VisionIAS Monthly Current Affairs October 2023 PDF

October  Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________4 3.5.5. Reserve Bank of India (Treatment of Wilful 1.1. Capacity Building of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) 4 Defaulters an...

October  Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________4 3.5.5. Reserve Bank of India (Treatment of Wilful 1.1. Capacity Building of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) 4 Defaulters and Large Defaulters) Directions, 2023 1.2. Criminalization of Politics _________________ 6 released_____________________________________ 47 3.5.6. Card-on-File Tokenization (CoFT) ____________ 48 1.3. Parliamentary Privileges of Lawmakers ______ 8 3.5.7. 52nd Goods and Services Tax Council (GST) Council 1.4. Inter-State Water Dispute ________________ 10 Meeting held _________________________________ 48 1.5. Role of Technology in Public Services Delivery 13 3.5.8. National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) 1.6. Consumer Protection in India _____________ 14 ___________________________________________ 48 1.7. Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest 3.5.9. IRDAI issued Bima Vahak guidelines (BHG) ____ 48 Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 16 3.5.10. Critical and Strategic Minerals _____________ 49 1.8. News in Shorts _________________________ 18 3.5.11. India Smart Cities Awards Contest (ISCAC) 2022 1.8.1. 'Unlawful Association' under UAPA, 1967 _____ 18 ___________________________________________ 49 1.8.2. Online Registration of First Information Reports 3.5.12. Goa Roadmap for Tourism ________________ 49 (FIR) _______________________________________ 18 3.5.13. Scheme for Remission of Duties and Taxes on 1.8.3. Centre claims Aadhaar as the most trusted digital Exported Products (RoDTEP) ____________________ 49 ID in the world _______________________________ 19 3.5.14. Automatic ‘Status Holder’ Certificates _______ 49 1.8.4. Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 3.5.15. Project Mariana ________________________ 50 ___________________________________________ 19 3.5.16. Global Innovation Index (GII) 2023__________ 50 1.8.5. Sarna Code _____________________________ 20 3.5.17. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) _____ 50 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ______________21 3.5.18. Emerging-Market Bond Index (EMBI)________ 51 2.1. Israel-Hamas War ______________________ 21 4. SECURITY _____________________________ 52 2.1.1. Yom Kippur War _________________________ 23 4.1. Separatism ____________________________ 52 2.2. India Canada Relations __________________ 25 4.2. India’s Anti-Terrorism Approach ___________ 53 2.3. India South Korea ______________________ 26 4.2.1. National Investigation Agency (NIA)__________ 54 2.4. India Maldives _________________________ 28 4.3. News in Shorts _________________________ 55 2.5. United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) 4.3.1. New Indian Air Force (IAF) Ensign ___________ 55 _________________________________________ 31 4.3.2. Sonobuoys______________________________ 56 4.3.3. SIMBEX Exercise _________________________ 56 2.6. South China Sea ________________________ 33 2.7. Nagorno-Karabakh Region _______________ 34 5. ENVIRONMENT ________________________ 57 2.8. News in Shorts _________________________ 35 5.1. Global Infrastructure Resilience ___________ 57 2.8.1. India UAE sign RuPay Domestic Card Scheme (DCS) 5.2. Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) _________ 59 Agreement __________________________________ 35 5.3. News in Shorts _________________________ 61 2.8.2. International Criminal Court (ICC) ___________ 36 5.3.1. Coral Reef Breakthrough __________________ 61 2.8.3. Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 36 5.3.2. Sustainable Finance ______________________ 61 2.8.4. United Nations Convention against Transnational 5.3.3. Net Zero Roadmap _______________________ 62 Organised Crimes (UNTOC) _____________________ 36 5.3.4. Climate Impact, loss & damage in Sundarbans _ 62 2.8.5. Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development 5.3.5. Cutting Methane from Fossil Fuels ___________ 62 ___________________________________________ 37 5.3.6. Decarbonisation of the Cement Industry ______ 63 2.8.6. Indian Ocean Rim Association’s (IORA) _______ 37 5.3.7. India running out of Phosphorus ____________ 63 2.8.7. Inter-Parliamentary Forum (IPU) ____________ 37 5.3.8. Conocarpus Trees ________________________ 64 3. ECONOMY _____________________________39 5.3.9. Amazon River Basin ______________________ 64 5.3.10. Petroleum Coke or Pet Coke ______________ 64 3.1. Contributions of M S Swaminathan ________ 39 5.3.11. Unified Registration Portal for GOBARdhan___ 64 3.2. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) 40 5.3.12. Polyethylene Terephthalate degrading enzyme 3.3. National Turmeric Board _________________ 42 (PET46) _____________________________________ 64 3.4. Nobel Prizes 2023 ______________________ 43 5.3.13. Manis Mysteria (newly discovered species of 3.4.1. Nobel Prize In Economics: Women in Labour Force Pangolin) ____________________________________ 65 ___________________________________________ 43 5.3.14. Damselfly species _______________________ 65 3.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 45 5.3.15. Fish Mint ______________________________ 65 3.5.1. Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Report 2022- 5.3.16. Dancing Frogs __________________________ 65 2023 _______________________________________ 45 5.3.17. Pink Bollworm __________________________ 66 3.5.2. Bond Yield _____________________________ 46 5.3.18. Kamlang Tiger Reserve ___________________ 66 3.5.3. Trade and Development Report 2023 ________ 46 5.3.19. 15-minute cities ________________________ 66 3.5.4. Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) Framework ___ 47 6. SOCIAL ISSUES _________________________ 67 6.1. Supreme Court Judgment on LGBTQIA+ rights 67 1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  6.2. Caste Census __________________________ 69 7.7.3. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) becomes 6.3. Youth-Led Development _________________ 70 a member of Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group (PDG) 6.4. Ageing Population ______________________ 72 __________________________________________ 100 6.5. Nobel Peace Prize 2023: Women Rights _____ 74 7.7.4. Monoclonal Antibody ____________________ 100 7.7.5. R21/Matrix-M (Malaria vaccine) ___________ 101 6.6. Pro-Life vs. Pro-Choice ___________________ 76 7.7.6. Packaging of food products _______________ 101 6.7. Age of Consent _________________________ 78 7.7.7. Protein Binders _________________________ 101 6.8. Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) _______ 79 7.7.8. National Mission on Inter-disciplinary Cyber 6.9. Children’s Prolonged Usage of Social Media _ 81 Physical System (NM-ICPS) _____________________ 101 6.10. Circular Migration _____________________ 83 7.7.9. Gravity battery _________________________ 101 6.11. Global Hunger Index (GHI) ______________ 84 7.7.10. Neanderthals _________________________ 101 6.12. Sports in India ________________________ 85 7.7.11. Green Ammonia _______________________ 102 6.13. News in Shorts ________________________ 87 8. CULTURE ____________________________ 103 6.13.1. Draft Guidelines for Schools to Prevent Suicide 87 8.1. Rural Tourism _________________________ 103 6.13.2. SHRESHTA Scheme ______________________ 88 8.2. Military Systems in Ancient India _________ 105 6.13.3. Identification and Management of Malnutrition in 8.3. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan ___________________ 106 Children ____________________________________ 88 8.4. Rani Durgavati ________________________ 107 6.13.4. SPECS2030 Initiative ____________________ 88 8.5. News in Shorts ________________________ 108 6.13.5. Hakki Pikki Tribe ________________________ 89 8.5.1. Nobel Prize in Literature for 2023 __________ 108 7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ______________90 8.5.2. Toto Language _________________________ 109 7.1. Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 _______________ 90 8.5.3. Arunachal Yak Churpi ____________________ 109 7.2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 ____________ 91 8.5.4. Maa Danteshwari Temple (Chhattisgarh) ____ 109 7.3. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 _ 93 8.5.5. Mewar School of Painting_________________ 109 7.4. Net Neutrality _________________________ 95 8.5.6. 53rd Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement 7.5. Unlocking India’s Spacetech Potential ______ 96 Award _____________________________________ 110 7.6. Asteroids _____________________________ 98 9. ETHICS ______________________________ 111 7.7. News in Shorts _________________________ 99 9.1. Ethics of Lawmakers ____________________ 111 7.7.1. Traditional Medicine on World Health 9.2. AI and Human Rights ___________________ 113 Organisation’s List ____________________________ 99 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________ 116 7.7.2. Ayushman Bhav Campaign _______________ 100 10.1. Prime Minister Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme ________________ 116 Copyright © by Vision IAS All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS. 2 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 3 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 1.1. CAPACITY BUILDING OF URBAN LOCAL BODIES (ULBS) Why in the news? Recently, the Capacity Building Commission (CBC) in collaboration with MoHUA organized a National Workshop on Capacity Building of ULBs to foster a unified approach to capacity building ULBs across India. More on news The Workshop marked the launch of three key initiatives, i.e., o Annual Capacity Building Plan (ACBP) to enhance the capabilities of MoHUA. o ACBP for 6 pilot ULBs i.e. Ahmedabad, Bhubaneswar, Mysuru, Rajkot, Nagpur, and Pune. o Comprehensive Toolkit for preparing Capacity Building Plans for ULBs for providing valuable resources to facilitate the growth and development of ULBs. 4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS About Urban Local Bodies ULBs are small local bodies that administer or govern a city or a town of a specified population. o Urban governance (Local Government) is part of the state list (Entry number 5) under the Constitution. Thus, the administrative framework and regulation of ULBs varies across states. Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992, formally recognised urban local governments as the third tier of government. o The Act provided for the establishment of three types of ULBs: ✓ Nagar panchayats for a ‘transitional area’ ✓ Municipal councils for a ‘smaller urban area’ and ✓ Municipal corporations for a ‘larger urban area’. o It empowered state governments to devolve certain functions, authority, and power to collect revenue from these bodies and made periodic elections for them compulsory. o Functions of ULBs include urban planning including town planning, regulation of land use and construction of buildings, roads and bridges, urban poverty alleviation etc. Measures taken for capacity building of ULBs Capacity Building Scheme for Urban Local Bodies (CBULB): It aims to strengthen urban local governments through capacity building for better governance and financial management as articulated in the 11th Five Year Plan. World Bank-assisted Capacity Building for Urban Development (CBUD) Project: Its objective is to build the capacity of select ULBs, which are centres of economic growth, improve their skills for better urban management and reduce urban poverty. National Urban Digital Mission: Launched in 2021 by MoHUA, it focuses on citizen-centric digital revolution in ULBs in India. It aims to create a shared digital infrastructure working across three pillars of ‘People, Processes and Platform’ to provide a framework for digital governance in the country. o National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) has been appointed to anchor this mission. o Established in 1976, NIUA is a premier institute for research, training and information dissemination in urban development and management. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM): Focuses on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ Parastatal agencies towards citizens. Municipal Bonds: These are financial instruments that municipal corporations and other associated bodies in India issue to raise funds. Challenges associated with Capacity Building of Urban Local Bodies Lack of skills: The personnel engaged in managing urban affairs and municipal services lacks specific skills, especially in areas like socio-economic planning, sustainable urban planning, financial management, and e-governance. Training Curricula: Capacity gaps in municipal employees are augmented by capacity-building deficits in the training institutions. Training curricula are programme-centric or event-based, limiting their utility and further hampering the development of specific skills. o Also, States’ training institutes focus more on general and rural administration rather than on urban governance. Lack of awareness and participation: The disconnect between citizens and ULBs hampers effective communication. This cuts the feedback channel from the citizens, which could act as a key motivator for capacity building. Partial Devolution: The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act enlists the function of local governance bodies. However, in practice, there is a lack of devolution of financial authority resulting in local authorities having greater responsibilities without financial means to fulfil it. 5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o For instance, poor finances of Bihar’s ULBs are due to delays in the release of grants, inadequate devolution of funds, and delays in the revision of tax rates and assessments of landholdings. Way forward Training: Quality training material offering a mix of classroom-based training and on-field training ought to be designed. o Engaging private, academic and non-governmental training and research organisations can further bridge the shortage of capacity- building institutions. Professionalism: Developing a cadre system and provide specific training to create a strong and efficient workforce in municipal departments e.g. engineering disciplines. o Also, lateral hiring of professionals with special skills can be explored into the municipal cadre, especially the larger ULBs for fostering greater municipal professionalism. Awareness generation: Steps should be taken to mobilize citizens, ensure active participation and generate awareness among the public by organising campaigns, engaging academic institutions, NGOs etc. Fiscal Decentralisation: The concept of financial decentralisation is a necessary aspect of effective functioning of Local Governance. The focus should be on providing autonomy in matters of expenditures along with resource mobilisation as far as possible. o This will enhance local institutions' ability to allocate funds for training, and carry out developmental tasks effectively. Convergence: Institutionalising structures of local bodies to enhance coordination among local governance bodies and bring synergy. This will indirectly increase the institutional as well as human resource capacity of the ULBs. 1.2. CRIMINALIZATION OF POLITICS Why in the News? Recently released a report titled ‘Analysis of Sitting MPs from Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha of India 2023’ was released. More about News It was released by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) and National Election Watch. Key Findings o Sitting MPs with criminal cases: 40% of Sitting MPs have declared criminal cases against themselves. o Sitting MPs with serious criminal cases: 25% of Sitting MPs have declared serious criminal cases including cases related to murder, attempt to murder, etc. o State with Highest Percentage of Sitting MPs with Criminal Cases: Highest Percentage of Sitting MPs with Criminal Cases in State/UTs: Lakshadweep>Kerala>Bihar>Maharashtra. ADR was established in 1999 by a group of professors from the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Ahmedabad. o Its goal is to improve governance and strengthen democracy by continuous work in the area of Electoral and Political Reforms. 6 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Impact of Criminalization of Politics Institutionalized corruption and trust erosion: Corruption thrives when the rule of law is disregarded and paired with the criminality of politics. o India ranked 85th out of 180 countries, according to the 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. o Also, when politicians with criminal backgrounds hold public office, it can erode public trust in the political system. Criminalization of Political Parties: This is because the criminal elements can gain control of political parties and using them for their benefit. Inner-party democracy also gets adversely impacted. Affects working of investigation and prosecution agencies: Nexus between criminal-politician has the tendency to influence the working of agencies. o The Supreme Court in 2017 termed Central Bureau of Investigation as a “caged parrot” and “its master’s voice”. Decline in conviction rate: As per SC amicus curiae report (2022)- 5,097 cases are pending against lawmakers across the country. Affect conducting of free and fair elections: Due to the use of money and muscle power in elections by criminals the elections are not conducted in a free and a fair manner. o The Centre for Media Studies reported that around $8 billion was spent during 2019 Lok Sabha general elections. Measures to check Criminalization of Politics Legislative Measures: Section 8(3) of the Representation of People Act, 1951 says any lawmaker sentenced to at least two years in jail remains disqualified for six years upon their release. o Such a disqualification is enabled by Article 102 (1) of the Constitution of India, which says a lawmaker can be disqualified under any law enacted by the Parliament. o Similar provision exists for the states under Article 191(1). Various Commission/committees Electoral reforms: Judicial Pronouncements N.N. Vohra Committee Report (1993) on Criminalization o Union of India vs. Association for Democratic of Politics stated that the nexus between the criminal gangs, police, bureaucracy and politicians has come out Reforms (2002): SC stated that electors have a clearly in various parts of the country. fundamental right to know the antecedents of Other Commissions: National Commission to Review candidates. It states ‘right to be informed’ as a right the Working of the Constitution (2001), Second flowing from freedom of speech and expression. Administrative Reforms Commission (2008), etc. o Peoples Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v Union of India (2004): SC declared Section 33B of Representation of Peoples Act 1951 as unconstitutional and void. 7 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  ✓ The section allowed candidates to furnish information only under the Act. o Lily Thomas v