VisionIAS Monthly Current Affairs May 2024 PDF

 Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________4 4.5. Cyber Threats and Financial Sectors ________ 45 1.1. Mass Media and Election __________________ 4 4.6. News in Shorts _____...

 Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________4 4.5. Cyber Threats and Financial Sectors ________ 45 1.1. Mass Media and Election __________________ 4 4.6. News in Shorts _________________________ 46 1.2. Internet Shutdowns ______________________ 6 4.6.1. Arrest under UAPA Act ____________________ 46 1.3. Other Backward Classes (OBCs) List _________ 7 4.6.2. Hermes-900 ____________________________ 47 1.4. News in Shorts __________________________ 9 4.6.3. Exercises in News ________________________ 47 1.4.1. Article 39(b) of The Constitution and Private 5. ENVIRONMENT ________________________ 48 Properties ____________________________________ 9 5.1. Traditional Knowledge in India ____________ 48 1.4.2. Article 329(b) _____________________________ 9 5.1.1. Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources 1.4.3. Form 17C ________________________________ 9 and Associated Traditional Knowledge ____________ 49 1.4.4. Silence Period ____________________________ 9 5.2. Clean Energy Transition __________________ 50 1.4.5. World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) 2024 _____ 10 5.3. Mangroves Conservation _________________ 52 1.4.6. UGC Regulation 2018 _____________________ 10 5.4. Coral Bleaching _________________________ 53 1.4.7. Diplomatic Passport ______________________ 10 5.5. International Arrangement on Forests (IAF) __ 55 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ______________12 5.6. Heatwave _____________________________ 57 2.1. India’s Act of Balancing Bilateral Relationship 12 5.7. Fire Safety Regulations in India ____________ 59 2.2. Global Institutions in the Changing Times ____ 13 5.8. Nor ’westers ___________________________ 61 2.3. India and Indonesia Relations _____________ 15 5.9. News in Shorts _________________________ 62 2.4. International Criminal Court (ICC) __________ 17 5.9.1. Venezuela May Be The First Nation To Lose All Its 2.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 19 Glaciers _____________________________________ 62 2.5.1. BIMSTEC Acquires ‘Legal Personality’ After Charter 5.9.2. Climate Change Can Weaken Monetary Policy Comes into Force ______________________________ 19 Transmission: RBI _____________________________ 63 2.5.2. Second India-US Strategic Dialogue on Africa held 5.9.3. New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance in Washington DC _____________________________ 19 (NCQG) _____________________________________ 63 2.5.3. India’s Telecom Diplomacy _________________ 20 5.9.4. Carbon Removals and Carbon Farming (CRCF) 2.5.4. Animal Diplomacy ________________________ 20 Regulation in European Union (EU) _______________ 64 2.5.5. South-China Sea _________________________ 20 5.9.5. Direct Air Capture and Storage (DAC+S) plant _ 65 2.5.6. Middle-Power ___________________________ 21 5.9.6. Keeling Curve ___________________________ 65 2.5.7. Geopolitical Recession ____________________ 21 5.9.7. Biocover _______________________________ 65 3. ECONOMY _____________________________22 5.9.8. World Bank Released Report Titled ‘Water For 3.1. India and Global Value Chains (GVCs) _______ 22 Shared Prosperity’ ____________________________ 65 3.2. RBI Surplus Transfer _____________________ 24 5.9.9. India Became Third Largest Solar Power Generator ____________________________________________ 66 3.3. Logistics Sector of India __________________ 25 5.9.10. Spain Becomes 99th Member Of International 3.4. India’s Agriculture Export Policy ___________ 28 Solar Alliance (ISA) ____________________________ 66 3.5. Land Squeeze __________________________ 30 5.9.11. Global Land Outlook Report on Rangelands and 3.6. News in Shorts _________________________ 32 Pastoralists __________________________________ 67 3.6.1. Commodity Dependence __________________ 32 5.9.12. World Wildlife Crime Report 2024 __________ 68 3.6.2. Eligibility for Universal Banking by SFBs _______ 33 5.9.13. Sea Anemone __________________________ 68 3.6.3. ‘Five-Year Review of India’s Merchandise Trade’ 5.9.14. Baseflow ______________________________ 69 Report ______________________________________ 33 5.9.15. Blue Hole ______________________________ 69 3.6.4. Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) Status __ 34 5.9.16. Catatumbo Lightning ____________________ 69 3.6.5. India International Bullion Exchange (IIBX) ____ 34 5.9.17. Batagay Crater _________________________ 69 3.6.6. India Volatility Index (VIX) __________________ 34 5.9.18. Errata ________________________________ 70 3.6.7. Cost Inflation Index (CII) ___________________ 35 6. SOCIAL ISSUES _________________________ 71 3.6.8. Paradox of Thrift (PoT) Theory ______________ 35 6.1. Women Entrepreneurs in India ____________ 71 3.6.9. UN Panel for Critical Energy Transition Minerals 35 3.6.10. Drip Pricing ____________________________ 35 6.2. Localizing the SDGs: Women in Local Governance 3.6.11. Travel & Tourism Development Index, 2024 __ 36 in India ___________________________________ 72 3.7.12. ISHAN Initiative _________________________ 36 6.3. Social Infrastructure _____________________ 75 4. SECURITY _____________________________37 6.4. News in Shorts _________________________ 76 4.1. Pokhran-I _____________________________ 37 6.4.1. Supreme Court Judgement on Juvenile Justice Act ____________________________________________ 76 4.2. Technology Absorption in Defence _________ 38 6.4.2. Significant Increase In Screen Time Among Children 4.3. Submarines and Anti-Submarine Warfare ___ 40 ____________________________________________ 77 4.4. Threat of Online Radicalisation ____________ 42 6.4.3. World Migration Report 2024 ______________ 77 1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ______________79 7.5.15. Doppler Effect __________________________ 92 7.1. Space Situational Awareness ______________ 79 7.5.16. Graphite ______________________________ 93 7.2. Solar Storm (Geomagnetic Storm) __________ 81 7.5.17. Nephrotic Syndrome ____________________ 93 7.3. 3D Printing ____________________________ 82 8. CULTURE _____________________________ 94 7.4. AgriTech ______________________________ 85 8.1. Weaving in India ________________________ 94 7.4.1. Nanotechnology in Agriculture ______________ 87 8.2. Apartheid System _______________________ 96 7.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 89 8.2.1. UNESCO's MOW Asia-Pacific Regional Register 98 7.5.1. Amplifying the Global Value of Earth Observation 8.2.2. Sahitya Akademi _________________________ 98 report _______________________________________ 89 8.2.3. Deda Method ___________________________ 98 7.5.2. Ultra-Processed Food (UPF) ________________ 89 8.2.4. Lushai Tribe _____________________________ 98 7.5.3. WHO Prequalifies New Dengue Vaccine TAK-00390 8.2.5. Avars __________________________________ 99 7.5.4. World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) 91 8.2.6. Errata__________________________________ 99 7.5.5. Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome 9. ETHICS ______________________________ 100 (TTS) ________________________________________ 91 9.1. Compassionate Capitalism _______________ 100 7.5.6. Naegleria Fowleri ________________________ 91 9.2. Ethics of Punishment ___________________ 102 7.5.7. Eta Aquarid Meteor Shower ________________ 91 9.3. Ethical Use of Social Media Platforms ______ 104 7.5.8. Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) ______ 91 9.4. Ethics and Entrepreneurship _____________ 107 7.5.9. High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) __________ 91 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________ 110 7.5.10. BHISHM Portable Cubes __________________ 92 7.5.11. Soil Nailing _____________________________ 92 10.1. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Scheme 7.5.12. Goldene _______________________________ 92 (PM-KISAN) ______________________________ 110 7.5.13. AI Agents ______________________________ 92 11. PLACES IN NEWS _____________________ 111 7.5.14. Endosymbiotic Theory ___________________ 92 12. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS ______________ 112 2 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 3 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Personalise Your UPSC Prelims Preparation With Sandhan (A Personalised Test Series Feature of All India GS Prelims Test Series) Preparing for the UPSC Prelims exam is not just about practicing mock tests; it's about practicing them smartly. Recognizing the diverse learning levels and specific needs of aspirants, we've developed Sandhan, a personalized test series feature within the All India GS Prelims Test Series. KEY FEATURES OF SANDHAN Extensive Collection: Access 15000+ high-quality Personalised Test Creation: Customise tests by questions prepared by VisionIAS and UPSC selecting subjects and topics according to Previous Year Questions(PYQs). individual preferences. 