VisionIAS Monthly Current Affairs November 2024 PDF

November 2024 AHMEDABAD | BENGALURU | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI HYDERABAD | JAIPUR | JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI Building Mental Resilience for UPSC CSE with VisionIAS Student Wellness Cell The UPSC Civil Services Examination is one of the most prestigious exams in the country, bringing immense professional and personal satisfaction. However, the journey often involves overcoming loneliness, intense competition pressure, anxiety, and other psychological challenges. These issues can impact both your preparation and overall well-being. At VisionIAS, we recognize the multifaceted nature of this journey. To support our students comprehensively, we have established a dedicated Student Wellness Cell. Since April 2024, our highly professional psychologists and experienced professionals have provided confidential and mindful support as per student needs. From Stress Management to Academic Excellence Enhancing Academic Professional Mental Well-Supported Performance: Health Support: Mind for Excellence: Effective stress Seeking professional help Mental well-being is management contributes is crucial for success in essential for achieving to better academic UPSC preparation. success in UPSC exams. outcomes. Comprehensive Safe and Non-Judgmental Confidential and Wellness Cell: Environment: Structured Support: Addressing various issues A space for students to Multiple, structured impacting mental health discuss issues and receive sessions based on the and academic personalized support. severity of the issues. performance. Common Issues and Our Approach Our counseling services have addressed a variety of issues, including: Anxiety and Hopelessness: Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to promote positive thinking. Lack of Motivation and Focus: Introducing time management strategies and SMART goal-setting. Emotional Struggles: Providing a safe space for expression and techniques such as journaling and progressive muscle relaxation. Social Isolation and Loneliness: Encouraging healthy social interactions and setting personal boundaries. Family and Personal Issues: Offering advice on coping with family dynamics, Scan the QR code personal loss, and significant life stressors. for more details To support the larger student community, VisionIAS is now extending our counseling and wellness support to all students preparing for UPSC CSE, regardless of their coaching institute affiliation. Schedule a session by visiting our office at Apsara Arcade near Karol Bagh Metro Station or emailing [email protected]. Remember, seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness. AHMEDABAD BENGALURU BHOPAL CHANDIGARH DELHI GUWAHATI HYDERABAD JAIPUR JODHPUR LUCKNOW PRAYAGRAJ PUNE RANCHI Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________4 3.5.5. ‘The State of Food and Agriculture 2024’ report 1.1. ‘Socialist’, ‘Secular’ in the Preamble _________ 4 released by FAO ______________________________ 49 1.2. Property Rights in India ___________________ 6 3.5.6. 21st Livestock Census _____________________ 50 3.5.7. World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) 50 1.3. Internal Democracy in Political Parties _______ 8 3.5.8. Nano fertilizers __________________________ 50 1.4. USA Presidential Election __________________ 9 3.5.9. Mormugao Port Authority _________________ 51 1.5. Municipal Corporations In India ___________ 10 3.5.10. Bihta Dry Port __________________________ 51 1.6. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ___ 11 3.5.11. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2024 report 1.7. Governance and AI ______________________ 14 ____________________________________________ 51 1.8. Digitization of Land Records ______________ 16 3.5.12. PAN (Permanent Account Number) 2.0 ______ 52 1.9. Persons with Disability ___________________ 19 3.5.13. Uniform Protection Protocol ______________ 53 1.10. News in Shorts ________________________ 21 4. SECURITY _____________________________ 54 1.10.1. Grievance Redressal Assessment Index (GRAI) 21 4.1. Indian Coast Guard ______________________ 54 1.10.2. Civil Registration System (CRS) _____________ 21 4.2. News in Shorts _________________________ 55 1.10.3. Prior Sanction Mandatory to Prosecute Public 4.2.1. AFSPA _________________________________ 55 Servants _____________________________________ 21 4.2.2. 'Adaptive Defense' Strategy ________________ 55 1.10.4. Report on Prisons in India _________________ 22 4.2.3. Digital Arrest ____________________________ 56 1.10.5. 51st Chief Justice of India (CJI) Appointed ____ 22 4.2.4. Asset Recovery Interagency Network-Asia Pacific 1.10.6. Inter-State Council (ISC) __________________ 23 (ARIN-AP) ___________________________________ 56 1.10.7. Aligarh Muslim University’s (AMU) Status as 4.2.5. India's fourth Nuclear Submarine ___________ 57 Minority Institution ____________________________ 23 4.2.6. India’s First Long Range Hypersonic Missile ___ 57 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ______________25 4.2.7. Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM) 2.1. India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor _ 25 ____________________________________________ 57 2.2. The Group of Twenty (G20) Summit ________ 27 4.2.8. Pantsir Air Defense system (PADS) __________ 58 2.3. India-Australia Relations _________________ 29 4.2.9. Exercise Antariksha Abhyas 2024 ___________ 58 2.4. India – Germany Relations ________________ 31 4.2.10. Exercises in News _______________________ 58 4.2.11. Operation Sagar Manthan ________________ 59 2.5. India-Italy Relations _____________________ 32 2.6. India-Spain Relations ____________________ 34 5. ENVIRONMENT ________________________ 60 2.7. News in Shorts _________________________ 35 5.1. UNFCCC COP29 _________________________ 60 2.7.1. First Trilateral Power Transaction____________ 35 5.1.1. Key Initiatives/Declarations Launched at COP29 62 2.7.2. Chennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor 5.1.2. India at COP29 __________________________ 64 Operational __________________________________ 35 5.2. Carbon Trading and Market _______________ 65 2.7.3. U.S., Japan and South Korea signed DiGi Framework 5.3. Climate Finance ________________________ 67 ____________________________________________ 36 5.4. Just Transition _________________________ 69 2.7.4. 2nd India-CARICOM Summit concluded in Guyana 5.5. CoP-16 to the UNCBD ____________________ 71 ____________________________________________ 36 5.5.1. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2.7.5. ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADDM- (NBSAP) _____________________________________ 74 Plus) ________________________________________ 37 5.5.2. World Coalition for Peace with Nature _______ 76 2.7.6. Indian Chemical Council Wins OPCW-The Hague 5.6. Forest Ecosystem Restoration _____________ 76 Award _______________________________________ 37 5.7. Natural Farming ________________________ 77 2.7.7. Cairo Call to Action _______________________ 38 5.8. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) _______ 79 2.7.8. International Cooperative Alliance ___________ 38 5.9. News in Shorts _________________________ 81 2.7.9. Triton island _____________________________ 39 5.9.1. Global Carbon Budget Report ______________ 81 3. ECONOMY _____________________________40 5.9.2. Adaptation Gap Report 2024 _______________ 82 3.1. Importance of Large Trade Agreements _____ 40 5.9.3. UN Environment Programme Releases Emissions 3.2. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) ______________ 42 Gap Report 2024 ______________________________ 83 3.3. Rural Non-Farm Economy (RNFE) __________ 44 5.9.4. Protected Planet Report 2024 ______________ 83 3.4. Food Corporation of India (FCI) ____________ 46 5.9.5. ‘An Eye on Methane: Invisible but not unseen’ 3.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 47 Report ______________________________________ 84 3.5.1. RBI Issues Framework For Reclassification of FPI to 5.9.6. World Energy Employment Report, 2024 _____ 84 FDI _________________________________________ 47 5.9.7. CO₂ to Methanol Plant ____________________ 85 3.5.2. Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) 48 5.9.8. EV-as-a-Service Programme ________________ 85 3.5.3. Venture Capital Fund for Space Sector________ 48 5.9.9. Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve ___ 85 3.5.4. Scheme for Medical Device Industry _________ 49 5.9.10. Coral Triangle __________________________ 86 1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 5.9.11. ‘Tsunami Ready’ Villagess _________________ 86 7.5.2. Analog Space Mission ____________________ 103 5.9.12. Depresión Aislada en Niveles Altos (DANA) ___ 87 7.5.3. GSAT-N2 ______________________________ 103 5.9.13. Bomb Cyclone __________________________ 87 7.5.4. LignoSat _______________________________ 103 5.9.14. Lake Kariba ____________________________ 87 7.5.5. Operation Dronagiri _____________________ 104 6. SOCIAL ISSUES _________________________89 7.5.6. Direct-to-Device(D2D) Satellite connectivity __ 104 6.1. Work from Home _______________________ 89 7.5.7. Gravity Energy Storage (GES) ______________ 105 6.2. One Nation One Subscription Scheme ______ 91 7.5.8. BRIC-National Agri-Food Bio-Manufacturing Institute (BRIC-NABI) _________________________ 105 6.3. News in Shorts _________________________ 93 7.5.9. First Indigenous Antibiotic ________________ 105 6.3.1. Union Cabinet Approved PM-Vidyalaxmi scheme 7.5.10. Adoption of Jeddah Commitments ________ 106 ____________________________________________ 93 7.5.11. Pandemic Fund Project Launched _________ 106 6.3.2. Protection of Children from Sexual Offences 7.5.12. Global Health Emergency Corps (GHEC) ____ 107 (POCSO) Act, 2012 _____________________________ 94 6.3.3. 10 Years of Polio Eradication in India _________ 94 8. CULTURE ____________________________ 108 6.3.4. Children Lacking Minimum Dietary Diversity ___ 95 8.1. Birsa Munda __________________________ 108 6.3.5. UNESCO released ‘Global Education Monitoring 8.2. News in Shorts ________________________ 111 Report 2024’ _________________________________ 95 8.2.1. Sohrai painting _________________________ 111 7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ______________97 9. ETHICS ______________________________ 112 7.1. One Day One Genome ___________________ 97 9.1. Instant Justice _________________________ 112 7.1.1. Heritable Human Genome Editing (HHGE) _____ 98 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________ 116 7.2. Satyendra Nath Bose (S. N. Bose) __________ 98 10.1. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) ___ 116 7.3. Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) __________ 100 10.2. Atal Innovation Mission 2.0 _____________ 116 7.4. RNA Editing ___________________________ 101 10.3. Pradhan Mantri Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana 117 7.5. News in Shorts ________________________ 102 11. PLACES IN NEWS _____________________ 119 7.5.1. Space Biotechnology _____________________ 102 12. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS ______________ 120 2 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Copyright © by Vision IAS All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS. 3 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 1.1. ‘SOCIALIST’, ‘SECULAR’ IN THE PREAMBLE Why in the News? Recently, Supreme Court (SC) in Dr Balram Singh Vs Union of India (2024) dismissed petitions challenging the inclusion of the words "socialist" and "secular" in the Preamble through 42nd Amendment Act, 1976. More on the News Petitions against the inclusion of these words were filed on the ground that they were inserted during times of Emergency (1975-1977) and do not represent the people's will. Petitions also held that since the date of adoption (26th November, 1949) by the Constituent Assembly, was mentioned in the Preamble, and no additional words could be inserted later to it. About 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 About: It was referred to as the “mini-Constitution” as it amended the Preamble, 40 articles, 7th Schedule and added 14 New Articles and two new parts to the Constitution. Major changes made were: o Preamble: Inserted the words ‘Socialist’, ‘Secular’ and ‘Integrity’. > Changed the ‘unity of nation’ to ‘unity and integrity of the nation’. o Changes in the 7th Schedule: The following categories were transferred from the State list to the Concurrent list: > Education, forests, protection of wild animals and birds, weights and measures, administration of justice, constitution, and organisation of all courts-with the exception of the Supreme Court and the High Courts. o Emergency: Amended Article 352 to authorize the President to declare Emergency not only throughout the country and but also in any part. o Addition of New DPSPs: > Article 39: To secure opportunities for healthy development of children. > Article 39A-Equal justice and free legal aid. > Article 43A-Participation of workers in management of industries. > Article 48A-Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife and > Addition of new parts: Part IV-A (Fundamental duties), Part XIV-A (Establishment of administrative tribunals). Key Observations made by the SC Dismissed retrospectivity: The date of adoption does not curtail the amending power of the Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution. o Article 368 states that Parliament may in the exercise of its constituent power, amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision in accordance with the procedure laid down in this article. o The Court held that this amending power extends to the Preamble and can be challenged on various grounds, including violation of the basic structure. Defined Socialism and Secularism: The court also defined the two terms as: o Secularism represents one of the facets of the right to equality as neither the State maintains its own religion nor restricts the freedom of conscience and right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion to citizens. > In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala and S R Bommai vs Union of India, SC observed that secularism is a basic feature of the Constitution. o Socialism denotes the State's commitment to the Welfare State, and its commitment to ensuring equality of opportunity. Constitution is a living document: Over time, India has developed its own interpretation of these terms imparting an organic character to the Constitution. 4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS About Secularism and Socialism Secularism Indian Concept of Secularism follows the concept of Neutrality and positive role towards the religion. o In this, state enjoys the power to regulate the economic, financial, political and secular aspects associated with a religious practice. o It deals with religious freedom of individuals and minority communities. It is different from the western concept based on the principle of non-interference in the matter of religion. In this, state and religion are strictly separated. Socialism Socialism: It deals with principles which envisage the establishment of a society where all individuals enjoy equality in different walks of life – economic, political, social, etc. o The idea of socialism was largely popularised with Karl Marx, who gave the idea of scientific socialism.  He held that violent revolution by the working class could overthrow the exploitative capitalist. o Socialism in communist countries like Cuba, China, and North Korea, etc. provides for the strict control of industries by the government and a centrally planned economy. o There are many varieties of socialism like Democratic socialism, Evolutionary Socialism, Fabian Socialism, Guild Socialism etc Idea of socialism in India o It is based on the mixed economy model where state ensures the welfare of the needy while private enterprise exists for increased employment and strong economic growth. o It was largely shaped by the ideas of leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, etc. o It is different from socialism practiced in other communist countries in the following ways:  Rejects the stark difference between Individual and Community: It is focussed on reforming both together.  Relevance to Private Property: It accorded greater emphasis to the powers of the State in bringing change along with the presence of private property. ✓ It does not believe in the elimination of capitalists but seeks to remove inequality.  Idea of Non-Violence: It seeks to eliminate violence from domestic politics. Democratic Socialism o It is based on the idea coexistence of democratic principles with the ideas of socialism. o It differs from Marxism in its conception of state.  It believes that the state is not an instrument of exploitation of workers by the capitalists. Rather the state is an instrument of social welfare. 5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  All classes in society own the state. o It advocates peaceful and evolutionary means for social change through ballot box. o Despite differences from the Marxist idea of socialism, it shares the common goals of ending the exploitation of workers and and promoting equality among people. Conclusion The current SC ruling stresses on the idea that Constitutional values have shown continuous evolution to suit the needs of the country. The ideas like socialism, and secularism are now well accepted and understood by the people. Hence, vigilance, dedication, and willingness to adapt to new challenges while remaining true to the core values of Constitution like justice, liberty, and equality would go a long way in dealing with contemporary challenges like persistent inequalities, environmental degradation, etc. 1.2. PROPERTY RIGHTS IN INDIA Why in the News? A nine-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court delivered a landmark ruling in Property Owners Association v State of Maharashtra, restricting the powers of the state to acquire private property. More on the News The recent judgment has overruled the earlier rulings in State of Karnataka v. Ranganatha Reddy (1978) and Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company vs. Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. and Anr. (1983). o Both the cases had declared private properties could be considered community resources. This shift marks a significant development in the legal understanding of property rights in India. Evolution of Right to Property Original Status: Initially, the right to property and compensation for acquisition were protected as Fundamental Rights under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31 of the Constitution. 25th Amendment (1971): Introduced Article 31C, which protected laws designed to fulfil the Directive Principles of State Policy (specifically Articles 39(b) and 39(c)) from being challenged for violating Fundamental Rights, including those under Articles 14 and 19. Revised Status of the Right to Property: The 44th Constitution Amendment in 1978 removed the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights, making it a constitutional right under Article 300A. Key highlights of the recent judgement(Property Owners Association v State of Maharashtra) Scope of Article 39(b):The Court emphasized that private property cannot automatically be classified as a "material resource of the community" under Article 39(b). It clarified that not all privately owned resources meet the conditions to be treated as such. o Article 39B provides that ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good. Authority for Property Acquisition: Article 39(b) does not grant legislative power to the state to acquire private property. o The Court clarified that it comes from the sovereign power of eminent domain and Entry 42 of List III in the Seventh Schedule. Criteria for Classification: The inclusion of private property as a "material resource" depends on its nature, scarcity, impact on community welfare, and concentration in private hands. 