible development and use of AI systems, and participation is voluntary. Europe’s AI Act: It is Europe’s first major regulation on artificial intelligence, categorizing applications into three risk levels: unacceptable risk applications, high-risk applications etc. The Bletchley Declaration: It establishes a shared understanding of the opportunities and risks posed by frontier artificial intelligence (AI). It was signed by 28 countries and the European Union. Way forward Suggestions of UN report titled ‘Governing AI for Humanity’: o Adoption of flexible, globally connected approach to AI governance that fosters shared understanding and benefits. o Create an Independent international Scientific Panel on AI that consist of diverse experts who serve voluntarily. o Establish a biannual policy dialogue on AI governance at UN meetings to engage government and stakeholders, focusing on best practices that promote AI development. o Create an AI exchange that unites stakeholders to develop and maintain a register of definitions and standards for evaluating AI systems. o Establish AI capacity development network that connects UN's affiliated centres to provide expertise and training to key stakeholders o Global Fund for AI, an independently managed fund, can collect public and private contributions and distribute resources to enhance local access to AI tools. Other steps that can be taken: o Formulating AI Law: MeitY is drafting a new law on artificial intelligence (AI) to harness its economic benefits while addressing potential risks and harms. o Ensuring AI Alignment: AI alignment ensures that artificial intelligence systems operate according to human values and ethics and can address issues like discrimination and misinformation. 1.3. GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM Why in the news? Recently, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions (MoPPG&P) issued comprehensive Guidelines for Handling Public Grievances for making grievance redressal time-bound, accessible and meaningful. 8 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Key highlights of Comprehensive Guidelines for Handling Public Grievances An integrated user-friendly grievance filing platform with CPGRAMS to provide citizen a single window experience. o This will help de-duplication and save time/efforts of officials from resolving same grievances on multiple portals. Appointment of Nodal Officers for Public Grievances in all Ministries/ Departments who will address grievances promptly, fairly and efficiently. Dedicated Grievance Cells shall be set-up in every Ministry/ Department with sufficient resources having knowledge of schemes and activities. Timelines for effective grievance redressal have been reduced to 21 days from existing 30 days. Grievance redressal assessment index for ranking Ministries/ Departments shall be issued on monthly basis. 2024 Policy Guidelines manifest technology improvements undertaken with 10-step reform process adopted. o Government implemented 10-step reforms of CPGRAMS (Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System) in 2022. About Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) GRM of an organisation is an important instrument to measure its effectiveness as it provides feedback on the working of the organisation. o Its basic principle is that if promised level of service delivery is not achieved or if a right of a citizen is not honoured then citizen should be able to take recourse to a mechanism for grievance redressal. Two designated nodal agencies in Union Government handling grievances are: o Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, DARPG (under MoPPG&P). o Directorate of Public Grievances, Cabinet Secretariat. Status of Grievance Redressal: CPGRAMS portal has redressed nearly 60 lakh Public Grievances in period 2022- 2024 and has mapped 1.01 lakh Grievance Redressal officers of Ministries/ Departments and States/ UTs. o CPGRAMS is an online platform available to citizens 24x7 to lodge their grievances to public authorities on any subject related to service delivery. 9 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o It is a single portal connected to all Ministries/Departments of Government of India and States through role- based access to the officers in portal. 10 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Other Initiatives taken for Grievance Redressal Constitutional and statutory institutions: Like CVC, Lokayuktas, NHRC, SHRC etc. have mandate to look into complaints of corruption, abuse of office by public servants, negligence in conduct of public servant regarding human rights violation etc. Grievance Redressal Assessment Index (GRAI): Conceptualised and designed by DARPG based on recommendation of Parliamentary Standing Committee of MoPPG&P. o It aims to present organisation-wise comparative picture and provide valuable insights about strengths and areas of improvement regarding GRM. Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation (PRAGATI): Multi-purpose and multi-modal platform to address common man’s grievances, and simultaneously monitoring/reviewing programmes/projects of Centre/State/UT Governments. E-Nivaran: Launched by Central Board of Direct Taxes to fast-track taxpayer grievances and ensure early resolution of their complaints Citizen Charter: It solves the problems which a citizen encounters while dealing with organisations providing public services. Issues associated with Grievance Redressal Mechanism Delays: Delays in grievance redressal due to bureaucratic hurdles, limited resources, or inefficient workflows undermines public confidence in the government. Corrupt Practices: In some instances, grievance redressal mechanisms themselves are subject to corrupt practices, where officials allegedly delay or manipulate outcomes in exchange for bribes. Lack of Integration: Multiplicity of grievance redressal platforms across different sectors (e.g., public distribution systems, consumer rights), across states, makes it difficult for citizens to lodge and track their complaints. Digital divide: Many citizens, particularly in rural areas, lack access to internet or digital literacy required to use online redressal platforms effectively. Way ahead 2nd ARC Recommendations o States may be advised to set up independent public grievances redressal authorities to deal with complaints of delay, harassment or corruption. o Government organizations should analyse complaints received and identify areas wherein interventions would be required to eliminate underlying causes that lead to public grievances. Recommendations of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice, (25th Report): o Grievance-handling system should be accessible, simple, quick, fair, responsive and effective. o Public Grievance Redressal Mechanism should be envisaged in statutory form on line of RTI Act, 2005 which would make it mandatory on all State Governments/UTs/etc. to pursue grievance till their final disposal. Decentralized redressal: Decentralize GRM so that local or regional offices are empowered to resolve issues, reducing the burden on central authorities and ensuring faster resolutions. Reduce bureaucratic layers: Simplify the process of filing complaints by minimizing paperwork and formalities, focussing on making system accessible, and citizen friendly. o For example, setting up and effective operationalization of Information & Facilitation Counters. Review and monitoring: Establish a robust monitoring system to analyse performance of grievance-handling departments and officials through periodic audits and evaluations. Feedback mechanism: Establish key performance indicators for online grievance management system like response times, resolution rates, and citizen satisfaction. Integrating Technology: AI can be employed to categorize/prioritize grievances and utilize data analytics to identify trends/patterns in grievances, helping in allocation of resources and policy adjustments. 