Union of India (2013): SC ruled that Section 8(4) of the Representation of People Act (1951) as unconstitutional. ✓ Section 8(4) of the RP Act earlier allowed convicted MPs, MLAs and MLCs to continue in their posts, provided they appealed against their conviction/sentence in higher courts within three months of the date of judgment by the trial court. o Public Interest Foundation v. Union of India (2018): SC ordered political parties to publish the criminal records of their candidates on their websites, social media handles, and newspapers. o Rambabu Singh Thakur v Sunil Arora (2020): SC re-iterated the Court’s 2018 directions and directed the Election Commission to report to the Supreme Court any non-compliance by political parties. Way forward Lifetime ban for convicts from polls: Election Commission of India had mentioned it in the electoral reforms proposals published by it in 2004 and 2016. Hybrid electoral System: As suggested by 170th Law Commission Report on the hybrid system i.e., 75% through first past the post (FPTP) and 25% through proportional system. o As per experts, FPTP encourages candidates to spend humongous amount in every election. Punishment for filing of false affidavits: The Law Commission in its 244th Report titled ‘Electoral Disqualification’, suggested punishment should be enhanced to a minimum 2 years imprisonment and such an offence must also be made a ground for disqualification. Internal democracy for political parties: The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) Report suggested a dedicated legislation for inner-party democracy. Amending the Representation of The People Act, 1950: To debar the persons from contesting elections against whom heinous nature crimes are pending. Other Reforms: Right to recall, State funding of elections, Fast tracking judicial process, etc. for improving the election ecosystem of India. Related News Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) and National Election Watch also released report ‘Analysis of Sitting MPs/MLAs with Declared Cases Related to Hate Speech’. Key highlights: A total of 107 Current MPs (33) and MLAs (74) have declared cases related to hate speech. About Hate Speech The Law Commission Report no. 267 of March 2017 on Hate Speech states that “Hate Speech” has not been defined in any law in India. o However, legal provisions in certain legislations (like Section 153A, 153B, 295A of IPC) prohibit select forms of speech as an exception to freedom of speech. 1.3. PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGES OF LAWMAKERS Why in the news? Recently, the Supreme Court set up a seven-judge bench headed by the Chief Justice of India for reconsideration of its 1998 five-judge Constitution bench judgement in the P V Narasimha Rao case. More on the news The 1998 judgement of the P V Narasimha Rao vs. State case came in the backdrop of the 1993 JMM (Jharkhand Mukti Morcha) bribery case. As per the judgement, legal immunity granted to legislators under Articles 105(2) and 194(2) of the Constitution protects them against criminal prosecution on bribery charges for any speech or vote in Parliament. o SC has now decided to reconsider this precedent. About Parliamentary Privileges Parliamentary privileges are a legal immunity enjoyed by members of legislatures, in which legislators are granted protection against civil or criminal liability for certain actions done or statements made in the course of their legislative duties. 8 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  So far, neither Parliament nor any Breach of privilege State legislature has enacted any If an individual or authority disregards or undermines a parliamentary legislation that defines the powers, privilege of a member or the House, it is called a ‘Breach of privilege’. privileges and immunities of the Contempt of the House Houses, or that of its members and Breach of privilege is different from Contempt of the House. committees. It defined as “any act or omission which- o It should be noted here that the o obstructs or impedes either House of Parliament in the performance of Parliament, till now, has not its functions, or o which obstructs or impedes any member or officer of such House in the made any special law to discharge of his duty, or exhaustively codify all the o which has a tendency directly or indirectly, to produce such results”. privileges. They are based on five Punishment for a Breach of privilege or Contempt of the house sources, namely, A person found guilty of breach of privileges or contempt can be ✓ Constitutional provisions, reprimanded, warned or sent to prison. ✓ Various laws made by The period for which the House can commit an offender to custody or prison Parliament, for contempt is limited to the duration of the session of the House. ✓ Rules of both the Houses, In case its member is found guilty, the MP can be suspended from the House ✓ Parliamentary conventions, or face expulsion. and ✓ Judicial interpretations. Parliament is the sole authority to ascertain if there has been a breach or contempt of the House— no court is entrusted with this power. o A member of the House can raise a question involving a breach of privilege with the consent of the Chairman or Speaker. What are the provisions that grant legislators immunity from prosecution? Article 105 deals with the powers and privileges of both Houses of Parliament and its members and committees. o Similarly, Article 194 outlines the corresponding powers, privileges and immunities of State legislatures and their members and committees. Right to Prohibit Publication of Proceedings: Article 105(2) stipulates that no person shall be liable in respect of the publication by or under the authority of either House of Parliament of any report, paper, votes or proceedings”. o A similar provision exists for Members of the Legislature of a State under Article 194(2). Freedom of Speech in Parliament: Freedom of speech available to the members on the floor of the House is different from that available to the citizens under Article 19(2). o Article 105(2) states that “No member is liable to any proceedings in any court for anything said or any vote given by him in Parliament or its committees”. This freedom is subject to the provisions of the Constitution and to the rules and procedures of the parliament, as stated under Article 118 of the Constitution. o However, Article 121 restricts members from discussing the conduct of judges of the Supreme Court and High Court. Freedom from Arrest: Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 provides that members can enjoy freedom from arrest in any civil case 40 days before and after the adjournment of the house and also when the house is in session. o However, this privilege is limited to civil cases. An MP doesn’t enjoy any immunity against action in a criminal case, during the session or otherwise. 9 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Privileges based on Rules of Procedure and precedents: Parliament reserves the right to receive immediate information of the arrest, detention, conviction, imprisonment, and release of a member on a criminal charge or for a criminal offence. Right to Exclude Strangers: Members of the house have the power and right to exclude strangers who are not members of the house from the proceedings. This right is essential for securing free and fair discussion in the house. o Also, as per the provisions of Article 122, the validity of any proceeding of Parliament can’t be inquired into by a court on the grounds of alleged irregularity of procedure. Need for reform in Parliamentary Privileges Applicability: The scope and limitations of parliamentary privilege are yet to be ascertained. In some instances, privileges shield lawmakers from prosecution as civil cases cannot be initiated when the House is in session. Misuse: There have been instances of misuse of powers and rights by the members of the Parliament and Legislative Assembly resulting in violation of fundamental rights of citizens. Lack of oversight: Absence of a clear mechanism to prevent members of the house from using privileges for personal or official gains/interest. Lack of procedure: Parliament has yet to lay down a set of procedures to deal with instances of breach of privilege and is solely guided by exigencies. o For example, lack of clarity on whether a hearing must be given to the accused or whether he/she must be given a right of legal representation etc. Against Natural justice: Breach of privilege laws allows politicians to judge their own cases. It leads to a conflict of interest, violates the principle of separation of Power under Article 50 and goes against the tenants of a fair trial. Violates constitutionalism: The absence of codified privileges gives unlimited power to the house to decide when and how a breach of privilege occurs. Way Forward Providing immunity to parliamentarians is essential. However, urgent steps are required to ensure constitutionalism such as codifying privileges, establishing standard operating procedures in case of breach of privilege etc. Also, Parliament can establish clear boundaries by enacting specific legislation to monitor the misuse of parliamentary privileges by its members. 1.4. INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTE Why in the news? Recently, the Union Cabinet approved the terms of reference to Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal-II (KWDT-II) under the Inter-State River Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956. More on news About SYL canal and the associated issue KWDT-II will distribute the Krishna water, SYL is a 214-km long canal for sharing waters of Ravi and Beas rivers allocated to 'undivided’ Andhra Pradesh, between Haryana and Punjab, of which 122 km was to be in Punjab and between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. 