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Key highlights of the guidelines The ECI directed parties to not: o publish content that is false, misleading, or derogatory, especially towards women, o not use social media platforms to carry any content which use children in any political campaigning o depict violence or harm to animals. o not impersonate another person, including political parties or their representatives on a social media platform It also mandated Political parties to: o remove any violating content within three hours of notification and warn the responsible members, o report any unlawful information and fake user accounts to the respective social media platforms, o and escalate unresolved issues to the Grievance Appellate Committee as outlined in Rule 3A of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021. About Mass Media Mass Media refers to diverse communication channels that transmit information and entertainment content to a large audience. It includes print media (Newspapers, Magazines, Books), electronic media (Radio, Television, Films), and digital media (Internet, social media). It is also termed the Fourth Estate of a democratic country, the other three pillars being: the Legislature or the Parliament; the Executive; and the Judiciary The fundamental right of ‘Freedom of Speech and Expression’ granted to Citizens under Article 19(1)(a) of the constitution is also available to the press. Allocation of time to political parties on State Media Role of the Mass Media in the Election Process National parties, all put together, get a minimum of 10 hours of telecasting time on Doordarshan’s national Emphasizing Election Importance: Media coverage channel, and at least 15 hours on its regional channels. underscores the significance of elections, highlighting o They also get 10 hours of broadcasting time on the voter choice, the need to be informed, and the national hook-up of AIR and 15 hours of fundamental right to vote. broadcasting on regional AIR stations. ○ This fosters faith in the electoral process and State parties, all put together, get a minimum of 30 hours encourages citizen participation. of telecasting time on the appropriate regional Dissemination of Campaign Information: Media spreads Doordarshan channel and AIR radio station. campaign propaganda widely, providing politicians with affordable advertising space and quickly reach a large audience. ○ Recognised political parties have been allowed to freely use state-owned television and radio during polls since the 1998 Lok Sabha elections (refer to the box). Influencing Voter Behavior: Media arouses interest, reduces apathy, and instils a sense of civic duty by emphasizing the importance of every vote and the Right to Vote. Shaping the Public Image of Candidates: Media portrayal greatly impacts a candidate's public image. Newspaper, magazine coverage, and broadcasts can either help or harm them. Effective messaging: It ensures politicians maintain consistent messages, preventing them from saying different things to different audiences. Facilitating Policy Discussion: Mass media informs the public about government actions, highlights policy shortcomings, and communicates public expectations to politicians, facilitating a two-way discussion on both current and future policies. 4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Challenges posed by mass media to election process Mass media with all its positive implications also pose challenges to a free and fair election process when it is not objective and its reporting are selective and biased (a phenomenon known as media gatekeeping). With the rapid and widespread dissemination of information on social media, these challenges are magnified. Some key challenges to election process posed by social media are as follows: Threat to Sovereignty: social media can be manipulated by anyone, inside or outside the country, to target specific parties or candidates, compromising the democratic process as well as the Sovereignty of the country. ○ For example, during the 2016 US presidential elections, Russia allegedly used social media to manipulate the outcome. Misinformation: Social media is a breeding ground for misinformation and manipulated content, distorting public perception and influencing voter behavior. ○ AI-generated deepfakes complicate the issue, making it hard to distinguish real information from fake, disrupting election integrity. Sensationalisation: Social media algorithms amplify viral content, overshadowing factual narratives and quickly setting political narratives. ○ Many YouTube-based independent content creators run online-only news channels, bypassing traditional media regulations. ✓ They set narratives through the sensationalisation of issues and manipulation for more views. It may result in the marginalisation of more important issues from public discussion. Online Echo Chambers: Social media can create echo chambers, where individuals only encounter viewpoints aligning with their own, resulting in confirmation bias where people are opposed to diverse perspectives. ○ It may worsen societal divisions leading to polarization. For instance, Facebook's failure to address platform abuse in Sri Lanka reportedly fueled widespread violence in 2018. Compromising Model Code of Conduct: The lack of effective regulation on social media platforms makes it challenging to enforce the code of conduct for parties and candidates. ○ Also, regulating content on encrypted platforms like WhatsApp is currently not feasible. Privacy Concerns and threat to voter’s objective opinion: Voters lack control over data collection. They're often profiled by social media, impacting their feed content which may potentially change their behaviour. ○ In 2018, several Indian political parties allegedly hired Cambridge Analytica, a data mining and analytics business. Way ahead for mitigating the adverse impact of Mass Media on Indian elections Mass media should be nudged to follow the advisories of Press Council of India that called for Press to give objective reports about elections and the candidates, eschew reports which tend to promote feelings of enmity or hatred, observe all the directions/ orders/instructions of the Election Commission/Returning Officers or Chief Electoral Officer, etc. In addition to these, following steps should also be taken to prevent the abuse of mass media during election: Effective Implementation of Voluntary Code of Ethics: Ensure strict adherence to the Voluntary Code of Ethics for the General Elections 2019, aimed at promoting responsible behaviour on social media platforms during elections. Enhance Social Media Monitoring: Increase cooperation and exchange of information among stakeholders involved in social media monitoring. ○ Strengthen links between civil society groups and internet platforms to facilitate the timely raising of concerns and consideration of findings by platforms. Foster International Cooperation: Compare best practices globally and foster networks to share lessons learned and insights gained after elections. ○ Collaborate with other countries to develop effective strategies for mitigating the adverse impact of social media on elections. Strengthen Data Protection Framework: As India's voting process becomes more modern in terms of data utilisation, enhance the data protection framework to adapt to different levels of data usage. ○ Ensure that voter data is protected and used responsibly to maintain the integrity of the electoral process. 5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Role of Social Media in Election Social media differs from traditional mass media in terms of scale and speed of communication. Social media revolutionizes politics by instantly transmitting messages to global audiences. Existing Regulatory Frame for Social Media The Information Technology Act, 2000 governs all areas of electronic communication, including social media. Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Regulations, 2021 for ensuring accountability of social media and other intermediaries. 1.2. INTERNET SHUTDOWNS Why in the news? As per an ‘Access Now’ report, India witnessed 116 shutdowns in 2023, the highest number of shutdown in world for the sixth consecutive year. Internet shutdown It is an intentional disruption of internet communications for specific population or within a location for any duration of time, often to exert control over the flow of information. o In 2023, globally the number of internet shutdowns rose by 41% to 283 from 201 in 2022. Provisions for Internet Shutdown Currently, suspension of telecom services (including internet shutdowns) is governed by Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017, notified under Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. o It provide for a temporary shutdown of telecom services in a region on grounds of public emergency (up to 15 days at once). o The 1885 Act empowers the central government to regulate various types of telecom services including internet services and grant licenses for them. Orders of temporary suspension of telecom services are to be issued By Union/State home secretary Only. o Under 2017 Rules, a three-member Review Committee headed by Cabinet Secretary at central level and Chief Secretary at state level, reviews telecom/internet shutdown orders by central government and state government, respectively. 