11 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.4. UNIFIED PENSION SCHEME Why in the news? Recently, Union Cabinet has approved the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS). About Unified Pension Scheme It is based on the recommendations of T. V. Somanathan Committee (2023). Persistent demands for Old Pension Scheme (OPS) led to its formation. Existing as well as future employees will have an option of joining New Pension Scheme or UPS. Choice, once exercised, will be final. Provisions of UPS will apply to past retirees of NPS (who have already superannuated). Comparison between Unified Pension Scheme, New Pension Scheme and Old Pension Scheme Parameters Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) New Pension Scheme (NPS) Old Pension Scheme (OPS) Eligibility It will be effective from April 1, Launched in 2004 for Introduced in 1950s 2025 and applies to all Central providing retirement and applicable only to government employees. income to all citizens government between 18 and 65 years. employees. Assured 50% of average basic pay drawn Pension amount is not Central government Pension over last 12 months prior to fixed as it is a market-linked employees will superannuation for a minimum scheme. receive 50% of their qualifying service of 25 years. last drawn salary. It will be proportionate for a Provided fixed monthly lesser service period (minimum income. service of 10 years). Minimum Rs.10,000 per month on Not Applicable Rs. 9000 per month Pension superannuation after minimum 10 years of service. Family On demise, pension amounting In case, Government Granted to widow / Pension 60% of employee’s pension servant has opted for widower and where before demise. benefits under NPS, family there is no widow / would get benefits from widower to children of his accumulated pension a Government servant wealth under NPS. who entered in service in a pensionable establishment on or after 01/01/1964 but on or before 31.12.2003. Inflation In form of Dearness Relief based Not available Dearness relief, Indexation on All India Consumer Price which adjusted Index for Industrial Workers pension for inflation, (AICPI-IW), similar to service and offered a family employees. pension to dependents. Contribution Employee contribution will not Employees are required to No employee increase. contribute 10% of their contributions Government contribution salaries, while employers required. increased from 14 to 18.5%. can contribute up to 14%. 12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Conclusion UPS aims to combine the best aspects of both the OPS and NPS systems, and reintroduce an assured minimum pension. Further, UPS aims to improve the financial security and quality of life for government employees and their families. 1.5. NEWS IN SHORTS 1.5.1. ‘BLACK COAT SYNDROME’ IN COURTS President called out ‘Black Coat Syndrome’, and urged Supreme Court to Lead with Justice for All Highlighting the delay in Justice, the President used this term to describe anxiety experienced by ordinary citizens in court settings. Term is analogous to the “White Coat Hypertension” i.e. increase in people’s blood pressure in the hospital. Reasons for such perception High pendency: As of August 31, 82,887 cases are pending in SC (National Judicial Data Grid). o Additionally, delays in deciding serious crimes like rape leads to public perception of insensitivity in the judicial system. Frequent adjournments: It causes great mental and financial pressure specially for people traveling from villages to courts. Issues with district judiciary: For instance, only 6.7% of court infrastructure at the district level is female friendly. o District-level courts significantly shape the public’s perception of the judiciary. 1.5.2. RIGHTS OF DETENU IN PREVENTIVE DETENTION In Jaseela Shaji vs Union of India case (2024), the Supreme Court highlighted the rights of detenu (detained person) to make an effective representation against preventive detention. Preventive detention means detention of a person without trial. Highlights of the Judgment Detenu has the right to be furnished with the grounds of detention along with the documents relied on for such detention. o If there is failure or even delay in furnishing those documents, it would amount to denial of the right to make an effective representation under Article 22(5) of the Constitution. Article 22(5) mandates that detaining authority must: o Inform detenu as soon as practicable of grounds on which detention has been made. o Provide detenu the earliest opportunity of making a representation against detention order. 13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Preventive Detention Article 22(3) allows the authorities to detain individuals for preventive reasons, such as the maintenance of public order or national security. The constitution provides for certain safeguards: o No preventive detention law should authorize the detention beyond three months unless an Advisory Board approves it. o Grounds for preventive detention shall be communicated at the earliest. o Provide earliest opportunity of making a representation. 1.5.3. UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT (UAPA), 1967 Supreme Court ruled that 14-day timeline for granting sanction for prosecution under UAPA, 1967 is mandatory and not discretionary. About UAPA, 1967 It provides for more effective prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations and for dealing with terrorist activities. Prosecution of individuals accused of terrorism requires prior sanction from government via two steps i.e. o An independent authority must review evidence gathered by investigators and make a recommendation to government within seven working days. (Rule 3 of Unlawful Activities (Prevention) (Recommendation & Sanction of Prosecution) Rules, 2008) o Government then has an additional seven working days to decide whether to grant or deny sanction based on authority’s recommendation (Rule 4). 1.5.4. PLEA BARGAINING As per the Ministry of Law and Justice, only 0.11% of cases were resolved through plea bargaining in 2022. About Plea Bargaining: It is an agreement between defense and prosecution where accused pleads guilty for a lesser offense or a reduced sentence. Introduced in 2006 as part of a set of amendments to CrPC. In section 290 of BNSS, plea bargaining has been made time bound and application can be made within 30 days from date of framing of charge. Application: Applies only to offenses punishable by up to seven years of imprisonment, with further restrictions excluding cases involving crimes against women, children, or socio-economic offenses. 1.5.5. 2023 AMENDMENT TO RULE 3 OF IT RULES 2021 Bombay HC struck down the 2023 amendment to Rule 3 of the IT Rules mandating establishment of Fact Checking Units (FCU) Verdict has been delivered in the Kunal Kamra vs Union of India case (2024). Background The 2023 amendment [(3(1)(b)(v)] to IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 empowered the Government to identify fake news pertaining to its business on social media platforms through FCU. o Such news was to be flagged and taken down by the intermediary. o Failure to do so would subject the intermediaries to a legal action and losing their safe harbor (legal immunity against third-party consent). In 2023, Supreme Court stayed the Centre’s notification establishing FCU in Press Information Bureau (PIB). 