6 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Flexibility in Economic Policies: The court stressed that the framers of the Constitution intended for economic policies to be flexible, allowing governments to adapt to changing needs, rather than being tied to a fixed economic doctrine. Validity of Article 31C: The Court unanimously ruled that Article 31C, upheld in the Kesavananda Bharati case, is still valid. Balancing Public Welfare with Private Property Rights: The Court balanced public welfare with private property rights, ensuring government actions align with constitutional principles like equality (Article 14) and the right to property (Article 300A). o It also applied the Public Trust Doctrine, mandating responsible resource management for the public good. Limits of Eminent Domain: The Court questioned the broad application of the Doctrine of Eminent Domain in land acquisition. The court clarified that not all privately owned resources qualify as material resources of the community that can be appropriated for public good. Doctrine of Eminent domain It provides that governments can acquire private property for public use, balancing societal welfare with property rights. This power is exercised by all levels of government, but fair compensation must be provided to the owner. Elements of Doctrine of Eminent domain: o Public Use: Government can acquire private property for public purposes like infrastructure, but only if there's a legitimate need and no alternatives. o Just Compensation: When property is acquired, the government must provide fair compensation to the owner, based on the market value at the time of acquisition. o Due Process: requires due process, meaning property owners must be notified in advance and given a chance to contest the acquisition or negotiate compensation. o Government Authority: It can only be exercised by the government or authorized public agencies with legal authority to take property for public use. It is typically regulated by legislation in most jurisdictions worldwide. Important Case laws: In Sudharsan Charitable Trust v. Government of Tamil Nadu (2018), the Supreme Court clarified that eminent domain is tied to the state's sovereignty. The state can acquire private property for public interest, provided fair compensation is given. This power does not violate a person's right to livelihood or dignity. Public Trust Doctrine It helps protect the environment by ensuring the responsible management of natural resources. By invoking this doctrine, we can safeguard these resources and promote the protection of the Earth. It was recognized as part of Article 21 in the landmark cases of Th. Majra Singh v. Indian Oil Corporation and M.I. Builders v. Radley Shyam Sahu. State as Trustee: Under the Public Trust Doctrine, the State acts as a trustee, managing natural resources for the public's benefit. It ensures that resources are used responsibly and not depleted or damaged. o In T.N. Godavarman v. Union of India, the Supreme Court affirmed that the State, as a trustee, must ensure natural resources are used sustainably for the public good. Citizens as Beneficiaries: The citizens are the beneficiaries of the trust, using resources sustainably for their benefit and for future generations. Implications of the Supreme Court's Decision Legislative and Policy Impact: The ruling may influence future property acquisition laws, land reforms, and social welfare programs, promoting fairness and transparency. Economic Reforms: The decision signals a shift to a more market-oriented economy by limiting the state's power to acquire property, supporting private investment while ensuring social justice. Political Debates: Political parties may adjust their stances on land reforms and property rights, while the ruling could shape social welfare programs, especially land redistribution for the underprivileged. Constitutional Scrutiny: The judgment reinforces the judiciary's role in scrutinizing government actions on private property, ensuring laws align with constitutional rights, including equality and property. 7 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Conclusion The Supreme Court judgement clarified on Article 39(b), stressing a case-by-case approach for classifying private property as a "material resource" for public use. The decision emphasizes the need for government actions to uphold constitutional principles, including equality and property rights, while promoting responsible resource management through the Public Trust Doctrine. 1.3. INTERNAL DEMOCRACY IN POLITICAL PARTIES Why in the News? Discussions are ongoing about the role of Election Commission of India (ECI) in enforcing democratic functioning of political parties in India. What is Internal Party Democracy? Internal party democracy is conceived as the internal arrangement, structure, and coordination of political parties in consonance with democratic principles with direct bearing on how candidates are selected, leaders emerge, policies are made and funding is provided. Need for Internal Party Democracy Decentralization: It limits the centralized discretionary control exercised by top-level party leaders and opens decision-making processes to input from wider circles of party stakeholders at various levels. Prevent criminalization: Addresses the systemic issue of candidate selection based on "winnability", often driven by money and muscle power. o As per Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR), 46% of the newly elected Lok Sabha members have criminal cases against them. Representation: It provides citizens equal political opportunity to participate in politics and contest elections. Youth participation: It opens up opportunities for new talent and reduces the influence of established leaders. Reduce corruption: Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC)’s 2008 Ethics and Governance report noted that corruption is caused by over-centralisation. Transparency and Free flow of information: John Stuart Mill's "On Liberty" (1859) argues for the “absolute” protection of the “liberty of thought and discussion. Reasons for Lack of Internal-Party Democracy No statutory backing: The only governing provision is under Section 29A of the Representation of the Peoples’ Act (RPA), 1951 which provides for registration of political parties with the ECI. o Also, ECI’s Guidelines and Application Format for the Registration of Political Parties under Section 29A only prescribe provisions for internal accountability and not candidate selection. Lack of penal provisions: As per the judgment under Supreme Court in Indian National Congress (I) v Institute of Social Welfare, the ECI currently lacks the power to deregister a party. Structural Challenges: Prevalence of dynastic politics; Centralized power structures; Anti-Defection Law (52nd Amendment to the Constitution) of 1985 mandating strict party line adherence, etc. Other issues: Lack of political will, Weak Organizational Framework, etc. 8 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Way Forward Transparency: Several government-constituted committees related to electoral reforms like the Tarkunde Committee (1975), Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990), and Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998) strongly argued for more transparent working of the political parties in the country. Recommendations of Law Commission (255th Report) on “Electoral Reforms”: o New Chapter IVC in RPA, 1951: To deal with internal democracy, party Constitutions, party organisation, internal elections, candidate selection, voting procedures, and the ECI's power to de-register a party in certain cases of non-compliance. National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC): o Comprehensive legislation [as the Political Parties (Registration and Regulation) Act], regulating the registration and functioning of political parties or alliances of parties in India. 1.4. USA PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION Why in the News? Recently, U.S. Presidential election was conducted through the Electoral College system. US Presidential Elections vs. Indian Presidential Elections Parameters USA India Composition The Electoral College consists of 538 electors Members of an Electoral College consisting of of electoral (Senate 100 plus 3 for District of Columbia and The elected members of both the Houses members 435 members of the House of of Parliament, and Representatives). The elected members of the Legislative o The Electoral College is an intermediary Assemblies of the States [including body or process that chooses the U.S. National Capital Territory of Delhi and the President. In this system, voters of each Union Territory of Puducherry vide the State cast their ballots to choose Constitution (Seventieth Amendment) Act, members (or electors) of the electoral 1992 (Article 54)]. college who then vote to select the Note: The nominated members of either President. House of Parliament or the Legislative o States have varying numbers of electors Assemblies of State are not eligible to be based on their representation in included in the Electoral College. Congress. A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President of USA. Governing Each state establishes its own election rules, The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Act/Rules reflecting the U.S.'s decentralized system, where Elections Act, 1952. individual states oversee and manage their electoral processes. Nomination Candidates secure party nominations through A prospective Presidential candidate should Process primaries and caucuses. get his/her nomination paper subscribed by at least fifty electors as proposers and at least fifty electors as seconders. Election Most states follow a winner-take-all approach, System of Proportional Representation by Methods where the candidate with the majority in a state means of single transferable vote and the wins all its electoral votes, except in Maine and voting at such election shall be by secret Nebraska. ballot. Candidates can win the presidency without The candidate needs to secure 50% of the winning the popular vote. total votes cast + 1 to win. Like Donald Trump win in 2016. 9 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Vote-Counting Significantly prolonged largely due to reliance on Use of EVMs (Electronic Voting Machines). Process paper ballots and the handling of mail-in votes (like our postal ballots). Frequency of Every 4 years on a fixed schedule. Every 5 years (except in exceptional cases). election Running Mate The Presidential candidate chooses a Running Separate election takes place for Vice Mate (Vice Presidential Candidate). President of India. 1.5. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS IN INDIA Why in the News? The report titled "Own Sources of Revenue Generation in Municipal Corporations: Opportunities and Challenges" was released by the RBI. Municipal Institutions in India India's cities are home to over 400 million people, a number expected to exceed 800 million by 2050. Though cities cover just 3% of the land area, they contribute more than 60% to the country's GDP. The 74th Constitutional Amendment of 1992 formalized local governance in India, providing a constitutional basis for local governments. Functions of Local Governments: The 74th Amendment, read with 12th Schedule of the Constitution, outlines 18 functions that state governments can delegate to municipalities, including urban planning, land-use regulation, construction etc. Revenue and Fiscal Powers: o Article 243X: Grants State governments the authority to authorize ULBs to impose taxes, duties, and fees and to assign certain revenue sources to ULBs. o Article 243Y: Assigns the responsibility of reviewing and recommending the devolution of taxes and grants to State Finance Commissions (SFCs). Revenue Sources of Urban Local Bodies Own sources Tax Revenue-Property tax, water benefit tax etc. Non-tax Revenue-User charges, developmental charges etc. Other receipts-lease rent, sale of rubbish etc. Assigned (Shared) Entertainment tax (subsumed under GST, except when levied by the local bodies), Revenue professional tax etc. Grants-in-aid Central and State Finance Commission (SFC) devolution, Grants under programmes like SBM, AMRUT. Borrowings Loans from state and central governments, banks etc. Key Findings of the RBI Report Low Revenue Generation: Indian municipalities generate only 0.6% of GDP in 2023-24, much lower than the central government's 9.2% and state governments' 14.6%, limiting urban development funds. o Tax revenues constitute 30% of Municipal Corporations' income, followed by grants, contributions, and subsidies (24.9%), and fees and user charges (20.2%). o Additionally, according to the CAG report, MCs in 18 states collect only 56% of their property tax demand. Reliance on Transfers: Municipalities depend heavily on delayed and insufficient government transfers. In 2022-23, grants from the Central and State governments to municipalities increased by 24.9% and 20.4%, respectively. Municipal Borrowing: Borrowing rose from ₹2,886 crore in 2019-20 to ₹13,364 crore in 2023-24, increasing from 1.9% to 5.2% of total receipts. 