6 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Supreme Court Judgement in Anuradha Bhasin vs. Union of India and Ors. 2020 SC held that freedom of speech and expression through medium of internet is an integral part of Article 19(1)(a) and accordingly, any restriction on the same must be in accordance with Article 19(2) of the Constitution. In relation to internet shutdown, Court had passed following directions o An order suspending internet services indefinitely is impermissible under 2017 Rules. Suspension can be utilised for temporary duration only. o Any order suspending internet issued under Suspension Rules, must adhere to principle of proportionality and must not extend beyond necessary duration. o Any order suspending internet under the Suspension Rules is subject to judicial review. Impact of Internet Shutdown Economic loss: Shutdowns reportedly led to loss of $118 million in foreign investment from Jan- June 2023 alone in India. o Also, a single-day shutdown can push up to 379 people into unemployment in the country. Fundamental rights: Internet shutdowns impacts access to information, curbing digital freedom and fundamental human rights such as freedom of speech and expression (Article-19), access to information etc. Inequality: Shutdowns disproportionately affect marginalized communities, hindering their access to newer revenue streams and opportunities. This exacerbates existing inequalities and undermines efforts towards equitable digitization. Disaster management: Loss of communication due to internet shutdown hinders information dissemination w.r.t. early warning, evacuation routes, further exacerbating the impact of disasters. o The ongoing internet shutdown in Myanmar exacerbated the effects of Cyclone Mocha, which hit western Myanmar in May 2023 Education and Healthcare: Shutdowns hinders access to online services such as education platforms, healthcare information etc. Protest and Violence: Internet shutdown disconnects people from the rest of the world, creating ambiguity and frustration. This can trigger strikes or protests that may become violent. Human rights abuse: Shutdowns impedes accountability where attackers utilise the disruption to cover up their offenses such as killing, arson, gender-based violence etc. Way ahead Recommendations of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology o Codifying defined parameters that constitute as public emergency and public safety. ✓ Public emergency and public safety have not been defined in the 1885 Act or the 2017 Rules. o Putting in place a mechanism to decide the merit of an internet shutdown. o Department in co-ordination with Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) should lay down a clear principle of proportionality and procedure for lifting of shutdown so that these are not extended indefinitely. o Department of Telecommunications (DoT) should formulate a policy to selectively restrict use of OTT services instead of banning the internet as a whole to ensure minimum inconvenience to public and curb misinformation. o A study on the impacts of internet shutdowns and its effectiveness in dealing with public safety and public emergency should be conducted by DoT and MHA. Government should clearly communicate to users any limitations, restrictions, or change to service they may experience and provide regular updates on status and duration of shutdown. 1.3. OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES (OBCS) LIST Why in the News? The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) is reviewing the state list of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) using powers granted under the 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act. More on the News NCBC has noted presence of ineligible communities in the OBC lists of States like Karnataka and West Bengal. 7 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  It has also stalled request of West Bengal to include various castes/communities in the Central OBC list, and has asked current report justifying the backwardness of these communities. Moreover, NCBC is also planning to review OBC lists in Kerala, Odisha, Bihar, Maharashtra, and other states to ensure maximum OBC reservation within the 50% limit. About OBCs and OBCs list Definition: There is no standard definition of OBC in the Indian Constitution. Socially and Educationally backward Classes (SEBCs) are commonly known as other backward classes (OBCs). OBCs list: Currently, for each state, there are two OBC lists one at the central level (for benefits by the Central Government initiatives) and another at the state level (for benefits by the State government initiatives). o Central List: Article 342A (1) of the Constitution authorized the President (in consultation of the governor of the state) to specify the Central list of the OBCs, in relation to a particular State or Union Territory. ✓ Further, any modification to the central list of the OBCs can be done only by the Parliament. o State List: Article 342A (3) empowers every State or UT to prepare and maintain for its own purposes, a list of SEBC entries which may be different from the Central List. Reservations for OBCs: Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution enable reservation for OBCs in admission to educational institutions, and in public employment. o In 1990, the Centre implemented 27% reservation for OBCs in Central Educational Institutions and Central Government services as recommended by the Mandal Commission. o Such reservation for OBC was upheld by the Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney Vs. Union of India 1992 subject to exclusion of the “Creamy Layer” (different groups based on income and parental rank). Commissions constituted for the upliftment of OBCs Under Article 340, President, may by order appoint to investigate the conditions of SEBCs and to make recommendations as to the steps that should be taken by the Union or any State to remove such difficulties and to improve their condition. The President had constituted Kalelkar Commission in 1953, and Mandal Commission in 1979 to investigate the conditions of OBCs. o The recommendations of Kalelkar Commission was never implemented. In 2017, the President appointed a Justice Rohini Commission, headed by Justice G. Rohini to examine the sub-categorisation of OBC caste groups to ensure more equitable distribution of reservation benefits among OBCs in India. o The Commission submitted its report in 2023 but it is yet to be implemented. About NCBC Constitutional Body: NCBC was granted Constitutional Status under Article 338B (inserted through 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2018). o Article 338 B mandates Union and every State Government to consult the NCBC on all major policy matters affecting the rights of OBCs. Composition: Includes a Chairperson, Vice- Chairperson, and three other members appointed by the President. Their service conditions is also determined by the President. Power: The Commission has all the powers of a civil court. 8 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.4. NEWS IN SHORTS 1.4.1. ARTICLE 39(B) OF THE that once the Election Commission of India officially CONSTITUTION AND PRIVATE notifies the election process, the court cannot intervene or interfere. PROPERTIES Also, under Representation of the People Act (1951), Supreme Court will decide if private properties can be Section 80 states that, the validity of any election considered ‘material resources of the community’ cannot be challenged or questioned except by filing an under Article 39 (b) of the constitution. election petition. o Article 39(b) in the Directive Principles of State o Election petitions are filed in the concerned state's Policy (DPSP) says that “the state shall, in High Court, which has original jurisdiction over particular, direct its policy towards securing- that them. the ownership and control of the material o Appeals lie with the Supreme Court of India. resources of the community are so distributed as o An election petition can be filed by any candidate, best to subserve the common good”. or an elector relating to the election personally. The court will also ponder upon the legal sanctity of ✓ Elector means a person who was entitled to Article 31C of the Constitution in the wake of the vote at the election to which the election Minerva Mills judgment. petition relates. o Article 31C protects a law made under Articles 39(b) and (c) empowering the State to take over 1.4.3. FORM 17C material resources of the community, including Election Commission told the Supreme Court the rules private properties, for distribution to subserve the do not permit sharing Form 17C data with any entity common good. apart from polling officials. ✓ Article 39(c) states that “the operation of the Form 17 C economic system does not result in the o It is associated with the directions under Conduct concentration of wealth and means of of Election Rules, 1961. production to the common detriment”. o Its 1st part provides information related to the o In the Minerva Mills case of 1980, SC had declared number of: two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which ✓ eligible voters assigned to the booth, electors restricted the Judicial Review, as unconstitutional. in the register of voters, ✓ any constitutional amendment from being ✓ voters who decided not to exercise their 'called in question in any court on any ground' franchise, and ✓ voters not allowed to vote ✓ accorded precedence to the Directive o Its 2nd part contains information like the name of Principles of State Policy over the the candidate and the total votes they received. fundamental rights of individuals, 1.4.4. SILENCE PERIOD 1.4.2. ARTICLE 329(B) Silence Period was observed in the states where Lok Sabha Recently, the Election Commission of India invoked elections were held. Article 329(b) of the Constitution before the Supreme Court to limit judicial intervention in the electoral The silence period is a ban on political campaigning process. before voting. As per 329(b), no election to either House of Parliament It begins 48 hours before the voting day and ends after or to the either House of the Legislatures of a State shall polling ends. be called in question except by an election petition Some prohibitions under the Representation of People presented to such authority and in such manner as may Act 1951 during this period (however the Act does not be provided for by or under any law made by the use the term silence period): appropriate legislature. o Section 126 (1) prohibits displaying any election o The articles 324 to 329 of the Indian Constitution, matter using television or similar apparatus, or which are enshrined in Part XV, specifically deal propagation of election matters through any with the provisions related to elections. entertainment (like musical concert). Supreme Court in N. P. Ponnuswami vs Returning Officer, Namakkal Constituency & Ors. (1952) states 9 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o Section 126A prohibits conducting Exit polls and o ten years of experience as Professor in a University displaying their result (using print or electronic system or media). o ten years of experience in an equivalent position in o Section 126(1)(b) prohibits displaying the results of reputed research and / or academic administrative any Opinion Poll (in any electronic media). organization. Supreme Court in Gambhirdan K. Gadhvi v. State of 1.4.5. WORLD PRESS FREEDOM INDEX Gujarat & Ors(2022) judgement stated that (WPFI) 2024 o Being a subordinate legislation, UGC Regulations becomes part of the UGC Act (1956). India ranked 159 among 180 countries in annual WPFI o As 'education' falls under the Concurrent List (List 2024. III) of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, o It is released by Paris based Reporters Without both the central and state governments have the Borders (RSF), one of the world’s leading NGOs in power to legislate on this subject. defense and promotion of freedom of information. ✓ In the event of a conflict between state o It is published on World Press Freedom Day (3 legislation and central legislation, the central May). legislation shall take precedence by invoking o Theme: “A Press for the Planet: Journalism in the the rule/principle of repugnancy as outlined face of the Environmental Crisis”. in Article 254 of the Constitution. About WPFI 2024 o Not part of verdict, but as per rule/principle of o Top 3 rankers are Norway, Denmark and Sweden. repugnancy, if a state law on a concurrent list o Based on 5 indicators- Political, Economic, contradicts an existing central law, the state law Legislative, Social and Security. shall prevail in that state, provided it received the 1.4.6. UGC REGULATION 2018 President's assent after being reserved for his consideration. Recently, the vice-chancellor appointment in state o Therefore, any appointment as a Vice Chancellor universities saw a clash between University Grants contrary to the provisions of the UGC Regulations Commission (UGC) regulation 2018 and state can be said to be in violation of the statutory legislation. provisions. UGC Regulation 2018 (UGC Regulations on Minimum Qualifications for Appointment of Teachers and Other 1.4.7. DIPLOMATIC PASSPORT Academic Staff in Universities and Colleges and One of the incumbent Members of Parliament fled to Measures For the Maintenance of Standards In Higher Germany on a diplomatic passport after allegations of Education, 2018) sexual abuse. o Empowered under University Grants Commission Act, 1956, UGC enacted the regulation. Diplomatic passports o Regulation is applicable on Eligibility: Issued to designated members authorised ✓ All universities established under Central, by the Government of India. These persons could be Provincial or State Acts. ○ Those living or having been granted a diplomatic ✓ All colleges and institutions affiliated to or status; or recognized by the UGC in consultation with the ○ Government officials proceeding abroad on respective university. diplomatic assignments or for official purposes. ✓ All institutions deemed to be universities by Validity period: 5 years or less. the UGC. Issuance: External Affairs Minister has the discretion to o Selection Of Vice Chancellor of Universities: issue a Diplomatic Passport to a person if the person, in ✓ A Search-cum-Selection Committee will the opinion of the minister, should have such a Passport identify a panel of 3-5 suitable candidates. either ✓ One member of the Search cum Selection ○ because of the nature of his or her foreign mission Committee shall be nominated by the or Chairman of UGC, for selection of Vice ○ because of the position he or she holds or has held Chancellors of State, Private and Deemed to be in the past. Universities. Advantage: The Vice-Chancellor to be appointed should be a ○ Immunity: Holders of such passports are entitled distinguished academician, with a minimum of to certain privileges and immunities as per 10 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  international law, including immunity from arrest, About Indian passport detention, and certain legal proceedings in the Passports and Visas are mentioned under the Union list of host country. the 7th Schedule of the Constitution. ○ Exemption from Visa requirement in some Issuance of passports in India is governed by the Passports countries: Typically, MEA also issues visa notes to Act, of 1967 according to which: ○ All persons who depart or intend to depart from Indian Government officials going abroad for an India are required to have a valid passport or travel official assignment or visit. document. ✓ However, India has Visa Waiver Agreements ✓ However, the Central government may exempt for the holders of diplomatic passports with some people from the need for possession of a Germany along with 33 other countries. passport. ✓ This agreement allows Indian diplomatic ○ Additionally, the Central Government may issue a passport holders to visit these countries passport to a person who is not a citizen of India if without a visa for up to 90 days. that Government believes that it is necessary so to do in the public interest. There are three classes of passports issued in India: Ordinary (blue colour), Diplomatic (white colour) and Official (maroon colour) 11 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  wwww.visionias.in 8468022022, 9019066066 Master UPSC PRELIMS CHALLENGES i n CURRENT AFFAIRS w i t h VISIONIAS PT365 Current affairs forms the cornerstone of civil services exam preparation, permeating all its phases - Prelims, Mains, and the Interview. Staying updated with current affairs equips aspirants to navigate the evolving How to Prepare landscape of the civil services exam. With the right resources and approach, candidates can transform this Current Affairs vast section into a strong advantage. What is PT 365? PT 365 document comprehensively covers the important and relevant current affairs of the last 1 year in a consolidated manner to aid Prelims preparation. It is devised as a revision document of the current affairs. Comprehensive Coverage Infographics Entire year's current affairs coverage. Aids in understanding and retention. UPSC relevant subjects like Polity, Economy, S&T, Techniques, methods, and processes displayed. Features of PT365 Environment, IR, etc. Strategic use of maps to enhance learning. Emphasis on topics likely to appear in upcoming prelims exam. Government Schemes and Policies In-depth coverage of key government schemes, Clear and Concise Information policies, and initiatives. Clear, concise presentation focusing on key issues. New Elements Information from credible sources. Appendices for rapid revision. Tailored to reflect the pattern of previous year's QR based Smart quiz questions. Interactive feature to assess aspirant's learning and comprehension. Scan this QR code Significance of PT 365 to watch video Ease of Revision: Content categorisation is Crisp Material: Crisp points have been used in based on subjects or topics to make it easier for the articles. It allows aspirants to easily do aspirants to locate and revise specific areas multiple revisions in limited span of time. Value Addition: Includes infographics, related Integrated Approach: Covers basic concepts developments, or news, ensuring comprehensive and information of all current affairs in a lucid coverage of important information. manner, in line with previous trends of UPSC questions. Also helps in integrating key current affairs with static knowledge. PT 365 is a time and tested document. In the previous years, it has helped lakhs of candidates to cover current affairs in a holistic way. It’s impactful features make it easier for aspirants to understand current affairs and excel in the UPSC Civil Services