14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Key Observations by the HC Rules are ultra vires (unconstitutional) or beyond the powers of the IT Act, 2000. Violate the Principles of Natural Justice and Fundamental Rights under Articles: o 14 [Equality before Law] o 19 (1) (a) [Freedom of Speech and Expression] o 19 (1) (g) [Freedom to practice any profession] o 21 [Right to Life and Personal Liberty]. Vague, does not clearly define fake or misleading news. o Also, in the absence of "right to the truth," the State is not responsible for providing citizens with only accurate information determined by the FCU. Fail to satisfy the test of proportionality. 15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.5.6. 23RD LAW COMMISSION CONSTITUTED President approves the constitution of the 23rd Law Commission for a three-year term, that is, from 1st September, 2024 to 31st August, 2027. 23rd Law Commission Mandate: To review and recommend legal reforms to enhance the Indian legal system. Composition: It will include a full-time chairperson, four members, and additional ex-officio and part-time members. Terms of Reference (ToR) Review/Repeal of obsolete laws: o Create a Standard Operating procedure for periodic review of existing laws for simplification. o Based on the relevance, current economic needs, suggest repealing and amendments to the laws. Law and Poverty: Examine laws affecting the poor and conduct post-enactment audits of socio-economic legislation. Review of Judicial Administration: o Ensure economic disposal of cases by elimination of delays and speedy clearance of arrears. o Simplification of processes, harmonizing rules of various high courts. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs): Examine existing laws and suggest reforms to ensure effective implementation of DPSPs and to attain the objectives set out in the Preamble. Gender Equality: Strengthen laws through examination and suggesting amendments. Revision of Central Acts to remove anomalies and inequities. Examine the impact of globalization on food security, unemployment and recommend measures for the protection of the marginalized. 1.5.7. SANCTION FOR PROSECUTING A PUBLIC SERVANT Recently, the Governor of Karnataka gave approval for investigation for prosecution of the Chief Minister. Sanction for prosecution: There is a requirement of grant of sanction before prosecution of a public servant to protect public servants from malicious prosecution. Competent authority for granting sanction: State or Central government (CrPC) and authority having power to remove the public servant (PCA). Legal Framework: Section 218 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) (earlier covered under Section 197 of CrPC) Section 17A (2018 amendment) and 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (PCA). 1.5.8. ASIAN ORGANIZATION OF SUPREME AUDIT INSTITUTIONS (ASOSAI) Proposal for removal The President of India attended the opening ceremony of the 16th ASOSAI Assembly organised by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India in New Delhi. 16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS About ASOSAI It is one of the Regional Groups of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions. It was established in 1979 with 11 members, now the membership has grown to 48. The first Assembly and Governing Board meeting was held in New Delhi, India. o India is holding the current chair of ASOSAI. At the Assembly, the Rules and Regulations of ASOSAI were approved. 1.5.9. ERRATA In July 2024 Monthly Magazine, in Article 1.1 Special Packages due to typographical error in the infographic on "Need for giving Special Packages to States", the figure of "94 lakh crore poor families" was incorrectly given. o Correct information is: "As per Bihar government estimates, an 2.5 lakh crores rupees over five years are required for welfare of 94 lakh poor families." 17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2.1. QUAD Why in the news? The Prime Minister of India attended the Quad Leaders’ Summit in Wilmington (US). More about the news Over the past four years, Quad Leaders have met six times, including twice virtually. The year 2024 marks 20 years since the formation of the grouping. The Quad Leaders’ Summit adopted the Wilmington Declaration. India will host the 2025 Quad Leaders Summit. Key announcements in the Wilmington Declaration Health Security: ‘Quad Cancer Moonshot’, a partnership to save lives in the Indo-Pacific region by combating cervical cancer. Quality Infrastructure: ‘Quad Ports of the Future Partnership’ which will harness the Quad’s collective expertise to support sustainable port infrastructure development. Critical and Emerging Technologies: A ‘Semiconductor Supply Chains Contingency Network Memorandum of Cooperation’ to enhance the resilience of Quad’s semiconductor supply chains. Quad Investors Network (QUIN): Mobilizing several investments to promote supply chain resilience, advance joint research Climate and Clean Energy: Collective Quad effort to boost energy efficiency, including deployment and manufacturing of high-efficiency affordable cooling systems in the region. Space: India’s establishment of a space-based web portal for Mauritius, to support the concept of open science for space-based monitoring of extreme weather events and climate impact. Maritime Security: o ‘Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI)’ to maximize tools provided through Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (announced in 2022) and other Quad initiatives. o ‘Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission’ in 2025 to improve interoperability and advance maritime safety. About Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) Quad is a Plurilateral framework of maritime democracies and a Global Force for Good that delivers real, positive, and enduring impact for the Indo-Pacific. Members: The Quad is a diplomatic partnership (neither a military alliance nor a mutual defence agreement) between Australia, India, Japan, and the US. Purpose: It is committed to supporting an open, stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific that is inclusive and resilient. Key Summit: Quad Leaders' Summits and Foreign Ministers' Meetings are held on an annual basis. The mandate of the Quad has gradually expanded with six working groups covering health, climate, critical and emerging technology, space, infrastructure and cyber. 18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Global Significance of QUAD Significance of Quad for India Strategic Balance: QUAD serves as a Strategic balance against China: QUAD offers India a counterbalance to China's growing platform to align with like-minded countries, thereby influence, particularly in the Indo-Pacific. enhancing its security posture and reducing the threat of Maritime Security: It helps ensure a free, Chinese encirclement. open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region, Strengthening Act East Policy: QUAD contributes to India's upholding international laws like the UN strategic objectives of strengthening ties with countries in East Convention on the Law of the Sea Asia and Southeast Asia (UNCLOS). Boost to India’s military capability: Bilateral defence and Economic Collaboration: in areas such security partnerships supplement India’s defense capabilities as infrastructure investment, cooperation especially in maritime domain. For instance, Malabar exercise on standards, and supply chains, etc. 2024 enhance the ability to train and operate jointly. Health and Humanitarian Efforts: QUAD Technological and Economic Cooperation: India benefits played a pivotal role during the COVID-19 from QUAD initiatives aimed at building secure supply chains pandemic, committing to deliver up to a in critical areas like semiconductors. India, Japan and Australia billion vaccine doses globally. formally launched the Supply Chain Resilience initiative o Additionally, the group is active in o This reduces India's dependency on China for key disaster response, helping countries in imports and aligns with India’s broader Aatmanirbhar the region during natural calamities. Bharat initiative. Challenges to QUAD Less institutionalisation: In its current form, Quad remains relatively institutionalized. The forum is maintained by meetings, semi-regular summits, information exchanges. Perceived as a Cold War mentality: China has criticized the Quad diplomacy as reflective of a "Cold War mentality" and an attempt to establish an "Asian NATO”. Divergent National Interests: For instance, India focuses mainly on regional security, especially regarding China, while the U.S. has broader global strategic interests. o Australia's economic reliance on China and Japan’s security dependence on the U.S. further complicates alignment. Maintain its unique character: Defining the Quad’s purpose as distinct from other regional groupings like ASEAN, Pacific Islands Forum, and IORA has proven to be difficult. 