10 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Municipal Bonds: The municipal bond market is underdeveloped, totalling ₹4,204 crore (0.09% of corporate bonds), with most bonds privately placed, limiting investor participation. o Additionally, the Green Bond market is still in its nascent stage, and the process of issuing a green bond involves additional costs for green audits and monitoring key performance indicators. Other Issues faced by Municipal Corporations in India Financial Challenges: o Ad-hoc Implementation of SFCs: States often delay or inadequately implement State Finance Commission (SFC) recommendations. > For ex- Telangana's SFC was formed in 2015 but only constituted in 2018. o Low Absorptive Capacity in Indian Cities: According to a recent CAG report, Urban Local Self Governments (ULSGs) in 11 out of 18 states have utilized only 61% of the funds allocated to them. Governance Challenges: o Limited Devolution of Powers: Despite the 74th Constitutional Amendment, many states haven’t fully devolved powers to ULBs, especially in urban planning and land use regulation. o State Election Commissions: The insufficient strengthening of State Election Commissions affects the timely conduct of municipal elections every five years. > For ex- elections to the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) have been delayed since 2020, disrupting local governance. o Human Resource: High vacancy rates (30-40%) and lack of training limit MCs’ ability to provide services. > For instance, in 18 states, 37% of positions are vacant, as per the CAG report. o Urban Planning and Service Delivery: A significant portion of municipal expenditure (29%) is not directed toward urban development, limiting infrastructure investment, as per the CAG report. Way Forward Enhance Own-Source Revenue: o Property Tax: Adopt valuation-based property tax formulas, GIS mapping, and digital payment platforms to improve compliance and reduce leakages. o Non-Tax Revenue: Adjust user charges for water, sanitation, and waste management to ensure cost recovery. Use technology and public campaigns to improve fee collection. Timely Transfers: o Ensure direct, predictable transfers from State governments based on a clear formula that accounts for inflation and city growth. o Form State Finance Commissions (SFCs) regularly to recommend and implement transfers on time. Diversify Funding: o Explore municipal bonds and innovative financing for capital investment. Pool resources for large-scale infrastructure projects to overcome fiscal constraints. > Access climate finance for sustainable urban planning, focusing on green infrastructure and renewable energy. Transparent Financial Management: o Implement National Municipal Accounting Manual (NMAM, 2004) for standardized accounting practices. o State governments should mandate compliance, support training, and link intergovernmental transfers to accounting standards. Human Resources: States should address issues like vacancies and lack of training institutions. o For ex-Madhya Pradesh has created a Municipal Cadre to improve staffing and skill development. 1.6. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) Why in the News? The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has instructed all non-governmental organizations (NGOs) registered under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010 to report any changes in their key office bearers and members. 11 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS More on the news This requirement still applies even if an NGO’s previous FCRA license application is still pending. o NGOs may submit a new application, which will automatically replace the previous one. Registrations of several NGOs have been cancelled in the past years for violations under the act, raising questions over their functioning. What are NGOs and how are they regulated in India? A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a non-profit organization, group or institution that operates independently from a Government and has humanitarian or development objectives. NGOs in India are formed under- o Societies: Registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860. o Trusts: > Private trusts are registered under the central government’s Indian Trusts Act, 1882. > Public trusts are registered under the state legislation concerned. o Charitable companies: Registered as non-profit companies under Section 8 of Companies Act, 2013. NGOs receiving foreign contribution/ donation need to mandatorily obtain prior permission for an FCRA registration license from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) under FCRA, 2010. Regulation of NGOs under Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA) It regulates the influx of foreign contributions or funds given to individuals, associations or companies, including NGOs. The Act restricts the use of foreign funding for purposes that may affect- nation’s sovereignty and integrity; security, strategic, scientific or economic interest; public interest etc. or may lead to incitement of an offence or endanger the life of any person. It was amended in 2020 under Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020, with the following key changes to prevent misuse of funds by foreign funded NGOs- o Mandated receiving Foreign contribution through a specified bank in an designated "FCRA Account”. o Prohibited the transfer of foreign contributions to other person. o Reduced the ceiling on foreign contributions being used for administrative expenditure from 50% to 20%. o Empowered Central Government to- > Direct persons receiving foreign funding to not utilise it or receive any further funding after conducting a summary inquiry. > Require Aadhaar number, etc., as identification document for office bearers, directors and key functionaries 12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Roles and Responsibilities of NGOs Governance: o Strengthening democracy and governance: E.g., Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) works in the area of Electoral and Political Reforms. > Their Public Interest Litigation (PIL) resulted in the Supreme Court of India directing candidates to disclose their criminal records, educational qualifications, and financial assets during elections. o Supplementing Government Efforts: E.g., Akshaya Patra Foundation implements PM POSHAN Initiative to solve malnutrition. Social upliftment and reforms: o Protecting Human Rights: E.g., Bachpan Bachao Andolan, founded by Nobel Peace Laureate Kailash Satyarthi, for protecting children from exploitation. o Women empowerment: E.g., SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association) supports women workers in the informal sector through training, financial services, and legal aid. o Representation of marginalized sections: E.g., Naz foundation supports people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and LGBTQIA+ community. > Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi judgment eventually led to decriminalisation of homosexuality in India. o Poverty alleviation: E.g., NGO-Goonj. Human resource development: o Education & Capacity Building: E.g., Pratham NGO, works for quality education for underprivileged children in India. o Improving Health: E.g., Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) runs programmes in India for tuberculosis (TB), HIV and other infectious diseases, etc. Others: o Research & Development: E.g., Oxfam o Preserving Heritage: E.g., Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) o Environmental Advocacy: E.g., Wildlife Trust of India Steps taken by Government of India to promote NGOs Provision of Funds: Central Government provides funds to State Governments/UT Administrations for implementation of welfare schemes for Women and Children such as Swadhar, Ujjawala, etc., through NGO’s. Schemes of Ministry of Culture: Various Schemes like Cultural Function & Production Grant (CFPG), Financial Assistance to Cultural organizations with National Presence etc. aim to maximize participation in the field of promotion and conservation of art and culture NGO darpan: It provides a unique ID to an NGO registered in the NGO Darpan portal. Challenges/Issues related to NGOs Functional Challenges o Potential donor-driven agendas misaligned with local contexts: > E.g., several NGOs allegedly played a central role in introducing sex determination technologies to India. o Possible interference in economic and strategic initiatives: E.g., Kudankulam atomic energy programme has faced severe protests due to international NGOs. o Security concerns regarding misuse of funds for terrorism, radicalization etc. Regulatory and Legal Challenges: o Strict FCRA regulations impacting operational capabilities, especially for small NGOs. o Potential financial mismanagement such as involvement in financial frauds, misutilization of funds, corrupt practices, money laundering etc Operational Issues: High Dependence on Donors; Poor Volunteer Engagement; Technological Limitations of NGOs etc. 13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Recommendations for Improvement Recommendations of Vijay Kumar Committee (2017): o Light Regulation Approach: Framework that balances oversight with operational freedom for NGOs, reducing bureaucratic hurdles and fostering a cooperative relationship with the government. o Modernized Registration Procedures: To facilitate compliance with the Income Tax Act and the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA). o Establishment of a Nodal Body: To oversee interactions between NGOs and government entities. o Creation of comprehensive accreditation and audit framework for NGOs. o Develop Searchable Database of NGOs: To enhance transparency. o Promote volunteerism: Through educational institutional partnerships. 2nd ARC recommendations: o Decentralize FCRA implementation. o Ensure balanced legislative interpretation protecting voluntary sector operation. 