examination. Scan this QR code to Know More AHMEDABAD | BENGALURU | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2.1. INDIA’S ACT OF BALANCING BILATERAL RELATIONSHIP Why in the News? Recently, United States of Americas warned of potential sanctions on India as it signed Chabahar port deal with Iran. More on News USA fears that India-Iran Chabahar deal may act against trade sanctions imposed by USA to curb its nuclear programme. Earlier, there were also apprehensions of sanctions on India as per Countering America's Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) for purchase of the S-400 missile defence system from Russia (No such sanctions was imposed). o CAATSA is a USA federal law in force since 2017, under which the US government can impose sanctions on any country that has "significant transactions with Iran, North Korea or Russia". o It entails economic & financial penalties for any nation that transacts with Russia on arms. Such events, along with the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Palestine crises, have tested India’s strategies to manage its bilateral relationships with various players in the region as well as the globe. To know more about India’s agreement with Iran for the development of the Chabahar Port, kindly refer to Article 2.1 Geopolitical Significance of Ports in April 2024 edition of VisionIAS Current Affairs Magazine. Strategies Adopted by India in Balancing Bilateral Relationships Maintenance of Strategic Autonomy in international affairs, which has evolved through policies such as doctrine of Non-Alignment. o E.g. India maintains its independent relationship with Russia and the US, refusing to let either one dictates its foreign policy. De-hyphenation as a tool to engage with countries involved in conflicts with each other in an independent manner. o E.g. India’s relationship with Israel and Palestine stand on its own merits and are independent of each other. Wider diplomatic engagements and outreach. o E.g., in 2022, India was able to evacuate students by Operation Ganga during Russia-Ukraine crisis by engaging with countries such as Russia, Ukraine, USA, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, etc. Vision of Multi-polarity and Multilateralism offers India great potential to expand cooperation and advance an original outlook. o E.g., India’s push for reforms at the United Nations Security Council, World Trade Organization, etc., allows it to engage with like-minded countries worldwide. Offering alternative mechanisms such as Rupee-Rouble trade, Rupee-Rial mechanism enhances India’s credibility in balancing its bilateral relationships. Use of soft power through outreach to diaspora such as NRIs and PIOs, etc. has helped build India’s case at global stage. o E.g. Indians in the USA lobbied for the Indo-US Nuclear Deal. Playing the Role of Mediator by maintaining a neutral stance and capability to bring diverse stakeholders to the negotiating table. o E.g. India's hosting of G20 positioned its role as a dealmaker in a fluid international order. Moreover, India has also been able to project itself as a leader and voice of the Global South. 12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Issues and challenges India faces with respect to balancing bilateral relations Accusation of being a “Fence Sitter”: E.g., Various countries accuse India of being a fence sitter and not taking stand even when it aspires to a world leader. Allegations of Financing Wars in favour of aggressor: E.g., European powers accused India of funding Russia’s War by buying cheap Russian crude oil and not publicly criticising Russia’s act of aggression. Emergence of New Axis: E.g., India’s movement towards USA is leading to development of Russia-China Pakistan axis. Reputational damage: Maintaining neutrality while balancing its bilateral with conflicting nations can impact India’s reputation with said nations. o E.g., India did not condemn the USA’s withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which allegedly led to reputational damage, pushing Iran towards China. Dependence on Imports for energy as well as defence at times compromises India’s stand at global position. o E.g. Dependence on defence imports from Russia and oil imports from the Middle East at times plays an important role in shaping foreign policy. Emergence of Mini-laterals in the Indo-Pacific, such as QUAD, compromises the ideal vision of global cooperation. Way forward Emerge as an alternative: India is suitably placed to emerge as an alternative to the US and China, and also focus on representing Global South in an increasingly polarized world order. Strategic Hedging: E.g. Balancing China involves developing the capacity and linkages to counter China's political and military efforts against India, despite maintaining civil diplomatic ties and trade. Self-dependency or diversification of risks: It is especially needed in critical sectors such as defence, energy etc. Following Internationalist and Multi-aligned foreign policy: Such policy can be based on issues-based coalition (E.g. BRICS, QUAD, G20, G7, SCO). Playing leadership role in tackling global challenges: Related to climate change, connectivity, terrorism, supply chain resilience (E.g. Supply Chain Resilience Initiative, Biopharmaceutical Alliance, Asia-Africa Growth Corridor ). 2.2. GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE CHANGING TIMES Why in the news? Major global institutions such as the UN System, WTO, IMF, and World Bank (WB) among others have been under scrutiny for not being able to fulfil their desired objectives. Context of formation of major Global Institutions Most of the major global institutions were formed in the context of a War-stricken, bipolar, and highly unequal world with regard to development. United Nations (UN) System: The UN was formed in 1945 in the background of World War I and II, with a primary agenda to prevent another global conflict and promote international cooperation. o It aims to maintain international peace and security, give humanitarian assistance to those in need, protect human rights, and uphold international law. World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF): Both formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference, to support economic reconstruction and development in the aftermath of WW II. o The WB promotes long-term economic development and poverty reduction. o IMF aims to establish a new international monetary and financial system. World Trade Organization (WTO): WTO was formed in 1995 in the background of gradual liberalization of international trade and the transition from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) framework. o WTO aims to facilitate the liberalization of international trade by reducing tariffs, eliminating barriers, and promoting the free flow of goods, services, and investment. What are the issues in continuing with current structures? Representation & Inclusiveness: Global institutions formed in the last century, don’t reflect the current global power structure as they do not provide adequate representation to the developing countries. 13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o E.g., India with the largest population and 3rd largest (in PPP terms) economy in the world but has only 2.75% Special Drawing Rights (SDR) quota in the IMF. Growing Bilateral and Multilateral Groupings: Such as G20, G7, and BRICS, etc. have created alternative forums and thus decreased the overall importance and relevance of global institutions. o E.g., BRICS countries established the New Development Bank (NDB), as an alternative to World Bank in funding developmental needs. Misuse of Veto Power: Veto powers conferred to permanent UNSC members (China, France, Russia, U.K. and U.S.) are often misused to protect self-interest. o E.g., Russia used its veto power to block resolutions condemning its actions in Ukraine. Rising Protectionism and Trade Tensions: The surge in protectionist policies, such as tariffs and trade barriers (like Trade Wars between US and China), has disrupted the global trade system and multilateral frameworks like the World Trade Organization (WTO). o It threatens the principles of free trade and economic integration that have underpinned the post-World War II economic order. o The U.S. also blocked the appointment of WTO's Appellate Body, effectively crippling WTO's role as an impartial arbiter of trade disputes. Inability to handle emerging challenges: Global institutions created in the last century are not able to effectively address the issues of 21st century such as climate change, cyber-security, data protection etc. o The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the failure of the UN and WHO to bring countries together to respond effectively in times of crisis. Backlash Against Globalization: There has been growing public discontent and political backlash against globalization in many countries. o It is being fueled by concerns over job losses, income inequality, which has led to calls for more inward-looking economic policies. Way Forward Governance Overhaul: Bodies like the UN Security Council must be reconstituted to give greater representation and voice to emerging powers. E.g., expanding the permanent membership. Financing Revamp: Financing should be diversified including tapping private capital and emerging donors, moving away from the dominance of a handful of wealthy nations. Strengthening Enforcement: Rules and commitments negotiated through global institutions need teeth in the form of stronger enforcement and dispute resolution mechanisms. E.g., empowering institutions like UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea). Embracing Technology: From monitoring climate change to verifying disarmament or human rights, institutions must better leverage technologies like AI, satellite monitoring, and digital data collection. o For instance, the Secretary-General has called for UN 2.0 to tackle 21st-century challenges. UN 2.0 would emphasize 5 areas - data, digital solutions, innovation, foresight, and behavioral science. Strengthen the global financial system through robust regulation, supervision, and risk management frameworks to prevent systemic crises. Diversifying Funding Sources: Exploring innovative financing mechanisms, such as voluntary contributions, international taxes, or public-private partnerships. 