19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  US is distracted from Indo-Pacific: In international policy, wars in Europe and the Middle East mean that US attention to Asia will be more limited. India’s concerns regarding QUAD Reluctance towards Military Alliance: India is cautious about the Quad becoming a formal military alliance. o It values the grouping for non-traditional security cooperation but is resistant to a collective military role, which would compromise its strategic autonomy. Possibility of reactivating tensions with China: India is the only country among the Quad members that shares its borders with China. This makes it imperative for India to ensure that Quad is not reduced to an anti-China grouping. Other group such as SQUAD (comprising Australia, Japan, the Philippines, and US): May take focus away from the QUAD. India’s flexible approach: India continues to nurture flexible partnerships with countries, including some that are antagonistic toward the Quad, like SCO. Impact on other partners: India’s involvement in Quad could risk alienating other important Indian partners like Russia and Iran. Way Forward Institutionalizing the Quad: Establishing a formal structure or secretariat could enhance its effectiveness, making it a more permanent feature in regional security and diplomatic engagements. Augment existing organisations in region: Quad, rather than replacing, should seek to augment other multi-laterals or regional organizations and provide an inclusive vision for cooperation. Engage other players: Quad needs to proactively engage with regional partners in initiatives that resonate with their respective interests and priorities. Balancing clarity and ambiguity: By not explicitly highlighting traditional security concerns, such as potential Chinese military actions, the Quad can focus on areas of shared interests while minimizing the risk of direct confrontation with China. Related News Quad ‘Principles for Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)’ The principle for DPI was released acknowledging the importance of digitalisation to transform societies and to achieve the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. About DPI DPI is a digital network that enables countries to safely and efficiently deliver economic opportunities and social services to all residents. o DPI can be compared to roads, which form a physical network that connects people and provides access to a huge range of goods and services. o ‘India Stack’ is India's own foundational DPI. Quad’s Key Principles for DPI Inclusivity: Eliminate economic, technical & social barriers, empowerment of end-users, and avoid erroneous algorithmic bias. Collaboration: Enable development of user-centric solutions and facilitate sustained adoption and allow innovators to develop new services. Modularity and Extensibility: A modular architecture to accommodate changes/modifications without undue disruption. Scalability: Use flexible design to easily accommodate any unexpected increase in demand. Sustainability: Ensure sustainability through adequate financing and technological support. 20 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Other Principles: Interoperability, respect for human rights, grievance redress, contribute to SDGs, protect intellectual property rights, Governance for Public benefit, trust, & transparency, ensure security and privacy. 2.2. INDIA’S ROLE IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION Why in the News? The Russian President stated that he's in regular contact with India, Brazil, and China regarding efforts to resolve the Ukraine conflict. More on the News The Russian President’s remarks came after the Prime Minister of India’s visit to Kyiv where he held talks with the Ukrainian President. o Previously, the PM of India had paid a visit to Russia. Two years into the Russia-Ukraine Conflict, Europe's largest conflict since World War II, shows no signs of ending soon. o Russia did not attend the Swiss summit on peace in Ukraine. o There is a 6-point Brazil-China proposal that calls for a Russia-Ukraine summit, that Ukraine has rejected. 21 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS India's Evolving Role as a Proactive Mediator in Global Conflict Resolution India as a proactive mediator: India's diplomacy has become more proactive, fostering closer international relationships and mediation in regional conflicts. o E.g., India facilitated the end of Saudi Arabia's 70-year ban on using its airspace for flights to Israel in 2018. India’s 5-S (Samman, Samvaad, Sahyog, Shanti and Samriddhi) approach’ towards foreign policy: Symbolises India's independent foreign policy and uniquely positions India to mediate peace. India firmly believes dialogue and diplomacy, as ways out of the conflict: For instance, the Prime Minister of India along with other world leaders played a key role in preventing a nuclear strike by Moscow on Kyiv in 2022 (CNN report). India, as a voice of the Global South: India, actively pursued conflict resolution under its G20 presidency by highlighting the devastating war (Russia-Ukraine) outcomes. India's ancient philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' & rich history of purveyor of peace: Position India uniquely as a mediator and conciliator in world affairs. o E.g., India has never subscribed to the doctrine of militarism and war in her history. 22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  India’s proactive engagement with the world: In fostering dialogue and acting as a humanitarian first responder, “ever-ready to assist the global community in times of need”. E.g. India was the first to provide drinking water to Maldives during its water crisis in 2014. o This new identity has helped India to leverage her position to resolve conflict. Conflict Resolution Experience: India’s experience in addressing both internal and regional conflicts, positions it as a potential peacemaker (see box). India’s historic efforts in peace mediation 1955: India mediated between USSR and Austria for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Austrian soil, and is credited for persuading Austria to declare neutrality. 1956: India mediated in the Korean crisis – engaging the US, China and USSR. 1950s and 60s: India was the Co-Chairman of the International Commission for Supervision and Control in the war in Vietnam. 