1.7. GOVERNANCE AND AI Why in the News? India's first AI Data Bank to boost innovation by offering researchers, startups, and developers access to diverse datasets for scalable AI solutions was launched recently. More on the News The Data Bank will strengthen national security by enabling real-time analysis of satellite, drone, and IoT data for AI-driven disaster management and cybersecurity. Additionally, India's National AI Strategy promotes innovation, ethical governance, and global collaboration, with partnerships to advance AI in healthcare, agriculture, smart cities, and space exploration. o India has established itself as a global leader in technology-driven governance and Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in last few years. > Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) drives digital transformation and improves public services, helping countries meet national goals and accelerate Sustainable Development Goals. All these are crucial components for overall governance architecture and its linkage with AI in India. Potential of AI to transform governance in India Efficient Service Delivery: AI automates public services, reducing government workload and improving service quality. For ex- o Education: AI can transform India’s education system by enabling personalized learning, creating smart content, and automating grading and assessments. > For ex- NCERT has listed a set of 31 metadata elements to be tagged to each resource available in its NROER (National Repository of Open Educational Resources) repository. o Healthcare: AI is transforming healthcare by improving delivery and accessibility, particularly through telemedicine in remote areas. > For ex- NITI Aayog with Department of Bio- Technology (DBT) aims to build database of cancer related radiology and pathology images for effective use of AI in cancer management. o Agriculture: AI provides predictive insights for weather, pest management, and resource use, benefiting farmers. > For ex- National Pest Surveillance System utilizes AI and Machine Learning to detect crop issues, enabling timely intervention for healthier crops. Inclusivity and Accessibility: AI-powered DPI systems bridge gaps, particularly in a multilingual country like India. o For ex: Bhashini platform uses AI to provide government services in regional languages. Data-Driven Policymaking: AI analyzes large datasets for evidence-based policymaking, improving transparency and policy effectiveness. o For ex: The India Urban Data Exchange uses AI to optimize urban services like traffic management and waste disposal. 14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Judicial Efficiency: AI improves judicial efficiency by automating case management, prioritizing cases, predicting outcomes, and streamlining legal research. o For ex-SUVAS (Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software) is an AI-based translation tool that bridges language gaps in legal proceedings. Disaster Management: AI-driven systems like the RAHAT (Rapid Action for Humanitarian Assistance )app help predict natural disasters, such as floods, by providing early warnings and supporting evacuation, search, and rescue operations during emergencies. Initiatives to Promote AI in India National Strategy for AI (NSAI): NITI Aayog’s #AIforAll strategy focuses on AI in sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and education. India AI Program: MeitY's initiative promotes AI innovation, skill development, and ethical practices. Digital Personal Data Protection Act: Strengthens data privacy, addressing AI-related concerns. Global Partnership on AI (GPAI): India collaborates globally to align AI strategies with international standards. Skill Development: Programs like Responsible AI for Youth and Future Skills expand AI education, especially Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities across. International Partnerships: Collaborations like the US-India AI Initiative explore AI in sectors like healthcare and agriculture. Challenges in AI Integration for Governance Fragmented Data across government departments: For ex- The National Data Governance Framework Policy (NDGFP), which aims to standardize the management of non-personal and anonymized data for data-driven governance, has not yet been implemented. Infrastructure Gaps: Poor internet, storage, and computing in rural areas, along with a lack of robust cloud infrastructure for AI, create a digital divide. o For ex- as of 2023, 45% of India's population, still lacks internet access, according to a study by IAMAI (Internet and Mobile Association of India). Regulatory Frameworks: India lacks AI-specific laws, unlike the EU's AI Act, raising concerns about ethics, data privacy, and accountability. Skill Gaps: A demand-supply gap of 140,000 AI professionals in India, as reported by NASSCOM, limits growth. Data Privacy: AI’s reliance on sensitive data increases breach risks, as seen in the Aadhaar data leak on the dark web affecting 81.5 crore Indians. Weak IP Regime: India ranks 42nd in the 2024 IP Index, offering limited protection and incentives for AI innovation. Ethical Biases: AI systems trained on biased data can produce discriminatory outcomes, raising ethical concerns about fairness and accuracy. Way Forward Risk Management and Ethical Oversight: AI must be dynamically assessed and monitored, with human oversight to prevent biases and manage risks. Data Sovereignty and Privacy: Ensure data privacy and compliance with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, especially for cross-border data. Bias, Fairness, and Transparency: AI must be fair and transparent, with audits, fairness metrics, diverse datasets, and "model cards" for critical sectors. Education and Skill Development: Expand initiatives like INDIAai FutureSkills to provide AI education in underserved areas. Public-Private Collaboration: IndiaAI Compute Capacity aims to build a scalable AI ecosystem with 10,000+ GPUs to support AI startups and research. Cybersecurity and Monitoring: Use AI for real-time threat detection and continuously refine AI policies. To know more about Global AI governance, refer to Article 1.2 Global AI Governance in September 2024 Monthly Current Affairs Magazine. 15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Participatory AI Development and Governance Participatory Approaches in AI Development and Governance Paper released by IIT- Madras. About Participative AI (PAI) It refers to the involvement of a wider range of stakeholders than just technology developers in the creation of AI systems. o Core tenets of PAI are derived from participatory governance. (see box) Need: Progress in AI and its deployment by public and private actors, like Facial Recognition Technology in Law enforcement, etc. Benefits of PAI: Counter unilateral, top- down decision making; Mitigate risks like bias, discriminatory output, etc.; Feedback loops for flagging technical glitches and post deployment impact assessment; Enhance trustworthiness of AI Systems through minimal false positives and false negative. Challenges with PAI: o Co-optation: Domination by select dominant actors to serve their vested interests. o Limited participation of non-experts. o Participatory washing and tokenism: Stakeholder participation merely done for formal compliance. o Transparency Paradox: Information shared about algorithms can be misused by malicious actors. 1.8. DIGITIZATION OF LAND RECORDS Why in the News? Union Minister of Rural Development recently notified that nearly 95% of the land records have been digitized in Rural India since 2016. More on the News This achievement is due to the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP). Additionally, Digitization of cadastral maps has reached 68.02% at the national level. Also, 87% of Sub-Registrar Offices (SROs) have been integrated with land records. About Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) Launched: In 2016 by revamping the National Land Records Modernization Programme. Ministry: Central Sector Scheme under the Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development. o It has been extended from 2021-22 to 2025-26 with the addition of two new components viz. > Computerization of all Revenue Courts in the country & their integration with land records. > Consent-based linking of Aadhaar number with Records of Rights (RoR). Aim: To replace the manual presumptive land-title system with a digital conclusive land titling system. 16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Need for Digitization of Land Records Socio-economic relevance: Access to land and its documented ownership is vital for livelihood of the majority of the vulnerable sections – poor, marginal farmers, tribes, etc. Land ownership disputes: Lack of a conclusive titling, illegal land acquisition through forgery and Benami property, have led to increased land ownership disputes. o More than 60% of the litigation in India is land-related. o In conclusive land titling system, land records designate actual ownership. The title is granted by the government. Inefficient administrative processes: The system of updating and correcting land records is very complex, elaborate and tedious, which can lead to corruption, land grabbing, etc. Outdated mapping: Lack of updated records has resulted in records not being representative of the present ground realities relating to possession and ownership. Targeted public service delivery: Exclusion errors in rural development schemes linked with land ownership due to lack of effective land titling hinder the social justice objectives. o E.g., Through the PM-Kisan scheme, the government provides income support to all landholding farmers' families Strengthening revenue administration: Property tax and land-based financing form a major source of revenue for local governments. Infrastructure development: Land disputes and unclear titling lead to cost delays and inefficiencies in infrastructure development and encourages black market of land transactions. Challenges in the digitalisation of land Presumptive land titling: The transfer of land based on Transfer of Property Act, 1882 requires registration of sales deeds and not of land titles. 