14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS The choices made in the coming years will determine whether these bodies can rise to meet the challenges or diminish into insignificance. To know more about WTO issues, kindly refer to March 2024 Monthly Current Affairs article on WTO. 2.3. INDIA AND INDONESIA RELATIONS Why in the news? In 2024, India and Indonesia commemorated 75 years of the establishment of diplomatic relations. More about the news Several activities were undertaken to mark 75 years of Track 1.5 Diplomacy in India-Indonesia bilateral ties. o Indonesian embassy organised e-sports show match at the India Gaming Show 2024 in Pune, underscoring the immense potential of esports as a platform for cultural exchange and international cooperation. o Embassy of India in Jakarta, in partnership with Observer Research Foundation hosted the inaugural Jakarta Futures Forum (JFF) in 2024. ✓ JFF is a vision and a commitment from both countries to build a meaningful and inclusive future together. o First-ever “India-Indonesia defence industry exhibition-cum-seminar” organised in Jakarta. Significance of India-Indonesia bilateral relations For both countries Maritime security in the Indian Ocean region: Joint Exercises like Samudra Shakti (Navy), and India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (IND-INDO CORPAT) enhance interoperability between the two navies and facilitate the prevention drug trafficking, maritime terrorism, armed robbery, piracy etc. in the Indian Ocean region. Synergy in the vision for the Indo-pacific region: Both countries agreed on the “Shared Vision of India-Indonesia Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific” and share a similar vision for a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region which respects ASEAN centrality. o India's Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) and Indonesia's Global Maritime Fulcrum vision synergize, enhancing geopolitical engagement. Strategic partnership: Both countries established Strategic Partnership in 2005, later elevated to a New Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2018 ,allowing for new collaboration in field of defence industry, science and technology etc. Cooperation in multilateral forums: Both nations cooperate on matters like maritime security, digital transformation, etc., on multilateral platforms like the G20, Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), East Asia Summit, and the United Nations. Sharing of best practices: India–Indonesia Economic and Financial Dialogue (EFD Dialogue) was launched in July 2023 to provide a distinctive platform for mutual learning and policy coordination. Expanding military-to-military engagements: E.g., INS Sindhukesari docked in Jakarta, as part of military-to-military engagements, for the first time in February 2023 for operational turnaround. Shared history and Cultural values o Both countries participated in the Bandung Conference in 1955, which led to the establishment of the Non- Aligned Movement (1961). 15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o Stories from great epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata form source of Indonesian folk art and dramas. o Bali Yatra is celebrated with a great deal of fervour in both India and Indonesia. o Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre promotes bilateral cultural linkages between India and Indonesia. For India Enhancing India’s Defence exports: Indonesia has expressed interest in the BrahMos missile and Light Combat Aircraft among others. Important trade partner: Indonesia is India’s largest trade partner in ASEAN region. o Total Bilateral Trade between both countries stands at around USD 38.85 Billion (during fiscal year 2022-23) Internationalization of Indian rupee: MoU to promote the use of local currencies for cross- border transactions were signed by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Bank Indonesia (BI) in 2024. Enhancing maritime Connectivity: Under Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) initiative, India is helping in development of port infrastructure especially Sabang port in Aceh, Indonesia. o Sabang port is a deep seaport that would allow India easier access to the Malacca Strait and there is a proposal to establish connectivity to Andaman and Nicobar. For Indonesia Important export destination: India is the 2nd largest buyer of coal and crude palm oil from Indonesia. Humanitarian Assistance: India launched Operation Samudra Maitri to provide humanitarian assistance to Indonesia, post-earthquake and tsunami in 2018. Development Partnership: Indonesia is a major recipient of capacity-building platforms like ITEC (Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme), and Technical Cooperation Scheme (TCS) of the Colombo Plan. Challenges in the relationship Trade Imbalance: The balance of trade favours Indonesia due to India's large imports of palm oil and coal. Unrealized trade potential: As per some estimates bilateral trade potential is US$ 61 billion, 33% higher than current trade. Dominance of China: Indonesia has accepted substantial Chinese investment under the Belt and Road, which has raised concerns. Regulatory and procedural Challenges: o Joint production and defense supplies have failed due to differing acquisition processes. o A special window for addressing Indian investors' concerns has been dysfunctional. Lack of connectivity: Limited direct air connectivity and visa issues have hindered greater people-to-people interactions. Way Forward Tourism Diplomacy: India-Indonesia should establish ‘RICH’- Religious, Cultural & History, theme-based tourism plan to strengthen the sector and people to people exchanges. Enhancing Trade: Need for greater economic cooperation, including accelarating of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) to address trade and investment barriers. Enhance strategic Interfaces: Indonesia, as a neighbour, should consider joining International Solar Alliance, Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, and Global Biofuels Alliance. Substantive Cooperation through Engagement: Both countries shall utilize regional multilateral forums such as the ASEAN Regional Forum, Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), and Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS). 16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2.4. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) Why in the news? ICC prosecutor sought arrest warrants for Israel’s Prime Minister and Hamas leaders for committing crimes against humanity and war crimes. More about the news Earlier, in March 2023, ICC issued arrest warrant against Russian President in the context of situation in Ukraine. Consequences of the ICC issuing arrest warrants: The accused would be arrested and if not, would restrict their freedom of movement, as member states are obliged to arrest the accused. About International Criminal Court (ICC) It is the first international permanent court to investigate and prosecute individuals accused of serious international crimes, ICC’s founding treaty, called the Rome Statute (adopted in 1998 entered into force in 2002), grants the ICC jurisdiction over 4 main crimes (see infographic). Membership: 124 countries are States Parties to Rome Statute of ICC. o India, Israel, the US, Russia and China are not parties to the Rome Statute. o Palestine became the 123rd member (2015) and Malaysia became 124th State party (2019). Assembly of States Parties, with 1 representative from each party, is the Court's management oversight and legislative. Official languages: English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Spanish. Enforcement: ICC’s decisions are binding. o However, it does not have its own police force and relies on State cooperation, which is essential to the arrest and surrender of suspects. Additional Components o Trust Fund for Victims (2004): Provides assistance, support, and reparations to victims. o Detention Centre: Holds detainees in safe, secure, and humane custody. Complementarity Principle: The ICC complements national criminal systems and prosecutes only when states are unwilling or unable to do so genuinely. Jurisdiction of ICC under the Rome Statute In case of Genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes (committed on or after 1 July 2002) which are- o Committed by a State Party national, or in territory of a State Party, or in a State that has accepted the jurisdiction of the Court. 