1979: India’s Finance Minister called off his China visit, and actively supported Vietnam on China’s agression. Barriers to India’s Role as a Mediator in Global Conflict Resolution Historical alignments: India's strategic partnerships limit perceived neutrality. E.g., India's abstentions on UN resolutions against Russia in the Ukraine conflict. Regional rivalries: Tensions with neighbouring countries affect India's mediator role. E.g., the India-Pakistan rivalry complicates potential mediation in Afghanistan. Economic priorities: Balancing diplomatic efforts with economic interests can constrain India’s mediating act. E.g., India's oil imports from Iran. Limited global influence: India’s diplomatic capacity, compared to established global powers like the USA and UK, is relatively limited, affecting its capacity to mediate complex international disputes effectively. Domestic Challenges: Internal issues such as internal conflicts, insurgencies, and political instability detract from India's ability to project itself as a model for peace. o India has rejected third-party mediation on Kashmir. Way forward Proactive role as a mediator: India could provide a neutral platform for a peace dialogue to all stakeholders. For instance, India could also host a global peace summit for this Russia-Ukraine war. Partnerships: India can contribute more to peace-making efforts, alongside like-minded nations powers (like South Africa, Brazil, Indonesia etc) and traditional Western peacemakers (Switzerland, Norway, etc.) Utilising experience: India should emulate its Korean crisis peace efforts by leveraging UN mechanisms, diplomatic leadership, non-alignment, and commitment to humanitarian values. Capacity building: Form peace teams within the Ministry of External Affairs and think tanks to study global conflicts and develop resolution strategies similar to Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) of Norway. Conclusion India's role in conflict resolution is increasingly significant as it emerges as a voice for the Global South. Shifting from ad hoc to active international engagement, India's diplomatic efforts reflect its growing global influence and aspirations. 2.3. INDIA-SINGAPORE RELATIONS Why in the News? Prime Minister of India visited Singapore during the second leg of a two- nation trip to South-East Asia, having travelled to Brunei Darussalam in the first leg. Key Outcomes of the Singapore visit Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: Strategic Partnership established in 2015 was elevated to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. 23 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  India and Singapore signed four Memorandum of Understanding (MoU): In the fields of digital technologies, semiconductors, health cooperation and skill development. o MoU on India-Singapore Semiconductor Ecosystem Partnership: Envisages cooperation in semiconductor cluster development, talent cultivation, and advanced manufacturing, particularly developing resilient supply chains. About India-Singapore relations Historical connect: Sir Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a trading station in 1819 and it was governed from Kolkata. India was one of the first countries to recognize Singapore in 1965. Trade and economic cooperation: Singapore is India’s largest trade partner in ASEAN; it’s India’s 6th largest trade partner (2023-24). o Bilateral trade expanded after the conclusion of Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) to USD 35.6 billion (2023-24). ü India is a net importer. o India signed Direct Tax Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) with Singapore in 2016 to check tax evasion. Defence relationship: Defence collaboration enhances India’s regional strategic maritime reach as far as the South China Sea and reinforces Singapore’s role as a security partner in the Indian Ocean o Bilateral exercises by the three services: Exercise Agni Warrior (Army), Exercise SIMBEX (Navy) and Air Force Exercise Joint Military Training (JMT). Fintech: RuPay card & UPI-Paynow Linkage are landmark developments in the area of cross-border Fintech. Multilateral cooperation: India and Singapore are part of multilateral groups like the East Asia Summit, G20, Commonwealth, IORA (Indian Ocean Rim Association) and IONS (Indian Ocean Naval Symposium). o Singapore has joined the International Solar Alliance and Global Bio-fuel Alliance. o Both closely cooperate on, and support the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF). Indian Community: Ethnic Indians constitute about 9.1 % of the resident population in Singapore. o In addition, among the 1.6 million foreigners residing in Singapore, about 1/5th are Indian citizens. o Tamil is one of the four official languages of Singapore. 24 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Challenges faced in India-Singapore relations Overwhelming Chinese presence: Singapore’s investments in China account for nearly 85 percent of the total inbound investments China has received from Belt and Road countries. o China is Singapore's third-largest trading partner. Singapore is known as a tax haven: Though $ 11.7 billion was invested in FY 2023-24, a significant portion of this can be due to roundtripping. India's trade concerns include: Inadequate market access for service exports and greater mobility of people (professional talent migration). Gold smuggling: Smugglers in Singapore have been approaching Indian migrant workers flying home to act as 'gold mules' by carrying jewellery. Anti-India sentiments: Many such cases were seen where Indian workers working in Singapore were bullied on social media and in the workplace. Way ahead for improving India-Singapore relations Third Review of CECA: Both countries can finish the Third CECA Review, ensuring the agreement stays relevant for future economies. o This aims to adapt to changing economic landscapes and maintain beneficial trade relations. Review of ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA): To make it more business-friendly, simple, and trade- facilitative. The goal is to substantially conclude this review by 2025. Urban Planning and Development: Collaborations between Singapore Cooperation Enterprise (SCE) and various states in India on smart cities and urban infrastructure including housing can be done. Mitigating anti-Indian sentiments: The Indian embassy in Singapore could set up a helpline or support system for Indian workers facing such issues. Leveraging Services Trade: India should engage with Singapore to liberalise the service sector and maximise its comparative advantage to reduce the trade deficit. Conclusion Singapore serves as India's strategic partner and economic bridge to East Asia, fostering trade, investment, and cultural ties while enhancing India's regional influence and connectivity. To know more about the India’s Act East Policy, refer to Article 2.3 10 Years of India's Act East Policy in August 2024 Monthly Current Affairs Magazine. 25 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2.4. SECURITY OF SUPPLIES ARRANGEMENT (SOSA) Why in the News? India and the US have signed a Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA) and Memorandum of Agreement (MoU) regarding the Assignment of Liaison Officers, during the Defence Minister’s visit to the US. More on the news Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA) o Promote national defence: Governments to secure the mutual timely provision of defence-related goods and services during peacetime, emergency, and armed conflict. o Meet national security needs: It would allow both countries to request each other for priority delivery of certain defence items. o India is the 18th SOSA partner of the US. It is legally non-binding. o The US and India are negotiating a binding Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) Agreement. MOU on Assignment of Liaison Officers: Increase information-sharing between India and the US, and post-Indian armed forces officers in key strategic US Commands o India will deploy the first Liaison Officer to the US Special Operations Command headquarters in Florida. India-US cooperation milestones on defence The Framework for the US-India Defence Relationship (2015): Formalized both countries' commitment to enhancing cooperation in the defence sector. The US designated India as a Major Defence Partner in 2016: This led to India's 2018 elevation to Strategic Trade Authorization tier 1 status, granting license-free access to various military and dual-use technologies. The 2+2 meetings between India-US (2018): The 2+2 meetings signify the participation of Ministers holding Foreign and Defence portfolios, from each of the two countries. o Aim: To build a stronger, more integrated strategic relationship in a rapidly changing global environment. The roadmap for defence industrial cooperation (2023): Priority areas of cooperation included Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), Undersea Domain Awareness, Air Combat and Support, etc. The US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET) (2023): To expand the strategic technology partnership and defence industrial cooperation. o INDUS-X: Took forward the commitment to build a defence innovation bridge under iCET. India and the US have signed four foundational agreements: For enhanced military cooperation (See infographic). 