17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o Thus, bona fide property transactions may not always guarantee ownership, as earlier transactions could be challenged. Centre-State coordination: Land being a state subject, digitisation of land records depends on the willingness of state governments and centre-state cooperation. o Lack of coordination and standardisation among states in terms of land laws, policies and systems, also hinder digitalisation. In silos approach of Departments: Land ownership is established through multiple documents maintained by different departments, making it cumbersome to access them. o E.g. Sale deeds are stored in the registration department, maps are stored in the survey department, and property tax receipts are with the revenue department. Legal provisions related to registration: Non-mandatory registration for transactions such as acquisition of land by the government, property leased for less than 1 year, and heirship partitions under the Registration Act, 1908, leading to increased litigation. High Cost of registration: High stamp duty and registration fees discourages formal registration of property transactions, leading to discrepancies in reflection of ground realities of land records. Others: Legacy data issues, stakeholders’ resistance to change, infrastructure gaps in certain regions, procedural complexities, technological constraints, etc. Way Forward Conclusive land titling: Moving towards a system of conclusive land titling and state-guarantee of ownership will aid in improving the transparency and accuracy of land records. o Model Act on Conclusive Land Titling (2020) by NITI Aayog can aid in formulating state laws in this regard. Legal reforms: Changes in the laws related to registration of property such as registration of property titles, timely updating of existing records, etc. Technological integration: Improving efficiency of GIS technology for geo-referencing of cadastral maps, National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS), etc. Training and awareness generation: Training of personnel and improving digital literacy and awareness of people for effective implementation of the scheme. Land Reforms in India Land reforms were emphasised in various Five-year Plans as well as by the J. C. Kumarappa Committee (1949). Land Reforms encompass mainly five components: Abolition of intermediary tenures (Zamindari): The Zamindari Abolition Acts were enacted in various states during 1950s-1970s, which put an end to the big landlord-tenant relationships. o Under these reforms, the land was redistributed based on the idea of ‘land to the tiller.’ Tenancy reforms: Tenancy reform laws were enacted to bar illegal forceful eviction of tenants by landlords and ensure fair rent rates. However, due to presence of many legal loopholes, exploitation of tenants continued. o E.g. the "permanent tenancy" system, whereby a tenant could stay on the land for a long period but could not lay a claim on it. Ceiling of land holdings and distribution of surplus land: The Land Ceiling Acts enacted during the 1970s aimed at capping the landholding of an individual or family and redistributing the surplus land to the landless, promoting more efficient agricultural practices. o However, it saw limited success due to legal loopholes, resistance from landed elite, corruption, and lack of political will. Consolidation of holdings: It aimed at combining fragmented land into larger, more contiguous holdings to enable mechanization and more efficient farming practices. o However, resistance from small farmers unwilling to give up their lands led to limited success of the initiative. Compilation and updating of land records. 18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.9. PERSONS WITH DISABILITY Why in the News? In Rajive Raturi vs Union of India &Ors, the Supreme Court directed the Centre to frame mandatory rules under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016 to ensure accessibility in public places and services. Key highlights of the Judgment Background: The judgement is based on a report submitted by the Centre for Disability Studies, NALSAR University of Law and upholds the social model of disability. o ̨The social model of disability focuses on social change for inclusion and equality of PwDs by removing social barriers preventing their full participation. Legislative Gap: Declared Rule 15(1) ultra vires to the RPWD Act and called for a single, enforceable accessibility framework aligned with the Act's legislative intent. o Rule 15 deals with the accessibility to the establishment. Mandatory Accessibility Standards: Section 40 of the RPwD Act, 2016 requires mandatory accessibility standards to be framed within three months. Principles of accessibility: Universal Design, comprehensive inclusion across disabilities, integration of assistive technology and continuous consultation with stakeholders should be considered while carrying out the exercise. Two-pronged approach: Ensuring accessibility in existing institutions/activities and transforming new infrastructure and future initiatives. Constitutional provisions safeguarding interests of Persons with Disabilities Preamble It seeks to secure to all its citizens; justice, social, economic and political; liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; equality of status and of opportunity. Fundamental Rights Article 14 upholds equal access to spaces, services, and information. Article 19 guarantees the freedom to move and express oneself. Article 21 ensures the right to live with dignity. Directive Principles of State Policy Article 41: It calls for public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement etc. Responsibilities of Panchayats and Municipalities XIth Schedule: Social welfare, including welfare of handicapped and mentally retarded(Entry 26 of Article 243-G) XIIth Schedule: Safeguarding interests of weaker sections, including handicapped and mentally retarded (Entry 9 of Article 243-W) 19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Challenges faced by Persons with Disability Attitudinal barriers: It includes stereotyping, stigma, prejudice and discrimination hindering opportunities for social integration and perpetuating a cycle of exclusion and isolation. Social barriers: E.g., PwD are far less likely to be employed, educated or have sufficient income which prevents them from enjoying their rights Transportation barriers: Inaccessibility within the built environment, transport systems, and communication channels severely interferes with PwD to independently function in society (World Report on Disability) Physical barriers: These are structural obstacles mainly related to the design and construction of indoor and outdoor facilities that block mobility. Communication barriers: It is experienced by people who having disabilities related to hearing, speaking, reading, writing etc. Policy and programmatic barriers: E.g., inconvenient scheduling, lack of accessible equipment limits effective delivery of public healthcare programs. Initiatives taken for welfare of Persons with Disability Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016: It has been enacted to give effect to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Its features: o Defines ‘person with disability’ as a person with long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which hinders his/her full and effective participation in society equally with others > It also defines “person with benchmark disability” as a person with not less than 40% of a specified disability. o Recognition of disabilities: It recognizes 21 categories of disabilities o Prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in all aspects of life, including employment, education, and healthcare. Establishment of Statutory Bodies o Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI): Constituted under the RCI Act 1992, it regulates the training of professionals & promotes research. o National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities: To empower the full participation of PwD to live independently with dignity, equal rights and opportunities. Establishment of Central Public Sector Enterprises o National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation: It promotes economic empowerment through skill training and self-employment ventures by extending loans o Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO): ALIMCO is a Mini Ratna company formed under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013 that manufactures artificial aids and appliances. Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan): It aims to accelerate accessibility, creating awareness and sensitization for creation a universal barrier-free environment. o It focuses on developing an accessible physical environment, transportation system and Information & communication ecosystem. National Policy for Persons with Disabilities, 2006: It outlines specific measures and strategies for ensuring protection of the rights of PwDs and their inclusion in society. Steps to be taken Enable access to all mainstream policies, systems and services: All stakeholders should ensure equal participation of PwDs equally with others in any activity and service intended for the general public. Invest in specific programmes and services for people with disabilities: Greater investment is needed for rehabilitation, support services, training etc. o E.g. Rehabilitation with assistive technologies such as wheelchairs, hearing aids, and white canes improves the functioning and independence of PwDs Participatory Approach: People with disabilities should be consulted and actively involved in formulating and implementing policies, laws, and services. o Nothing about us, without us’ principle should be followed to ensure inclusivity. 20 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Improve human resource capacity: Relevant training on disability, which incorporates human rights principles, should be integrated into current curricula and accreditation programmes. o E.g., Availability of specialist staff contributes to effective and affordable health care for people with disabilities. Provide adequate funding and improve affordability: Adequate and sustainable funding of publicly provided services is needed to ensure that they reach all targeted beneficiaries. Increase public awareness and understanding of disability: Improvement in public understanding of disability to confront negative perceptions, and represent disability fairly can break the attitudinal and social barriers. o E.g., Educational authorities should ensure that schools are inclusive and have an ethos of valuing diversity. Improve disability data collection: Better collection of data and its segregation based on age, sex, socio-economic status can help in better understanding of barriers. 1.10. NEWS IN SHORTS 1.10.1. GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL ASSESSMENT INDEX (GRAI) Recently, Grievance Redressal Assessment and Index (GRAI) 2023 has been released by DARPG. About GRAI Conceptualized: by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) based on recommendation of Parliamentary Standing Committee of Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. o Index is based on Four Dimensions (Efficiency, Feedback, Domain and Organizational Commitment) And 11 Indicators Assessing Grievance Redressal Mechanism Adopted By Central Ministries And Departments. Objective: Highlight strengths and areas of improvement regarding grievance redressal mechanisms of various organizations. Ranking: Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Topped The Ranking Followed By Department Of Posting Group A. To know more about Grievance Redressal in India, refer to Article 1.3 Grievance Redressal Mechanism in September 2024 Monthly Current Affairs Magazine. 