92 km in Haryana. o Krishna is an east-flowing river that o It was planned in 1966 after Haryana was carved out of Punjab. originates at Mahabaleshwar in Haryana completed its stretch of SYL Canal in 1980, while Punjab kept Maharashtra and merges with the citing Riparian Principles and non-availability of its water. o Riparian Principles states that owner of land adjacent to a water Bay of Bengal, flowing through body has the right to use water. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana Punjab argues that many areas in state may go dry after 2029 due to and Andhra Pradesh. over-exploitation of groundwater. Also, the Supreme Court criticised the Haryana argues that its southern parts of state are facing water Punjab government for its slow progress problem due to depleted groundwater. It claims that it has been denied in constructing the Sutlej-Yamuna Link its rightful share in water. (SYL) canal and asked the Centre to conduct a survey of the land designated for the canal to assess the work’s status. 10 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS About Krishna Water Dispute In 1969, Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal-I (KWDT) was set up under the ISRWD Act, 1956. It divided 2060 TMC (Thousand Million Cubic feet) of Krishna water at 75% dependability. o 75% dependability of a catchment implies that 2060 TMC of water can be reliably extracted from a catchment area 75% of the time, considering the natural variability in water availability due to factors such as precipitation, evaporation, and infiltration. KWDT-II, instituted in 2004, made allocations of Krishna water at 65% dependability and for surplus flows. In 2014 after the creation of Telangana as a separate state, Andhra Pradesh asked to include Telangana as a separate party at KWDT and that the allocation of Krishna waters be reworked among four states, instead of three. o However, Maharashtra and Karnataka are now arguing that Telangana was created following bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, the allocation of water should be from Andhra Pradesh’s share which was approved by the tribunal. Factors responsible for Inter-State Water Dispute Asymmetrical access to river water: When a river flows across a boundary between the states, the upstream state is usually at an advantage. Creating an asymmetry between upstream and downstream states. Rising Water Demand: The total water demand in India is projected to increase by 22% and 32% in 2025 and 2050 respectively. The rising demand has put stress on limited water reserves further aggravating the Inter-State water dispute. Lack of clarity on Water usage Rights: Under Schedule VII of the Indian Constitution, the power to use water for storage, electricity, irrigation etc. is mentioned under the State list and ‘interstate water’ under the Union list. o However, these powers are interconnected and usage by one State affects usage by other States, thus creating ambiguity on water usage rights. Lack of an integrated approach: Water governance architecture in India is based on a fragmented piecemeal approach. It relies on numerical measures such as arithmetic hydrology, surplus, deficit etc. ignoring the social, ecological, and cultural processes associated with water. 11 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Other issues: o MSPs of rice and wheat led to a manifold increase in water demand, thereby resulting in interstate water conflicts (e.g. Krishna, Cauvery, Teesta basins or SYL between Punjab and Haryana). o Boundaries of states in India have continued to alter, based on cultural and political factors. Mechanism to deal with Inter-State Water Dispute Under Seventh Schedule of Constitution, o Entry 17 of State List reads "Water, that is to say water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of entry 56 of List I (Union List)". o Entry 56 of List I provide that "Regulation and development of inter-State rivers and river valleys to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest". Article 262: It says that Parliament by law may provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control over the waters of, or in, any inter-state river or river valley. In the exercise of the power conferred by Article 262 of the Constitution, Parliament has enacted two laws: o Inter-State Water Disputes (ISWD) Act, 1956: Under it, a State Government which has a water dispute with another State Government may request the Central Government to refer the dispute to a tribunal for adjudication. o River Boards Act, 1956: It was made for the setting up of River Boards by the central government for the regulation and development of inter-state rivers and river valleys. National Water Policy 2012: It seeks to address issues such as scarcity of water, inequities in its distribution and the lack of a unified perspective in planning, management and use of water resources. Challenges associated with resolving Inter-State Water Dispute Delayed Resolution: There are prolonged proceedings and delays in the disposal of river water disputes. For example, it took 11 years for the Godavari water dispute tribunal to give its decision. Ambiguity: Article 262 deters the Supreme Court from adjudicating interstate river water disputes. However, Article 136 empowers the SC to hear appeals against the tribunal’s orders, further causing ambiguity in the implementation of tribunal orders. Politicisation of disputes: Some political parties are using interstate water disputes as avenues for pursuing political goals. Lack of Multidisciplinary approach: Tribunals in India primarily consists of members from the judiciary thus lack inputs from specialist such as ecologists hampering the quality of orders. Way forward Enabling Cooperation: Fundamental strategic shift, away from the current reliance on conflict resolution is required. Also, there is a need for deeper integration of states in deliberative processes, and strengthening cooperative federalism. Basin Approach: Focus on ecological restoration, conservation of river ecosystem, balancing of water supply and demand for human use and regional approach for effective management of river water. Multi-Disciplinary Approach: Institutional structure of Water Management Board should include experts from multiple disciplines such as environmentalists, geographers etc. This will enhance the efficacy of water boards in providing ecological and environmentally friendly solutions. Water Policy: To resolve water disputes on reasonable and equitable lines, certain parameters must be made part of the water policy. o These parameters include the extent of the river basin drainage area in each State; Contribution of water to the river basin by each State; Climate and dependent population in the river basin; Extent of arid and semi-arid areas in each State etc. 12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.5. ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN PUBLIC SERVICES DELIVERY Why in the News? The Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG) of India has emphasized on the need for increased use of IT systems and technology in service delivery to the citizens. Technology and Linkage with public service delivery Digital government services (also called e-government) are defined as service delivery within government — as well as between government and the public — using information and communication technologies. Traditionally, government services have been delivered in person, by individual departments in different locations, and often using paper forms. With digital services, government can deliver information and services to citizens anytime, anywhere, and on any platform or device. Significance of Technology in Services delivery Saves time and money for the Citizens as they need not travel to different government offices and stand in queues to get their work done o e-Hastakshar service facilitates instant e-signing of documents online by citizens in a legally acceptable form without having to visit government offices Increases the efficiency of Government departments as the digital records can be shared easily and maintained for later references o Vehicles Data from different State Registers are collected and processed in VAHAN platform of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Eliminates the Ghost beneficiaries and leakages to a larger extent as the digital records can be updated dynamically and the leakages can be traced back easily o The linking the Aadhar cards to the respective job cards of MGNREGA, lakhs of Ghost beneficiaries were identified and removed Increases the accountability and reduces corruption, as the origin or initiator of a particular transaction can be traced back to the system from where it began. o The detailed information available to the citizens in the platforms, enables them to understand rules and regulations better and even raise complaints on erring officers The combination of data harnessed from various sources, can be mined to design better public policies o The linking of the PAN card and Aadhar card helps the exchequer to collect data on persons earning above a threshold income for reducing black money and increasing the tax collection. Technological challenges in service delivery Digital divide among the people, where a majority of them are yet to get accustomed to digital world and its applications. 