26 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Significance of India-US defence cooperation Diversifying India's Defence Suppliers: Russia supplied 65% of India's weapons purchases of more than $60 billion during the last two decades, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). o E.G., SOSA allows India to diversify defence suppliers, reducing dependence on Russian equipment. Intensifies the Indo-US strategic partnership: The four ‘foundational agreements’ bring India closer to the US; give India access to advanced US intelligence information, etc. Deepen military partnership and interoperability: E.g., The Malabar exercises (India hosted Australia, Japan and U.S. forces in 2024) have provided a shared platform for exchanging doctrines, refining training skills, etc. Counter China in the Indo-Pacific: India's increasing role in shaping regional security by ensuring freedom of navigation, now especially as a member of the Combined Maritime Force (CMF). o CMF is a multi-national naval partnership to promote security, stability, and prosperity across approximately 3.2 million square miles of international waters. Access to advanced US defence technology: E.g., India became the first non-treaty partner to be offered a MTCR Category-1 Unmanned Aerial System-the Sea Guardian UAS. Industrial growth: The growing synergies in defence ecosystems under the INDUS-X can help to diversify investment opportunities, high-potential start-ups, exposure to emerging defence markets, etc. Challenges in India-US Defence cooperations Strategic Divergences: India's ties with Russia (arms & oil purchases), and US relations with Pakistan create friction in the defence partnership. o Treat of US’s Countering American Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) for procuring military hardware from Russia. Lack of technology transfer: The US companies prefer arms sales over technology sharing. Regulatory Hurdles: India's slow acquisition process and offset credit issues deter US firms. Indo-US defence partnership escalates tensions: The closer Indo-US strategic partnership raises a regional security issue, as China sees it as a threat. Intellectual property concerns: US has included India in the ‘priority watch list’ of countries for alleged problems related to IP protection and enforcement, and has said there will be particularly intense bilateral engagement on the matter during the coming year. Way forward Focus on interoperability: Increase joint military exercises and training programs to improve interoperability between US and Indian forces. Expand intelligence sharing: Deepen intelligence cooperation, particularly in areas of mutual concern such as counter-terrorism and regional security threats. Conclude the Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) Agreement: It promotes rationalisation, standardisation, interchangeability, and interoperability of conventional defence equipment with US allies and other friendly governments Conclude pending negotiations: E.g., Negotiations are underway to manufacture GE F-414 jet engines in India for the LCA MK 2 fighters. Advance Multilateral Coordination: Prioritise coordination in forums like the Quad and I2U2 (India, Israel, the US, and the UAE) to address international strategic issues. Conclusion India-US defence agreements mark a significant step forward, enhancing strategic ties, fostering technology sharing, and bolstering regional security through deeper cooperation and mutual commitment to shared goals. 2.5. INDO-PACIFIC OCEANS INITIATIVE (IPOI) Why in the News? The Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) completes 5 years. 27 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS About the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) It is a non-treaty-based voluntary arrangement that promotes cooperation for a free and open Indo-Pacific and the rules-based regional order. Genesis: It was launched by India in 2019 at the East Asia Summit (EAS) in Bangkok (Thailand). Aim: It seeks to build a sense of community by creating new partnerships with like-minded countries through practical cooperation. Philosophy: Builds upon India’s ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)’ initiative of 2015. o SAGAR vision is to have inclusive development joining economic assistance and maritime security concerns on a common platform while respecting international maritime laws and norms. 28 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  What Is the Indo-Pacific? The Indo-Pacific is a construct of contested interpretation. Geo-spatial & strategic interpretation: The Indo-Pacific is understood as an interconnected space between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, joined together by its main trading channel, the Malacca strait. o It is home to more than half of the world’s population, and nearly 2/3rds of the global economy. India’s definition: The “Indo-Pacific” stretches from the Eastern coast of Africa to the Americas. USA’s definition: Indo-pacific extends up to the west coast of India which is also the geographic boundary of the US Indo-Pacific command to the Americas. Significance of the Indo-Pacific Ocean Initiative (IPOI) Strategic Relevance: It widens the scope of the Indo-Pacific narrative beyond traditional security and geopolitical challenges to include economic, development and environmental challenges in the maritime domain. 29 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Synchronize, synergize, and channelize collective efforts: It unites regional partners, aligning diverse initiatives towards common goals of maritime security and sustainable development. o E.g., ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) and Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) complement each other. Countering regional threats: It can address China's assertive behaviour in the Indo-Pacific. o E.g., In 2020, India and Vietnam agreed to enhance their bilateral cooperation in line with IPOI. Maritime Security: The maritime security pillar of the IPOI seeks to manage peace in the Indo-Pacific maritime domain through cooperative engagement between partners. Addresses resource geopolitics: Promoting cooperation in securing critical minerals (cobalt, lithium, nickel) and rare earth elements (as tellurium and neodymium). Flexible Framework: Provides an adaptable, non-institutional platform for regional cooperation, allowing responsive adjustments to emerging Indo-Pacific challenges. Key challenges facing the Indo-Pacific Ocean Initiative (IPOI): Institutional deficiency: The absence of a suitably articulated direction and agenda for multistakeholder and multilateral