17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o Referred to the ICC Prosecutor by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) under chapter VII of the UN Charter. In case of Crimes of aggression: o Crimes referred to the ICC Prosecutor by the UN Security Council, irrespective of whether it involves States Parties or non-States Parties. o Prosecutor may also initiate an investigation on own initiative or upon request from a State Party. No jurisdiction with respect to any person under age of 18. Limitations of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in Criminal Justice Lack of Enforcement Mechanism as it relies on cooperation with countries for arrests, transfers, asset freezes, and sentence enforcement. o Further, Non-States Parties (such as Israel) have no obligation to cooperate with the Court on its requests for arrest and surrender. o Some major countries are not parties to the ICC. Many State Parties are reluctant to cooperate with the Court’s requests for arrest and surrender. o So far, the ICC has issued 46 arrest warrants, with only 21 of them having been detained with the help of its member states. Insufficient Checks and Balances due to lack of effective oversight on the authority of the ICC prosecutor and judges. Lack of Retrospective Jurisdiction as ICC can only address crimes committed after 1st July 2002, when the Rome Statute came into force. Scarcity of human resources and funds, impacting its efficacy. Allegations of Bias with ICC being criticized as a tool of Western imperialism and biased against weak states, especially Africa. Why did India not join the Rome Statute? Subordination of the ICC to the UN Security Council, may potentially lead to political interference. o As per Article 16 of Rome statute, no investigation may be commenced after the Security Council has requested ICC to that effect. UN Security Council's power to bind non-States Parties to the ICC, violates principles of sovereignty. Wide competence and powers of the ICC prosecutor on a proprio motu basis (without a referral from the Security Council or a state party) could be misused for political purposes. Exclusion of nuclear weapons and terrorism from ICC jurisdiction whose use would constitute a war crime. Conclusion For effective functioning of ICC all States Parties should put in place effective national frameworks to cooperate fully with the ICC. There should be Concrete arrest strategies required to arrest the suspects. Also, ICC member states should focus on electing highly qualified judges with knowledge and experience in criminal law and procedure. 18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2.5. NEWS IN SHORTS 2.5.1. BIMSTEC ACQUIRES ‘LEGAL o BIMSTEC would provide an alternative platform PERSONALITY’ AFTER CHARTER COMES especially after dysfunction of SAARC since 2016. INTO FORCE Challenges: The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical Slow Organizational progress: The charter enforced and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) charter was after 27 years of formation. signed and adopted during the 5th summit of the Absence of a Free Trade Agreement among BIMSTEC grouping in Sri Lanka, in 2022. members: Members involved in bilateral, multilateral With the endorsement of the charter by Nepal, all trade with non-members. member states completed the ratification of the Strained relations between members: Bangladesh- foundational document and the charter came into Myanmar relations over the Rohingya refugee crisis, force on May 20, 2024. the India-Nepal border issue, etc. About BIMSTEC Charter o BIMSTEC Charter is a foundational document that 2.5.2. SECOND INDIA-US STRATEGIC outlines the goals, principles, and structure of the DIALOGUE ON AFRICA HELD IN BIMSTEC. WASHINGTON DC o Charter confers legal personality on the grouping Dialogue aims to share ideas and explore ways to and paves the way for external partnerships and develop institutional, technical and bilateral synergies admission of observers and new members. to work together in Africa. This is the first such dialogue on Africa between India and the US after the inclusion of the African Union as a permanent member of the G20 during India’s presidency of the G20. Significance of Africa for India o Strategic: Africa is vital for India’s maritime security, protect trade in the Indian Ocean Region from piracy, etc. o Economic: Africa's vast natural resources, including oil, gas, minerals, etc., and growing market provide both demand-side and supply-side opportunities for the Indian businesses. o Energy Security: Collaboration in the renewable energy sector, such as under International Solar Alliance, aligns with shared goals of sustainable development. o Multilateral: Cooperation with African countries in multilateral forums like UN, Commonwealth, and Non-Aligned Movement enhances India's global influence and prospects of South-South cooperation. Challenges in India-Africa Relations o China factor: China's growing influence in Africa through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and investments poses a challenge to India's interests. o Security: Persistent conflicts and political instability in parts of Africa pose risks to Indian investments, expatriates, and development Significance for India projects. o Give boost to India’s Act East and Neighbourhood o Racial tensions: African students complain of First policy. harassment and discrimination. o It acts as a bridge between South Asia and SouthEast Asia. 19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Achievements of Telecom Diplomacy o Indian companies have exported Rs 25200 crores worth of telecom equipment and accessories 2023-24. o Securing Indian Interests and leadership positions in international forums ✓ India's active participation at the World Radio Conference (WRC) resulted in safeguarding spectrum for Indian operations in airspace and sea and enabling future 5G deployments. o The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA) will be held for the first time in India (October 2024, New Delhi) to decide the future direction of standards for the next generation of telecommunication systems. 2.5.4. ANIMAL DIPLOMACY Malaysia is aiming to improve its environmental image by putting forward “orangutan diplomacy”, a type of Animal diplomacy. About Animal Diplomacy o Involves giving or lending animals as a sign of friendship or goodwill between countries. ✓ These creatures possess cultural significance or are indigenous to the country that gifts them. o Considered as an element of soft power. o Key Examples: China’s panda diplomacy; Australia’s koala diplomacy, etc. o Ethical Concern: Animals are being used as a 2.5.3. INDIA’S TELECOM DIPLOMACY means (considering them as an object) to fulfil interest of Nations. India celebrated its ‘Telecom Diplomacy’ on World Telecommunication and Information Society Day. 2.5.5. SOUTH-CHINA SEA Telecom Diplomacy has helped attract new business Philippines denied China’s claim on agreement over ventures, forge partnerships, and demonstrate India's disputed South China Sea’s Second Thomas Shoal. commitment to secure its leadership position in the South China Sea is a part of western Pacific Ocean global telecommunications landscape. stretching roughly from Singapore and the Strait of Steps taken for Telecom Diplomacy Malacca in the southwest, to the Strait of Taiwan in the o Strategic Partnerships with partner countries and northeast. Telecom chip companies: 'US-India OpenRadio Key Disputes in the South-China Sea: Nine-dash line Access (ORAN) Network Acceleration Roadmap’. (imaginary line) of China which covers most of the o Exchange of Best Practices: India-USA South China Sea and overlaps with the exclusive collaboration facilitated dialogue on international economzone claims of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, best practices in spectrum allocation, quality of the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. It includes service assurance, etc. o Paracel Islands: Controlled by China but also ✓ The DoT explored potential collaborations to claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam. elevate R&D, foster innovation, and fortify o Spratly Islands: Claimed by China, Taiwan, the startup ecosystem in Quantum Vietnam, Philippines, and Malaysia. Communications within India. ✓ Second Thomas Shoal, a submerged reef is o Transforming India Mobile Congress (IMC): located near this Island. Significant efforts were undertaken to make IMC a o Scarborough Shoal: Claimed by China, Taiwan, and global event like Mobile World Congress by 2025. Philippines. 20 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS To know more about the South China Sea Dispute, refer to Significance: Strengthen multilateralism; represent the Article 2.6 of October 2023 Monthly Current Affairs voice of the global south, etc. Magazine. 