13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Lack of skilled workforce within the government, which makes it difficult for them to adapt technology at a major scale. Cyber security threat, is a major concern as these services are also to handle important data of government and public. Lack of sufficient digital infrastructure in the government establishments across the country. Lack of interoperability in most services makes them work in isolation rather than as a collective network. Way forward Enhancing the digital literacy among the population and highlighting its advantage in the society. Creating a skilled workforce through various skilling programs in order to meet the demand. Legal framework to enhance the data protection within the country. Enhancing the Cyber security infrastructure in the country. Improving the digital infrastructure and enhancing the interoperability of the services to widen the scope of the services. 1.6. CONSUMER PROTECTION IN INDIA Why in the news? Recent finding suggests that the pendency in the consumer commissions has shown a declining trend (from 5.55 lakhs in December 2022 to 5.45 lakhs in September 2023). Who is a Consumer? Under the Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 2019, a consumer is a person who buys any goods or avails services for a consideration, which has been paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any scheme of deferred payment. o It applies to both offline and online transactions through electronic means or by teleshopping or direct selling or multilevel marketing. However, any person who obtains goods or avails services for resale or commercial purposes is not treated as a consumer and is outside the scope of CPA 2019. Need for Consumer Protection in India Informed Choice: There has been an increase in the supply of duplicate/defective products in the market. CPA through its compliance mechanisms and rules encourages information dissemination about the products. Checking Malpractices: Prevent and combat unfair trade practices such as black marketing and hoarding and keep a check on practices that manipulate market prices. 14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o For instance, some drug manufacturers charge high premiums on essential medicines, negatively affecting the consumer. Also, some pharmaceutical companies misuse their patent rights to exploit consumers. Misleading advertising: Many businesses purposefully deceive consumers by presenting deceptive/false advertisements giving consumers an incorrect or partial understanding of a product or service. Thus, violating the consumers ‘right to know’ about what they are buying. Grievance Redressal: To provide effective redressal mechanisms for consumers and address complaints in cases such as the sale of adulterated products etc. and simultaneously hold the businesses accountable. Economic growth and competitiveness: Consumer protection contributes to dynamic and effective markets for businesses to grow. o The resultant consumer demand in turn drives innovation and economic development as businesses are required to maintain fair prices and good quality of their products and services. Measures Taken for Consumer Protection in India Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 2019: It provides for the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) to regulate matters relating to violation of the rights of consumers, unfair trade practices etc. Consumer Protection (Jurisdiction of District Commission, State Commission and National Commission) Rules, 2021: To provide simple, speedy, and inexpensive redressal of consumer disputes, CPA 2019 envisages 3-tier quasi- judicial machinery at National, State and District levels. ConfoNet Project: It stands for Computerization and Computer Networking of Consumer Fora in the country. It was implemented in the backdrop of CPA, 1986. o It aims to improve operational efficiency, coordination, accessibility, and speed in judicial administration and to set Information Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure at Consumer Redressal commissions all over India. Integrated Grievance Address Mechanism (INGRAM) portal: It was developed under the aegis of the Department of Consumer Affairs to create awareness, advise, and redress consumer grievances and act as a central registry for lodging consumer grievances. E-Daakhil Portal: It provides a hassle-free, speedy and inexpensive facility to consumers around the country to conveniently approach the relevant consumer forum, dispensing the need to travel and be physically present. Certification markers: To protect and sensitize consumers regarding quality standards. Different certification marks in India Certification marks on a commercial product are usually called a mark of validity or an assurance of the fact that the manufacturer has tested the product and has ensured that it meets the given quality standard. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), which comes under the aegis of the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO standards), govern all industrial standardization and industrial product certifications in India. 15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Challenges associated with Consumer Protection in India Pendency in cases: Despite the decreasing trend, the absolute number of pending cases at both state and national levels is huge. This results in long waiting periods and delays in dispute resolution. Vacancies in institutions: There is a lack of infrastructure and manpower in consumer forums (e.g., Pune, Delhi etc.), leading to inefficiency in addressing consumer complaints. Issue of clarity vis-à-vis roles and powers: There is a lack of clarity regarding Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) roles related to investigations and inquiries and search and seizure function. o Also, the scope of CCPA powers in matters of investigation leading to product recall or penalisation of manufacturers is unclear. Rights vs Duties: The realisation of consumer responsibility towards ensuring the protection of their own interest along with the development of conscious consumerism is the essence of consumer protection. However, the CPA does not lay down consumer duties/ responsibilities exclusively. Way Forward Advertisements: Governments should collaborate with manufacturers, distributors and consumer organizations, to develop advertising codes and standards for regulating information provided in advertisements. Safety and Quality: National standards and regulations for product safety and quality should be reviewed regularly to ensure conformity with international standards. Awareness: For safeguarding the well-being and interests of consumers through education, mobilization and representation. o The government in collaboration with NGOs should publish periodicals to impart knowledge about consumer problems, legal reporting and redressal measures and organise awareness campaigns. E.g. JagoGrahakJago. Roles and Responsibilities: CCPA’s roles concerning investigations and inquiries and search and seizure operations should be clearly outlined in matters such as product recalls, appeals, etc. Enlisting Duties: Regulations can explicitly mention consumer duties to guide to ensure a responsible consumption ecosystem. o For example, the Jamaican Government recognises both rights and duties of the consumer and publishes these on their official website. 1.7. SCHEDULED TRIBES AND OTHER TRADITIONAL FOREST DWELLERS (RECOGNITION OF FOREST RIGHTS) ACT, 2006 Why in the News? Recently it has been reported that the states have rejected nearly 40% of the land claims under Forest Right Act. About Forest Right Act (FRA), 2006 Before the enactment of this act, earlier acts did not recognize the symbiotic relationship of the STs with the forests and their dependence on the forest. Section 3(1)(a) of the FRA recognizes the right of the forest dwelling tribal communities (FDSTs) and other traditional forest dwellers (OTFDs) to hold and live in the forest land for habitation or for self- cultivation for livelihood. Types of Rights under Section 3 of FRA Act o Individual Forest Rights (IFR): Right to hold and live in the forest land under the individual or common occupation for habitation or for self-cultivation for livelihood. o Community Forest Rights (CFR): Seeks to restore all customary and traditional usufruct rights of forest-dwelling communities. 