cooperation under each pillar has been a limiting factor. Geopolitical tensions: it further complicates the narrative of the Indo-Pacific, as China sees it as another step towards its containment. Resource constraints: Limited funding mechanisms for joint initiatives & uneven technological and infrastructural capabilities among partners. Regulatory harmonization: Difficult to align diverse national policies and regulations & establish common standards. Inclusivity issues: Limited representation of East African and Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Way forward Vision and broad agenda: Based on discussions, dialogue, etc a collective vision statement on the initiative can be adopted. For each pillar, a brief plan and agenda for the next five years can be outlined. Pillar-specific dialogues: Lead countries should undertake to steer periodic dialogues related to each pillar. These can be in coordination with the EAS, East Asia Maritime Forum (EAMF), Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), etc. Participation of East Africa, Gulf Cooperation Council countries and small island states: Their participation and leadership can be encouraged, which would make IPOI a truly regional construct. Periodic dissemination: An annual summary for each pillar, by the leading countries can contribute significantly to promoting a common understanding of the direction being taken. Conclusion India's Indo-Pacific approach, an extension of its Act East policy, embraces inclusivity and freedom of navigation. It fosters partnerships with key regional players like, Japan, South Korea and Australia, while promoting a balanced, cooperative framework for all nations in the international seas. 2.6. TAPI GAS PIPELINE PROJECT Why in the News? Recently, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan officials jointly inaugurated Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline project on Turkmenistan side and Afghanistan said to begin work on TAPI pipeline. About TAPI Project TAPI Pipeline, emerged in mid-1990s, is designed to transport natural gas extracted from the Galkynysh gas field in southeastern Turkmenistan. o The Galkynysh gas field (previously called Ýolöten Gas Field) was discovered in 2006 and is located 75 km southeast of Mary, Turkmenistan. o It is one of the world's five largest gas fields with estimated reserves of 4 to 14 trillion cubic meters and proven commercial reserves of 2.8 trillion cubic meters. 30 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o The field also holds around 300 million tons of oil. It spans approximately 1,800 kms from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. It is expected to transport approximately 33 billion cubic meters of natural gas annually. Asian Development Bank (ADB), acting as the transaction adviser, is financing the project. Significance of the TAPI Project Strategic and Geopolitical: Economic interdependence may pave the way for improved relations between India and Pakistan. o It can also help India counter China’s growing influence in Central Asia. Economic: Access to potentially cheaper natural gas could boost India's industrial sector, may reduce India's trade deficit by lowering energy import costs, etc. Energy Security: TAPI could provide a stable, long-term source of natural gas, helping to diversify India's energy mix and reduce dependence on oil imports. Conclusion TAPI has the potential to transform the energy landscape of South and Central Asia, fostering greater regional integration and economic development. However, the project's long history of delays and setbacks underscores the need for realistic expectations and flexible and adaptive strategies for implementation. 31 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2.7. NEWS IN SHORTS 2.7.1. INDIA SIGNED FIRST-OF-ITS-KIND AGREEMENTS UNDER IPEF Recently, India signed and exchanged first-of-its-kind agreements focused on Clean Economy, Fair Economy, and IPEF Overarching arrangement under Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) for Prosperity. IPEF is structured around 4-pillars (refer infographics). IPEF Clean Economy Agreement (Pillar-III) Development and deployment of clean energy technologies: To accelerate energy security, climate resilience, and emissions mitigation among IPEF partners. Investments and capacity building: For industries, especially MSMEs and integrate Indian companies into global value chains through collaborative programs such as IPEF Catalytic Capital Fund, IPEF Accelerator, etc. IPEF Fair Economy Agreement (Pillar-IV) Transparent and predictable trade and investment environment: By combating corruption and supporting initiatives to improve tax transparency, domestic resource mobilization, and tax administration. Enhancing information sharing, facilitating asset recovery, and strengthening cross-border investigations and prosecutions. Overarching IPEF Agreement Aim: Establish a high-level political oversight framework at Ministerial level over various individual IPEF agreements. Significance: Provide identity to the group and longevity to IPEF partnership by creating a formal mechanism, potential to enhance India's productive capacity, integration into supply chains, etc. 2.7.2. PACIFIC ISLANDS FORUM (PIF) Pacific Islands forum (PIF) endorsed the Australia-funded Pacific Policing Initiative (PPI). PPI is designed to elevate the law enforcement capabilities of Pacific nations, ensuring they are better equipped to handle law and order challenges and internal security threats. PPI aligns with the Pacific Islands Forum's 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent Analysts see it as a move to limit China's influence over Pacific security. About PIF It is the region’s premier political and economic policy organization and works towards a Pacific Vision of peace, harmony, and prosperity. Founded in 1971, PIF has 18 members across Pacific Ocean. (Refer Infographic) 32 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Issues Faced by Pacific Countries Climate Change: PIF members are the worst affected, due to sea level rise, ocean warming, acidification, etc. Geopolitical Power struggle: Between China and the US for influence over the region. International Drug Trafficking: Pacific Islands are used as a stop on transnational narcotics smuggling routes from Asia and the Americas. India’s engagement with Pacific Region Significance: Pacific Islands are vital for India’s energy security and maritime interests, in line with a broader strategy of ensuring a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. Initiatives: Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (2019), Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (2014), etc. 2.7.3. UN ADOPTS PACT FOR THE FUTURE AT THE UN SUMMIT FOR THE FUTURE Pact along with its annexes Global Digital Compact and a Declaration on Future Generations is designed to address 21st century challenges (E.g. climate change, conflict, human rights etc.) through militarism Pact has been adopted by member countries by consensus with a small group of seven countries led by Russia holding out. Key deliverables in Pact include: Sustainable development and financing for development o Giving developing countries a greater say at international financial institutions; o Strengthening the global financial safety net to protect the poorest. International Peace and Security o Recommitment to nuclear disarmament with goal of totally eliminating nuclear weapons. o Avoid weaponization and misuse of new technologies, such as lethal autonomous weapons. Science, Technology, and innovation, and digital cooperation o Scientific research in responsible and ethical manner protecting human rights. o Protect indigenous and traditional knowledge, empower women and remove gender-risks emanating from emerging technologies. Youth and Future Generation: Take account of future generations in our decision-making Transforming Global Governance o Strengthen international frameworks that govern outer space (Also preventing arms race in outer space). o Reform effectiveness and representativeness of UNSC prioritizing under-representation of Africa. 