1.10.2. CIVIL REGISTRATION SYSTEM (CRS) Recently, Union Home Minister launched Civil Registration System (CRS) mobile application. Application, developed by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, is expected to reduce the time required for these registrations seamlessly. About CRS It is a unified system for continuous, mandatory, and permanent documentation of vital events, including births, deaths, and stillbirths, along with their associated details. The Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 mandates that all births and deaths must be officially registered It operates under the authority of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India It is included in the concurrent list under Schedule Seven. 1.10.3. PRIOR SANCTION MANDATORY TO PROSECUTE PUBLIC SERVANTS Supreme Court ruled that prior sanction is mandatory to prosecute public servants in money laundering cases. Thus, establishing a key procedural safeguard under the stringent Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) and adding a layer of accountability to PMLA prosecutions. Key highlights of the Directorate of Enforcement vs. Bibhu Prasad Acharya Case Supremacy of CrPC: The court asserted that the PMLA doesn't supersede the requirement for prior sanction under Section 197 of CrPC. 21 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o The provision corresponds to Section 218 of the Bhartiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, which has replaced the CrPC with effect from July 1, 2024 Section 197 of CrPC: To protect the public servants from prosecutions & from being prosecuted for anything they do in the discharge of their duties. Exception: Protection is not unqualified & public servants can be prosecuted with a previous sanction from the appropriate government. Provision towards protection of Civil Servants Articles 311 (1) and 311 (2): They provide Constitutional protection to Civil Servants Public Servants (Inquiries) Act, 1850: Ensures inquiries are conducted fairly and transparently, upholding principles of natural justice within public administration. To know more about Corruption and its ethical issues, refer to Article 9.1 Corruption in September 2024 Monthly Current Affairs Magazine. 1.10.4. REPORT ON PRISONS IN INDIA Recently, President of India released report on ‘Prisons in India: Mapping Prison Manuals and Measures for Reformation and Decongestion’. Report, prepared by Centre for Research & Planning, the research wing of Supreme Court of India, seeks to highlight the complexities of India's prison system, with a focus on the potential for technology-driven solutions. Key insights from the report Stereotyping: Prison manuals often refer to essential sanitation and conservancy work as "menial" or "degrading," perpetuating a hierarchical view of labour. Bail Rejection: Rejection rate for bail applications is high (32.3% in Sessions Courts and 16.2% in Magisterial Courts). Slow Trial: Over 52% of cases where accused were in custody for more than a year were still pending at evidence stage in 2023. Others: Persistence of Manual Scavenging in prisons; Division of prison work based on caste system (held unconstitutional in Sukanya Shantha Case); Underutilization of open prisons etc. Use of Technology for Prison Reforms E-prisons: Developed by National Informatics Centre to integrate all activities related to prison and prisoner management. Model Prison and Correctional Services Act, 2023: Introduced the use of electronic monitoring technology as a condition for granting prison leaves for prisoners. FASTER (Fast and Secured Transmission of Electronic Records) system of Supreme Court resolved delay in communication of bail orders from courts to prison. Interoperable Criminal Justice System (ICJS): It can create an automatic channel between courts, police and prisons and reduce unjustified delay in custody cases. 1.10.5. 51ST CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA (CJI) APPOINTED Recently, Justice Sanjiv Khanna took oath as 51st Chief Justice of India (CJI). The oath of office was administered by the President of India during a ceremony at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. About appointment of CJI The senior-most Supreme Court judge, considered fit for the role, is usually appointed as CJI on the recommendation of the outgoing CJI. 22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o This convention was breached in 1964, 1973, and 1977. The Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs seeks this recommendation, which is then sent to the Prime Minister, who advises the President on the appointment. o Under Article 124 (2), every Judge of the SC be appointed by the President and shall hold office until he/she attains the age of 65 year. Key Role of CJI First amongst the equals: SC in the State of Rajasthan vs Prakash Chand (1997) ruled that the CJI is the head of the judiciary and holds a leadership position, they do not hold any superior judicial authority over the other SC judges. Master of the Roster: It is the exclusive power of the CJI to constitute Benches (including Constitution benches), to hear cases. Head of Collegium: CJI heads the Collegium for judicial appointments and transfers in the higher judiciary. Appointment of officers and servants of SC: It shall be made by the CJI or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct (Article 146). 1.10.6. INTER-STATE COUNCIL (ISC) The Inter-State Council has been reconstituted. About ISC It is a forum through which Centre and the state co-ordinate and co-operate with each other. Genesis: Established under Article 263 of Constitution through a Presidential Order in 1990 on recommendation of Sarkaria Commission. Composition: It consists of:- o Chairman: Prime Minister o Members: > CM of all States. > CM of Union Territories having a Legislative Assembly and Administrators of UTs not having a Legislative Assembly. > 6 Ministers of Cabinet rank in Union Council of Ministers to be nominated by Prime Minister. 1.10.7. ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY’S (AMU) STATUS AS MINORITY INSTITUTION Recently, Supreme Court (SC) overturned its decision which denied Aligarh Muslim University’s (AMU) status as a minority institution. The Supreme Court (by 4:3 majority), overruled its S. Azeez Basha vs. UOI (1967) judgment which held that AMU cannot claim minority status under Article 30 (1) as it was established by a statute. SC in S. Azeez Basha vs. UOI had held that AMU was neither established nor administered by Muslim minority, and it is a central university established through AMU Act, 1920. Later on, Parliament through AMU (Amendment) Act, 1981 restored AMU’s minority status. 23 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o However, Allahabad High Court struck down the minority status of AMU in 2006 which has been subsequently challenged in SC in 2019. SC has now referred ‘issue of AMU's minority status under Article 30’ to a regular bench based on principles established in this judgment. Key Highlights of Judgment No need for minority control over administration to prove that it is a minority educational institution. Courts should trace Genesis and identify Brain behind the Institution to determine who established the institution Minority Status is not surrendered because an institution was created by a statute or upon incorporation of the University. Communities that weren't a minority before the Constitution are also entitled to Article 30 (1) protection for institutions established before independence. 24 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2.1. INDIA-MIDDLE EAST-EUROPE ECONOMIC CORRIDOR Why in the news? After one year of announcement of the ambitious transnational corridor, India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), the project has seen progress as well as some roadblocks. About India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Establishment: Through an MoU signed by leaders from India, European Union, France, Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia, UAE and the US at the G20 Summit (2023) in New Delhi. Aim: Multi-modal connectivity project aimed at developing infrastructure of ports, railways, roads, sea lines and pipelines to enhance trade between India, the Arabian Peninsula, the Mediterranean region and Europe. It will comprise of two separate corridors: o Eastern corridor: Connecting India to the Gulf. o Northern corridor: Connecting the Gulf to Europe. The project forms part of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII). o It was announced in 2021 during the G7 summit in the UK and is seen as a counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Status of Implementation of IMEC Infrastructure development: Development is seen in sections like the UAE-to-Israel railway network and financing capacity expansion of Haifa port in Israel. Sectoral development: While Connectivity sector has gained some traction, other sectors like clean energy export, undersea fibre-optic cables and pipelines, energy grid linkages, and clean energy technology cooperation have not seen progress due to instability in West Asia. Development of trade processes: Steps are being taken towards standardisation and facilitation of trade processes like the ‘Virtual Trade Corridor (VTC)’ launched by India and the UAE. o VTC is a part of IMEC aimed at the reduction of administrative processes and time, reduction of logistics and transportation costs, and ease of doing trade. Inclusive approach: The IMEC is open for expansion of regional connectivity benefits to other regional countries like Qatar, Oman, Egypt, Türkiye and Iraq. Global significance of IMEC Diversifying connectivity: IMEC provides an alternative route for connectivity and trade diversification. o Apart from physical connectivity, it also promotes digital connectivity and green energy cooperation, strengthening the spirit of plurilateralism. Enhancing prosperity: It would increase prosperity among the countries involved through an increased flow of energy and digital communications. 