16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  ✓ It will be within the traditional or customary boundaries of the village, irrespective of the ownership, classification, and size of forests. o Community forest resource management rights: Right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of minor forest produce which has been traditionally collected within or outside village boundaries. Nodal Agency: As per Act, the responsibility for implementation of the Act lies with State Governments/UT Administrations. Role of Gram Sabha: The Gram Sabha is the authority to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of individual or community forest rights or both. Land titles: Act recognises the rights of an individual or family or community on the land however claim should not exceed more than four hectares. o Land title given under the FRA is a legal title. o Land Rights conferred by the Act were heritable (Section 4(4) of FRA), but not transferable or alienable. Diversion of forest land for local development rights: Establishment of schools, dispensaries, or hospitals, Anganwadi centres, etc. Three-tier approval process: Gram sabha is the primary authority for initiating the whole process by receiving and verifying the claims. Aggrieved person from the resolution of the Gram Sabha may file a petition to the Sub-division-level committee (SDLC) Any person aggrieved by the decision of the SDLC may file a petition to the District-level committee (DLC). o Decision of the DLC on the record of forest rights shall be final and binding. Scheduled Areas: In act means the Scheduled Areas referred to in article 244 of the constitution. Protected Areas: FRA is applicable in National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Tiger Reserves. Concerns related to the Act Land Claims Related o Document of Proof: Many IFR claims were rejected because applicants did not provide adequate documentary evidence of this use of the land. ✓ For e.g. According to Section 2(c) of FRA, to qualify as FDST. ▪ Must be a Scheduled Tribe in the area where the right is claimed; and ▪ Primarily resided in forest or forests land prior to 13-12-2005; and ▪ Depend on the forest or forests land for bonafide livelihood needs o Inconsistency in acreage claimed and acreage allocated: For e.g As per World Bank report, in Narmada District (Gujarat) around 70 % claimants reported that the IFR claim was approved for lesser acreage. o Low awareness: The Gram Sabha, which initiates the verification of FDSTs /OTFDs claims, are low on awareness about how to deal with them. ✓ An analysis of FRA implementation in Jammu & Kashmir between September 2021 and May 2023 highlighted that more than 92.57 % of the rejected claims have been declined by Gram Sabha only. ✓ Also, the locals being illiterate and living in remote areas, FDSTs /OTFDs do not know the appropriate procedure for filing claims. Other Concerns with the Act o Forest land encroachment: Misuse of Gram sabha for approval for ineligible claimants and regularizing encroachments made after 13.12.2005 (Cut-off date of recognition). ✓ When the applications get rejected, applicants file an appeal and the case drags on for years and remains encroached. o Violation of FRA Provisions: Earlier titles were randomly issued in the name of JFM committees or panchayat bodies. 17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  ✓ For e.g., CFR titles were issued to 10 villages in Deori taluk of Gondia district of Maharashtra showed that the DLC had issued titles in the name of the panchayat instead of the gram sabha. o Lack of Coordination: As per the act- SLC, DLC and the State Level Monitoring Committee shall consist of officers of the departments of Revenue, Forest and Tribal Affairs of the State Government. ✓ However, they lack coordination to full fill the objectives of the act. o Destruction of forests and wildlife: Environmental Conservationists raised concern that FRA act due to its land rights and minor forest produce use, might affect the biodiversity of the forest. ✓ In several cases, trees on the forest land are chopped and claims are made under the FRA. Way forward Issuing Directives to states: Under the FRA Act, the Centre can issue directives to states to ensure a review exercise in line with the law in case of such a high rejection rate of claims. Learning from State Government: Odisha government’s Mo Jungle Jami Yojana (MJJY), implementation of the scheme will provide ownership of land and access to forest resources to the beneficiaries. Awareness Generation: Awareness generation among gram sabhas, forest rights committees (FRCs), and IFR/CFR claimants about FRA and its rules and regulations need to be improved. Capacity building of Gram Sabha: As Gram sabha is the primary authority of approval, there is a need to improve capacity through training and effective use of local bureaucracy. Others: Involving marginal sections like women; increasing role of Civil Society, etc. 1.8. NEWS IN SHORTS 1.8.1. 'UNLAWFUL ASSOCIATION' UNDER ▪ Tribunal consists of one person (a Judge of a High Court). UAPA, 1967 ✓ Other powers to centre Ministry Of Home Affairs declared the ‘Jammu and ▪ To prohibit the use of funds of an Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party’ as an 'Unlawful unlawful association Association' under the Unlawful Activities ▪ To notify places used for the purpose of an (Prevention) Act (UAPA) 1967. unlawful association. UAPA was enacted for effective prevention of certain o Terrorist act: unlawful activities of individuals and associations, for ✓ Definition: It includes any act intended to dealing with terrorist activities, and for matters threaten the unity, integrity, security or connected therewith. sovereignty of India or strike terror people in Key provisions India or in any foreign country among others. o Offences are cognizable (arrest could be made ✓ Forfeiture of proceeds of terrorism: By the without a warrant). Investigating officer with the prior approval of o Penalty: Death or imprisonment for life, and shall the designated authority. also be liable to a fine if such act has resulted in the death of any person 1.8.2. ONLINE REGISTRATION OF FIRST o Unlawful Association INFORMATION REPORTS (FIR) ✓ Declaration of an association unlawful: By the 282nd report titled ‘Amendment in Section 154 of the Centre through an official gazette notification, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 for Enabling Online by specifying the grounds. Registration of FIR’ submitted by 22nd Law Commission ✓ Reference to Tribunal: On the declaration of to the Ministry of Law & Justice. being unlawful, the notification should be referred to Tribunal within 30 days. 18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, o Parliament has laid down robust privacy 1973 governs how the first information about the protections in the law governing the Aadhaar commission of a cognizable offence is recorded. system through robust arrangements. Recommendations ✓ Section 32(3) of the Aadhaar Act 2016 o e-FIR be enabled in a phased manner prohibits UIDAI from controlling, collecting or ✓ Registration of e-FIR is to be permitted for all maintaining any information about the cognizable offences where the accused is not purpose of any authentication. known or attracting punishment up to 3 years o The authentication systems are certified as per where the accused is known. international security and privacy standards (ISO o States have the power to expand the list of 27001:2013 for Information Security Management offences. System and ISO 27701:2019 for Privacy o Privacy of the parties to be ensured. Information Management System). o Verification of Informant/Complainant and Punishment for False Information o e-Complaint to be allowed for all Non-Cognizable Offences. ✓ Complaint means any allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate, with a view to his taking action under this Code. o Capacity Building to be given importance Significance o Citizens can report crimes conveniently and efficiently. o Complainants can also check the timely status of their complaints online. o It helped in reducing the footfall at the Police Station. 1.8.3. CENTRE CLAIMS AADHAAR AS THE MOST TRUSTED DIGITAL ID IN THE WORLD Refuting the claims made by an investor servicing agency, the centre has claimed that Aadhar is foolproof. Aadhaar is a 12-digit individual identification number issued by Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) o The collected data is secured in the Central Identities Data Repository (CIDR) of UIDAI. 1.8.4. CABLE TELEVISION NETWORKS Key Features of Aadhaar o Uniqueness: The biometric de-duplication avoids (REGULATION) ACT, 1995 multiple cards issue for same information. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has o Random number: The generated number is notified amendments in the Cable Television Networks random and devoid of any details like caste, Rules, 1994 religion, income, etc o It provides the operational mechanism for o Architecture: Is open and scalable, the current implementation of the decriminalized provisions authentication service can handle 100 million of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, authentications a day. 1995. Measures taken to ensure safety of Aadhaar Aim: to make the Cable Television Networks o UIDAI has introduced a two-layered security (Regulation) Act, of 1995 more business-friendly and to mechanism for Aadhaar-based fingerprint boost investor confidence and ease of doing business. authentication to secure Aadhaar. 19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Sections of the act were re-examined and were 1.8.5. SARNA CODE decriminalized through the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provision) Act, 2023. Jharkhand Government is seeking recognition of Sarna The imprisonment provisions have been now replaced religious code for tribals. with monetary penalties and other non-monetary Sarna followers are nature worshippers who do not measures like Advisory, Warning, etc. consider themselves Hindus and have been fighting for a separate religious identity for decades. o So far, the census surveys have included them as “others” in the religion column. o Believers of Sarna faith do not practice idol worship, nor do they adhere to the concept of the Varna system, heaven-hell, etc. o Holy grail of Sarna faith is “Jal (water), Jungle (forest), Zameen (land)” and its followers pray to trees and hills. 