2.7.4. INDIA, GCC ADOPT ACTION PLAN FOR JOINT ACTIVITIES Joint Action Plan 2024-2028 was adopted at the recently held 1st ever India–Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Joint Ministerial Meeting for Strategic Dialogue. Key Outcomes of the Ministerial Meeting Joint Action Plan 2024-2028: for undertaking various joint activities in diverse areas including health, trade, security, agriculture and food security, transportation, energy, culture, amongst others. o More areas of cooperation can be included in the Joint Action Plan, based on mutual consensus, later on. 3P Framework: India affirmed framework of 3Ps—people, Prosperity and Progress to enhance partnership between India & GCC. 33 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Humanitarian crisis in Gaza: External Affairs Minister states that India’s position has been principled and consistent and any response must take into account the principles of humanitarian law. India-GCC Relations Political: 1st India-GCC Political Dialogue was held in 2003. Currently, India has strategic partnerships with Saudi Arabia, UAE, &Oman. Trade & Investment: Bilateral trade stood at USD 161.59 billion in FY 2023-24. o UAE is the 7th largest source of FDI in India. Diaspora: Approximately 8.9 million Indian expats (66% of NRIs) reside in GCC countries. o Share of inward remittances from the GCC region are about 30% (2020-21). Energy: GCC countries contribute to 35% of India’s oil imports and 70% of gas imports (2021-22). 2.7.5. INDIA-BRUNEI DARUSSALAM ELEVATE BILATERAL TIES TO ‘ENHANCED PARTNERSHIP’ ‘Enhanced Partnership’ symbolizes a new phase in India-Brunei relations, with a focus on mutual cooperation and shared strategic interests. It was the first bilateral visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Brunei. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1984. Key Highlights of the visit Acknowledged to expand defence cooperation through joint exercises, training programs etc. Agreed on the importance of pursuing a policy of development rather than expansionism in Southeast Asia. o Experts observe it as a counter to Chinese influence. Agreed to work together for enhanced multilateralism reflective of contemporary realities. Cooperation in the operation of Telemetry, Tracking, and Telecommand Station for Satellite and Launch Vehicles. Leveraging respective strengths including in technology, finance, manufacturing and processing. Significance of Brunei Darussalam for India Strategic Importance: Important partner in India’s Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific Vision. o Brunei is also an ASEAN member. Indian Diaspora: Approximately 14,000 Indians are residing in Brunei. 34 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2.7.6. INDIA-DENMARK GREEN STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP Recently, MoUs were signed under Green Strategic Partnership to strengthen the India-Denmark’s maritime relations. About Green Strategic Partnership(GSP): Signed in 2020, It expands economic relations and green growth, creates jobs and strengthens cooperation on addressing global challenges. Focus of GSP: Implementation of the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Joint Action Plan on Green Strategic Partnership (2021-2026): was also drawn up for furthering GSP. Under GSP, collaboration has expanded across key areas such as Quality shipping, Cooperation on Port State Control, Maritime training and education etc. 2.7.7. G4 NATIONS The Minister of External Affairs meets foreign ministers of G4 nations in New York. The group reaffirmed its commitment to urgent reform of the United Nations Security Council through text-based negotiations. About G4 Nations It includes Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. The G4 nations support each other's bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. Group has proposed that Council's membership shall be increased from 15 to 25-26, by adding six permanent and four or five non-permanent members. 2.7.8. INDIA'S MILITARY DIPLOMACY In recent months, India's military diplomacy has intensified with consecutive exercises involving countries from around the world for all three Services. What is Military Diplomacy? Also known as Defense Diplomacy, it refers to pursuing foreign policy objectives through the peaceful employment of defense resources and capabilities. India’s military diplomacy involves contributing to UN peacekeeping, providing humanitarian assistance, conducting joint exercises, etc. What are the significances of Military Diplomacy? Building trust and confidence: Regular dialogue and military exchanges can help reduce mistrust and likelihood of conflicts. Strengthening alliances and partnerships: Defense cooperation agreements, technology transfers, and joint military drills, etc., can result in greater collaboration in regional security architectures. e.g., QUAD Security Dialogue. Defense modernization and capabilities: Through transfer of technology, knowledge sharing, and training. e.g., Joint development of BrahMos missiles by India and Russia. Others: Strategic balancing in geopolitically sensitive regions; enhanced soft power through humanitarian aids, etc. Challenges in India’s Military Diplomacy: Balancing strategic partnerships with major global powers like the US and Russia, ‘Big Brother’ perception among South Asian nations, capacity gaps in terms of domestic manufacturing capabilities, etc. India’s proactive engagements—through military exercises, capacity building, and peacekeeping operations— demonstrate its commitment to fostering security cooperation and shaping future security architecture of Indo- Pacific and beyond. 35 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2.7.9. RECENT MILITARY EXERCISES Exercise Varuna: Indian Navy's P8I Poseidon Aircraft is on 1st-ever deployment in Europe to participate in 2024 edition of 'Exercise Varuna’. o Exercise Varuna is bilateral naval exercise between India and France. 2024 edition was conducted in Mediterranean Sea. Exercise Eastern Bridge VII: The 7th edition of the Exercise Eastern Bridge between Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO) concluded. It was held at Masirah (Oman). EXERCISE AL NAJAH V: Indian Army Contingent participated in 5th edition of INDIA- OMAN Joint Military Exercise AL NAJAH V at Rabkoot Training Area in Salalah, Oman. Yudh Abhyas: India-US Bilateral Army Exercise. Tarang Shakti: Multilateral Air Exercise involving countries like Australia, Greece, Sri Lanka, etc. Malabar Naval Exercise: Involving India, Australia, Japan and the US. Indra: Bilateral exercise between India and Russia. 2.7.10. OPERATION SADBHAV India launched Operation Sadbhav to provide humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) to Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. The operation was launched in the wake of disasters caused by Typhoon Yagi. Operation Sadbhav is part of India’s broader effort to contribute to HADR within the ASEAN region, in line with its longstanding ‘Act East Policy’. 2.7.11. NORTHERN UNITED-2024 Recently, China and Russia announced joint naval and air drills ‘Northern United-2024’ in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk. About Northern United 2024 It aims to improve strategic cooperation between the China and Russia and “strengthen their ability to jointly deal with security threats.” About Sea of Japan and Okhotsk Sea of Japan is marginal