2.5.7. GEOPOLITICAL RECESSION 2.5.6. MIDDLE-POWER Political scientist Ian Bremmer defines a geopolitical Middle powers, lacking a universally agreed-upon recession as a situation where established global definition, typically rank below great powers but exert power frameworks are crumbling. influence over global politics. o According to him, like economic recession, o Great powers are countries with a permanent seat Geopolitics have boom and bust cycles, too. on the United Nations Security Council. During geopolitical recession, responding to a crisis Middle powers have extensive diplomatic, economic, becomes significantly more challenging due to the multilateral, and military heft. decreased resilience of political institutions. They comprise: Reasons for current geopolitical recession o Global North countries like Australia, Canada and o Long-term rise of China and the Global South, South Korea. combined with a decline of European and Japanese o Global South nations like India, Argentina, Brazil economic power. and Indonesia. o Tensions over trade between the US and China. 21 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 3. ECONOMY 3.1. INDIA AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS (GVCS) Why in the News? NITI Aayog CEO highlighted the need for India to get into global value chains (GVCs) to boost exports and secure supply chains. What are Global Value Chains (GVCs)? It refers to a production sequence for a final consumer good, with each stage adding value (e.g., production, processing, marketing, transportation, distribution) and with at least two stages taking place in different countries. o For example, a smartphone assembled in China might include graphic design elements from the United States, computer code from France, and silicone chips from Singapore. As per OECD, an estimated 70 % of trade occurs through GVC. Countries can participate in GVCs by engaging in either backward or forward linkages based on their economic specialisation. o Backward linkages: when one country uses inputs from another country for domestic production. ✓ For example, India imports cotton fabric from Italy to make and export shirts. o Forward linkages: when one country supplies inputs/intermediate goods that are used for production in another country. ✓ For Example, India supplies auto components to a German automaker for use in car production. Importance of Global Value Chains (GVCs) Increase in Productivity: By accessing a variety of cheaper or higher quality imported inputs, increased knowledge sharing, leveraging economies of scale in firms and higher value added (most productive) tasks etc. Reduced Poverty: According to the World Bank, a 1% increase in GVC participation is estimated to boost per capita income levels by more than 1% (about twice as much as conventional trade). Employment Creation: GVCs can lead to the creation of more jobs when they catalyze structural transformation or generate new linkages in and around the chain. o For example, In Bangladesh, the emergence of the GVC-oriented export apparel sector has significantly contributed to employment. Labour intensive and female-driven: In sectors most intensively traded in GVCs (such as apparel, footwear, and electronics) lower-skilled, young, female workers account for the largest share of employment. Greater scope for Specialisation: Due to the international fragmentation of production and unbundling of operations, countries no longer need to create complete products or value chains. o Instead, they can create targeted industries for a particular stage of production along the value chain that suits their existing level of capability. E.g., Integration of Vietnam into global textile value chains. India’s participation in GVC Low Participation: India’s GVC-related trade (as per cent of gross trade was at 40.3% in 2022) is significantly low, not only when compared to large economies like the United States, China, and Japan but also, smaller countries like South Korea and Malaysia. 22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o Although, the post-COVID-19 redistribution of supply chains has given an opportunity to India to increase its participation. Low export of Network products: such as electronics, computers, telecommunication equipment and vehicles for which GVCs are the dominant mode of production, account for only 10% of India’s total merchandise exports. Key products driving India’s GVC participation: include coal and petroleum, business services, chemicals, transport equipment etc. Predominance on forward linkages: India still depends heavily on exports of raw materials and intermediate products. Reasons behind India’s weak GVC integration Poor trade infrastructure: GVCs often require tight production schedules. For example, smartphones and laptops need rapid production to keep up with technology trends. o The poor quality of road and rail infrastructure, subpotimal regional integration etc. adversely impact GVC integration. Uncertainty in trade and tariff policy: Average tariffs in India have jumped to 18.1 % (2022) from 13% (2014), which in turn has made India uncompetitive with respect to countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, Mexico etc. Suboptimal quality standards: For example, due to high export standards and strict delivery pressures, Indian garment firms find it easier to supply to the domestic market. Biased towards capital-Incentive Sector: Despite having comparative advantages in unskilled labour-intensive manufacturing activities, India’s commodity composition of exports is biased towards capital- and skill-intensive products. Lack of information: Information regarding markets, partners, EXIM (Export-Import) rules, and even trade finance plays an important role for companies in creating partnerships. Domestic policy challenges: Complex tax policies and procedures, complex labour laws, and uncertainty in trade policy create obstacles in efforts to scale up production in India. Measures Taken to Integrate India in GVC Foreign Trade Policy 2023: It aims at process re-engineering and automation to facilitate ease of doing business for exporters. Production linked incentive (PLI) scheme for large scale Electronics manufacturing: Launched in 2020, it has encouraged GVC participation. E.g., 3 of Apple Inc’s contract manufacturers have set up manufacturing bases in India. One District One Product- Districts as Export Hubs (ODOP-DEH) initiative: To focus on districts of the country as unit for converting into a manufacturing and export hub by identifying products with export potential in the district. Make-in-India Initiative: It was launched in 2014 for making India a hub for manufacturing, design and innovation o In is one of the key reasons for FDI equity inflow in the manufacturing sector between 2014 and 2022 increasing by 57%. Way forward Improving the Business Environment: o Ensuring clarity on dispute settlement in the post-Bilateral Investment Treaty system. o Promoting financial access by improving creditworthiness assessments (especially for SMEs). o Ensuring early Implementation of New labour Codes. Facilitating Trade: o Establishing stable tariff rules. o Simplifying and streamlining border procedures. ✓ Establishing a National Trade Network (an online platform for all export-import compliance processes) o Implementing the Indian National Strategy on Standardisation to increase firms’ capacity to meet international standards. Stabilizing regulatory environment: Tax regulations and procedures must be uniformly implemented. Further, these should align with trade policies to assist firms in scaling up production. Target High-Value GVC Segments: Focus on high-value segments of GVCs, such as product conceptualization, design, prototype development, and after-sales services etc. Promote labour-intensive Sector: Domestic firms in the labour-intensive sector need to be incentivised to undertake activities which enable participation in GVCs. 23 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 3.2. RBI SURPLUS TRANSFER Why in the news? Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved highest-ever surplus transfer of Rs 2.11 lakh crore to government for FY24 which is more than double the previous year’s ₹86,416 crore. More about the news The sharp jump in the surplus amount could be attributed to higher income from the forex holding of the central bank, among other factors. The surplus transfer is for the fiscal year 2023-2024, but will reflect in the government’s account in the fiscal year 2024 - 25. About RBI Surplus Surplus implies excess of income over expenditure. RBI’s total expenditure is only about 1/7th of its total net interest income, thereby generating surplus. RBI’s Income RBI’s Expenditure Interest on holding of Rupee Securities (RS): Interest The RBI incurs a major chunk of its expenditure in making Risk earned on holding RS adjusted with Profit/Loss on sale Provisions. There are two risk provisions of the Reserve Bank, and redemption, Depreciation and Amortization of RS. viz., Contingency Fund (CF) and Asset Development Fund Interest earned on LAF and MSF operations: Net (ADF). interest earned on Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) o CF: kept for unforeseen contingencies like depreciation of and Marginal Standing Facility (MSF). securities values, risks from monetary rate policy, etc. Interest earned on Loans & Advances: Interest income o ADF: It represents provisions made towards investments on loans and advances extended to Central and State in subsi