20 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2.1. ISRAEL-HAMAS WAR Why in the news? Israel declared war on Hamas militants following their unprecedented attack under "Operation Toofan Al-Aqsa (Al-Aqsa Flood)." More about the news Operation Toofan Al-Aqsa coincided with Sabbath which is the Jewish day of worship and rest. Hamas fired 5,000 rockets in just 20 minutes, overwhelming the Iron Dome Defense System's interception capabilities. o Operational since 2011, the 'Iron Dome' is a short-range air defense system of Israel. o With a 70-kilometer range, it can detect, and intercept incoming missiles, rockets, and UAVs mid-air based on radar data. In response, Israel has launched 'Operation Iron Swords’ against Hamas militants in the Gaza Strip. Amidst the war, India launched Operation Ajay to evacuate its citizens stranded in Israel. About Hamas Other players in Palestine Fatah: It is a secular nationalist organisation formed in Kuwait in the Hamas or Islamic Resistance Movement was late 1950s after the 1948 Israeli-Arab War. The key founder was founded in 1987 after the First Intifada to Yasser Arafat. Its objective was to liberate Palestine through an resist Israeli occupation of Gaza, the West armed struggle against Israel. Bank and East Jerusalem. Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO): PLO was conceived in 1964 It has been the de facto authority in Gaza at an Arab League summit in Cairo, Egypt, with the sole aim of shortly after Israel withdrew from the liberating Palestine with the help of an armed struggle to achieve its territory in 2005. goals. It refuses to recognise Israel and is o PLO was officially recognised by the Arab League and the committed to armed resistance against United Nations General Assembly as the “sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people”. Israel and the creation of an Islamic o Under Yasser Arafat, and after the 1967 Arab Israeli War, Fatah Palestinian state in Israel's place. became the dominant party in the PLO. The US, the EU, Israel, etc. have declared o In the early 1990s, it gave up its armed struggle against Israel Hamas a terrorist organisation. and endorsed a two-state solution to the conflict with Israel. Background of Israel-Palestine Conflict This gave rise to Hamas. Palestinian Authority (PA): The PA was founded in July 1994 by the The root of the latest war predates the Oslo Accords as an interim body to govern parts of Gaza and the establishment of the state of Israel 75 years West Bank (except East Jerusalem) till an agreed solution to the ago on territory which is also claimed by Israel-Palestine conflict. Palestinian Arabs as their homeland. o The Oslo Accords between the PLO and the Government of Israel since 1993 aimed at ending decades of conflict through the Palestinians (Arabs) and Israelis (Jews) alike implementation of the two-State solution. consider the territory between the Jordan o The PA functions as an agency of the PLO, which represents River and the Mediterranean Sea as their Palestinians at international bodies. own. o It is led by a directly elected president, who appoints a prime o Central to this conflict is the city of minister and government which must have the support of the Jerusalem which hold immense elected Legislative Council significance for Judaism, Islam, and Currently, the PA controls parts of the West Bank and is headed by Christianity the three major Abrahamic Mahmoud Abbas, who is also the chief of PLO and Fatah. religion. The City harbours ✓ Al-Aqsa Mosque (the 3rd holiest Islamic site, believed to be the place from where the Prophet Muhammad ascended to Heaven). ✓ Western Wall (holiest Jewish Site, located adjacent to the sacred compound known to Jews as Temple Mount) 21 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  ✓ Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Central to Christian beliefs, the church marks the place where many Christians believe Jesus was crucified, entombed, and resurrected). Possible impacts of the current war Centrality to the Palestinian cause: As many Arab countries increasingly move to normalise ties with Israel, with the signing of the Abraham Accord, many saw the Palestinian cause take a back seat in the Arab-Israeli conflict. o The recent conflict has reaffirmed that addressing the Palestinian cause vital for ensuring peace and stability in the region. Israel-Palestine relations o Peace negotiation: The current conflict may unintentionally strengthen Hamas and weaken Palestinian Authority’s position in the West Bank. This could negatively impact peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestine. o Involvement of Israel in Gaza: Back in 2005, the Israelis had chosen to voluntarily leave Gaza in accordance with a disengagement plan. ✓ However, now the Israeli Prime Minister has said that Israel will have an ‘overall security’ role in Gaza indefinitely. Regional instability: Saudi Arabia suspended talks on potentially normalising ties with Israel. o Bahrain has also recalled its ambassador from Israel whereas Bolivia officially severed its ties with Israel. o The added strain on Israel's ties with Egypt and Jordan and Arab countries could impact the prospects of ending the war early, the release of hostages and prisoners of war. Economic: The aftermath of the conflict could impact global and regional economies, already grappling with Ukraine's war and pandemic stimulus-induced inflation. o Global Commodity Markets: Escalation could impact oil prices (since OPEC countries contribute to around 32% of global oil production), disrupting commodity markets. o Trade: The war may also impact the Suez Canal trade, which is a key maritime route between Asia and Europe and accounts for 12% of global trade by value. ✓ Escalation in the entire Middle East could jeopardize trade through the Strait of Hormuz, responsible for 20% of global oil trade passage. ✓ Involvement of Iran in the conflict may disrupt trade with landlocked Central Asia, a significant producer of agriculture, raw materials, and minerals. 22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o Food supply: Fertiliser movement from Israel’s Port of Ashdod accounts for 3% of global potash supply. Any disruption on this front will also be a dampener. ✓ Escalation may lead to greater food insecurity in poorer countries. Humanitarian Crisis: The war has reportedly resulted in life-threatening shortages, impacting water, electricity, fuel, food, and medical supplies in Gaza while also causing human causalities. Impact on India: o Economic: India's exports to Israel may be affected, especially if operations at Israeli ports are disrupted. Sectors which will be negatively impacted include Petrochemicals, Oil Marketing, Paints, Packaging, Textiles and Chemicals. o Geostrategic: Normalisation between Arab countries has opened up unique opportunities India’s stand on Israel Palestine issue for India to strengthen its global and economic India has strategic interests in West Asia considering its position. energy security, presence of diaspora, trade and investment, etc. o Connectivity efforts: The war has cast its shadow on In backdrop of this, India continues to support two the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor state solution. (IMEC), announced recently by the leaders of India, o At the UN India voted against the partition plan for Saudi Arabia, the US, and the UAE. Palestine and Israel's admission to the UN. ✓ The corridor aimed to facilitate the transit o India formally recognized Israel in 1950, and of commerce, energy and data to, from and established full diplomatic relation with it in 1992. between India, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, o From 2017 India is following a ‘de-Hyphenation Israel and Europe. Policy’ allowing for independent relationships with both Israel and Palestine. Conclusion Mediation between Israel and Hamas may not fully address the conflict's root causes. Resolving issues such as Palestinian refugees and the status of Jerusalem is essential. Success depends on both parties' willingness to engage in negotiations and the role of international actors, along with evolving regional dynamics. 2.1.1. YOM KIPPUR WAR Why in the news? The attack by Hamas on Israel coincided with the fiftieth anniversary of Yom Kippur War the fourth Arab-Israel war (1973). Background of the Yom Kippur War 1948 - First Arab-Israeli War: Immediately after Israel declared independence, it was attacked by a coalition of Arab states and Palestinian factions who were against the establishment of the Jewish State and the UN partition plan. o In the war, Israel gained control of a larger portion of the territory and a large number of Palestinians were driven from their land. o This forced expulsion of Palestinian Arabs is referred to as the “Nakba,” or “catastrophe” in Arabic. 1956 - Second Arab-Israeli War (Suez War): The Suez War involved Israel, the UK, and France on one side against Egypt on the other. o The war marked the decline of British and French influence in the region, paving the way for the United States to become the most influential power. 1967-Third Arab-Israel War (Six-Day War): Israel initiated pre-emptive air strikes and a successful ground offensive. 23 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o Israel took control of Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, Jordan’s West Bank and East Jerusalem, and Syria’s Golan Heights. o The war ended with a U.N.