25 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o The combined GDP of the IMEC nations (including the EU as a bloc) is roughly $47 trillion, representing about 40 percent of the world’s total GDP. Geostrategic contributions: It aims at reducing the global economy’s reliance on critical maritime chokepoints like the Suez Canal by reducing congestion and improve trade resilience. Geoeconomic implications: Economic integration and interdependence can create the necessary imperative towards peace in the conflict-ridden Middle East. Geopolitical implications: It offers an alternate approach to China’s growing economic importance in the Middle East in the form of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Significance for India Strengthening Indo-Gulf relations: IMEC supplements the existing goal of developing Indo-Gulf trade and economic relations through improvement in infrastructure and connectivity. o E.g. Diversification of the trade basket between India and UAE with growth of non-oil trade. Economic growth: IMEC will promote regional trade, attract investments in India and develop a diplomatic and political goodwill for Indian market, leading to overall economic growth. Faster connectivity: The shipments from India to European mainland are expected to arrive about 40% faster with 30% cost reduction than via the Suez Canal Maritime route. Geopolitical aspirations: By connecting the European Union (EU) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), India’s 2 largest trade blocs, IMEC is a step towards achieving India’s aspirations to develop faster and become a global power. Challenges High costs: The complexities of multi-modal nature and lack of well-developed manufacturing capacity in the Gulf countries are potential hurdles to optimum utilization of the capacities being developed which may make freight transport costlier. Limited geographical coverage: Important economies of the region like Türkiye, Egypt, Iran, Qatar, etc., are not part of the IMEC. Existing Route: The present route passing through the Bab al- Mandab, the Red Sea and the Suez Canal is extensively used. o The newer route is seen to be a costlier project with limited impact on the global trade. Regional instability: Middle-East has been facing various challenges in the form of regional conflicts like the Israel-Hamas war, the disruption of Red Sea trade by Yemen’s Houthi rebels. o The normalisation of Arab-Israel relations, the basic premise of the development of the IMEC, halted with the escalation of the conflict between Israel and Palestine. Financial Commitments: There is a lack of commitment regarding the financial cost. Other Important Regional Corridors The International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC): It is a 7,200 km-long trade corridor originally mooted in 2000 by India, Russia and Iran to enhance trade and transport connectivity among countries along its route. Currently, it consists of 13 Members, namely- India, Iran, Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Belarus, Oman and Syria. o Bulgaria has joined as an Observer State. China-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Launched in 2013, it is a seeks to connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime networks. It comprises: o Silk Road Economic Belt: A trans-continental passage that links China with south east Asia, south Asia, Central Asia, Russia and Europe by land. o Maritime Silk Road: A sea route connecting China’s coastal regions with south east and south Asia, the South Pacific, the Middle East and Eastern Africa, all the way to Europe. 26 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR): Also called the ‘Middle Corridor’, it is a multi-modal corridor connecting China with European Union through Central Asia, Caucasus, Türkiye and Eastern Europe. It was launched in 2017. Conclusion In the context of growing tensions and related uncertainty impacting global trade, new and innovative regional trade corridors can provide alternatives that complement the conventional trade routes. IMEC is one such trade corridor aimed at improving trade and connectivity in the present geopolitical situations. India has a vital role in development of these corridors. It showcases India’s growing importance in trade promotion as well in the de-escalation of tensions. 2.2. THE GROUP OF TWENTY (G20) SUMMIT Why in the News? The 18th G20 Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under the theme Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet. About G20 Rio de Janeiro The Rio summit marked the first time the African Union (AU) participated as a full member. Hosted by Brazil, the third Global South host after Indonesia (2022) and India (2023). o The next G-20 is to be in South Africa. Brazil, India & South Africa together forms the troika of G20. These countries representing the Global South and are also part of IBSA and BRICS grouping. Key takeaways from the summit: The G20 Rio de Janeiro Leaders’ Declaration Social inclusion and the fight against hunger and poverty o Global Alliance against Hunger and Poverty: Launched to eradicate poverty and hunger (refer Box) o Global Coalition for Local and Regional Production, Innovation and Equitable Access: Launched to promote access to vaccines, diagnostics, and other health technologies for neglected diseases and vulnerable persons. o Commitments on Basic Needs and Equality: For the first time, G20 committed to mobilising resources for basic sanitation, drinking water, combating racism, and promoting racial equality to reduce inequalities. Sustainable development, energy transitions and climate action: Establishment of Task Force on a Global Mobilization against Climate Change to identify & address structural barriers to foster private capital flows for climate action, particularly for developing countries. Reform of global governance institutions: Endorsed the G20 roadmap for better, bigger and more effective multilateral development banks (MDBs). Tax on the super-rich: Leaders agreed for the first time to engage cooperatively to ensure that ultra-high-net-worth individuals are effectively taxed. About the Global Alliance against Hunger and Poverty Need: By 2030, an estimated 622 million people will live in extreme poverty ($2.15/day), and 582 million will face hunger— similar to 2015 levels. Aim: Accelerate global efforts to eradicate hunger and poverty. Goals: Reach 500 million people with cash transfer programs in low-income countries by 2030. Provide high-quality school meals to 150 million additional children in vulnerable countries. Approach: Operates globally through voluntary partnerships and commitments. Members: 148 (82 countries, African Union, EU, etc.), including India. Funding: No dedicated fund; instead, it connects countries with donors and technical support. 27 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Group of 20 (G20) Genesis: Founded in 1999, following the Asian financial crisis, as a forum for finance ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss global economic and financial issues. o The G20 was upgraded to the level of Heads of State/Government in the wake of the global economic and financial crisis of 2007. Purpose: Plays an important role in shaping and strengthening global architecture and governance on all major international economic issues. Annual summit: G20 Summit held annually, under the leadership of a rotating Presidency. Presidency is supported by the Troika previous, current and incoming Presidency. Importance: The G20 represents around 85% of global GDP and 75% of global trade, as well as two-thirds of the world’s population, prior to the AU joining. G20 at a Crossroads: It reveals limitations as a global governance architecture Representational inequity: Reluctance to rename the forum as "G21" after the African Union's inclusion demonstrates persistent barriers to genuine global representation. Diplomatic Fragmentation: o Key leaders' absences at the recent summit, like the Russian President and Saudi Crown Prince, highlight divisions within the G20. o Also, Argentina's opposition to sustainable development and welfare spending underscores significant differences among members. o Major economies like the US, Germany, and Argentina resist wealth tax and progressive taxation proposals, impeding efforts to reduce global disparities. Unrealized Goals in Governance Overhaul: o Global institutional reforms: Calls for reforming global institutions like the UN Security Council and World Bank remain unaddressed, limiting the G20's impact on global governance. o Climate Commitments: Despite coinciding with COP29, the summit failed to advance climate goals beyond previous declarations. Structural and Operational Weaknesses: G20 decisions are non-binding, reducing their enforceability. Also, it operates without a formal charter, limiting accountability and public scrutiny. 28 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Competition from Other Institutions: Growing influence of organizations like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) poses challenges to a divided G20. Enhancing the Effectiveness of G20 Summits Permanent Secretariat: Establish a secretariat with research and policy capabilities to ensure policy continuity and strategic insights between summits. Clear Division of Labour o Focus for G20: Global public goods like monetary stability, trade openness, poverty reduction, and pandemic control. o Focus for G7: Geopolitical issues Empowering Middle-Income Members: Enable countries like Argentina, Brazil, India, and South Africa to take active diplomatic roles. Accountability Framework: Introduce mechanisms to track commitments, monitor implementation, and provide transparent annual performance reviews. Strategic Coordination with UN Agencies: Collaborate with organizations like WHO, UNEP, and UNDP to avoid to duplication of efforts and maximize public goods delivery. Addressing Global South Priorities: Advocate for equitable global governance, reducing G7 dominance (e.g., G7 represents 13% of the population but controls 59% of IMF and World Bank voting rights). Conclusion In a world grappling with overlapping crises—conflicts, hunger, rising inequalities, forced migration, health emergencies, debt burdens, and the climate crisis- to remain effective and legitimate, the G20 must evolve into a more inclusive, accountable, and action-oriented platform that truly represents the diverse needs and priorities of a rapidly changing world. 2.3. INDIA-AUSTRALIA RELATIONS Why in the news? Recently, 2nd India-Australia Annual Summit was held on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Key Highlights of Summit Launch of India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP): To provide the framework for practical cooperation in priority areas like solar PV, green hydrogen, energy storage, etc. Australia-India Business Exchange (AIBX) programme: Both sides extended AIBX programme for another four years from 2024. o AIBX was launched in 2021, to provide businesses with market insights and foster commercial partner

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