-brokered ceasefire but reshaped the Middle East map. o The Arab League passed 'The Three No's' resolution (i.e., no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, and no negotiations with Israel) at a summit in Khartoum. About Yom Kippur War (Fourth Arab-Israel War) In October 1973, a coalition of Arab nations, led by Egypt and Syria, launched a surprise, coordinated attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, a Jewish holy day. Purpose of war: Unlike the previous three wars Egypt and Syria did not go to war in support of the Palestinians, rather they hoped to reclaim lost territory after Israel's victory in the Six-Day War of 1967. Involvement of Superpower: The US supported Israel, and the Soviet Union supported Egypt and Syria, leading to heightened tensions between these nuclear superpowers. Ceasefire Attempts: A ceasefire was achieved with the involvement of the United Nations. Landmark Peace Agreements between Israel and Arabs 1978 Camp David Accords: The Accords between Egypt and Israel, mediated by the US marked a historic peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. o Officially titled the "Framework for Peace in the Middle East, the Accords had two parts. ✓ an Israeli- Egyptian agreement terminating the bilateral dispute between them and ✓ a framework laying down the principles for resolving Israel’s conflict over the Palestinians and its disputes with other Arab neighbours. o Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1978 for their contributions to the agreements. Oslo Accords (1993): Signed between Israel and PLO, these agreements established the Palestinian Authority to manage West Bank administrative matters. o In return, the PLO recognized Israel based on a two-state solution. Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty (1994): With this Jordan became the second Arab country, after Egypt, to make peace with Israel. This treaty settled territorial disputes and covered diplomatic relations, economic cooperation, etc. o Israel acknowledged Jordan's significant historical role in Jerusalem, particularly regarding its Islamic holy sites and institutions. Arab Peace Initiative (2002): Drawn up by Saudi Arabia, the initiative offered Israel normalized relations in exchange for a Palestinian statehood agreement and a complete Israeli withdrawal from 1967-captured territory. Abraham Accords (2020): Israel, the UAE, and Bahrain signed the US-brokered Abraham Accords in 2020. Morocco and Sudan have also joined the accord (Sudan is yet to sign an agreement with Israel). 24 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o These Accords have two parts: a declaration for Middle East peace and bilateral agreements. o The declaration recognizes the common ancestry of Arab and Jewish peoples through Abraham. o It also strives for coexistence, understanding, and respect among people of all faiths and nationalities in the Middle East. o The Accords have paved the way for greater regional and multinational cooperation. ✓ For example, formation of the I2U2 Group was established by Israel, India, the UAE, and the United States. Conclusion While the peace treaties that followed the Yom Kippur War, particularly the Camp David Accords, were once seen as landmarks and indicators of regional peace, recent conflicts have prompted questions about their effectiveness in public discourse. 2.2. INDIA CANADA RELATIONS Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance (FVEY) It is an intelligence alliance comprising the US, UK, Why in the news? Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Canada's assertion that Indian agents were involved in the It originated from the 1946 UK-USA Agreement for murder of a pro-Khalistan activist led to diplomatic strain sharing signals intelligence (SIGINT). Five Eyes Intelligence Oversight and Review between the two countries. Council includes the non-political intelligence More on the news oversight, review, and security entities of member. Canadian Prime Minister accused India of being involved in the murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a Sikh separatist leader who was shot in British Columbia, Canada in June 2023. Shared intelligence between the Five Eyes Alliance was considered the basis for such an allegation by Canada. Subsequently Canada followed by India expelled each-other’s diplomat. India further suspended visa services in Canada, citing it as a "safe haven for terrorists," and called for the withdrawal of 41 Canadian diplomats from India. o Canada criticized India's demand, alleging a breach of the Vienna Convention, while India defended it as seeking equal diplomatic representation as per Article 11.1 of the Convention. India-Canada relations India and Canada have a longstanding bilateral relationship based on shared democratic values, the multi-cultural, multi- ethnic nature of the two countries and strong people-to-people contacts. Diaspora: Canada hosts one of the largest Indian Diasporas in the world, accounting for more than 3% of the total Canadian population Economic: Bilateral trade in goods was approximately $ 9.9 billion and in services, it was 6.5 billion in 2022. S&T cooperation: The collaboration mainly promotes industrial R&D with a focus on creating new IP, processes, prototypes, and products. o Since the 1990s, India and Canada have cooperated in space science. ANTRIX, the Commercial arm of ISRO, has launched several nanosatellites from Canada. Cooperation for energy security: The Civil nuclear agreement of 2010 facilitated Canada to provide uranium for Indian nuclear reactors as part of the agreement. o Indian Oil Corporation has a 10% participating interest in a Liquid Natural Gas project in British Columbia. 25 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Strategic cooperation: Canada’s Indo-Pacific Policy, acknowledges China as a "disruptive global power" and underscores India as a "critical partner" for collaboration in shared interests. Challenges in India-Canada relations Historical legacy: During the Cold War, Canada was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), while India pursued a policy of Non-Alignment. o Additionally, Canada endorsed a plebiscite in Kashmir, which ran counter to India's interests. After India's nuclear tests in 1998, Canada temporarily halted potential nuclear cooperation with India. Canada’s immigration system: This enables individuals with a contentious past to acquire citizenship and utilise that position to engage in activities against other nations. o This presents a substantial obstacle to upholding robust bilateral relations in today's interconnected global landscape. Domestic Political Factors: The current coalition government in Canada, is with the alliance of parties Pro- Khalistan parties enabling the particular stand Suboptimal economic cooperation: A Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between these countries is pending since 2010. o CEPA between them could boost bilateral trade by as much as $6.5 billion, yielding a GDP gain of $3.8 billion to $5.9 billion for Canada by 2035. Meddling in India's domestic affairs: For example, during the farmers’ protests in India, the Canadian PM expressed his support for the farmers, stating that the situation is a cause for concern. Possible impacts of the crisis Strategic: The Western countries’ response to the ongoing tensions has been relatively restrained, as they view India as a vital counterbalance to China, thereby overshadowing Canada's strategic interests. Economic: In the event of an escalation in the crisis, it might lead to disruptions in bilateral trade, investment flows, and potentially result in further delays to CEPA. Diaspora Connection: The diaspora connection which has the potential to facilitate cultural and economic relations is currently under strain. Way ahead Promoting Diplomacy: The first step towards improving relations involves pausing the current escalation. Each side should express their concerns without disrupting the status quo. o Diplomacy, not expulsions or service suspensions, should be the way forward. Managing diaspora relations: Canada should carefully balance the empowerment of immigrant communities. o It should assess their activities and influence, avoiding undue political or economic sway. Responsible freedom of expression: People endorsing violence, separatism, or terrorism should be held accountable for abuse of freedom of expression. Cooperation on counter terrorism: Both countries should collaborate under the Framework for Cooperation on Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism, established in 2018. Conclusion It is important for both sides to develop a new framework of cooperation that is more pragmatic and emphasises mutually beneficial areas, such as trade, energy etc. 2.3. INDIA SOUTH KOREA Why in news? 2023 marks 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between India and South Korea (Republic of Korea or RoK). India South Korea relations Civilisational linkage: o According to "SamgukYusa or The Heritage History of the Three Kingdoms, a 13th-century text, Princess Suriratna from Ayodhya married King Kim-Suro in the year 48 AD in Korea. 26 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o Buddhist Monk Hyecho (Hong Jiao) visited India from 723 to 729 AD and documented his journey in the travelogue "Pilgrimage to the five kingdoms of India," offering insights into Indian culture, politics, and society. o Rabindranath Tagore composed a poem in 1929 called 'Lamp of the East' that celebrated Korea's rich history and its bright future. India's Role after World War II: o Leadership of the UN Commission for Korean elections in 1947. o Resolution sponsored by India led to the Korean War ceasefire in 1953. o India's chairmanship of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission (NNRC) after the armistice and contributed to resolving the humanitarian issues arising out of the War. Diplomatic relation: In 1973 both the countries established formal diplomatic relation which was upgraded to ‘Strategic Partnership’ in 2010 and ‘Special Strategic Partnership’ in 2015. o India’s ‘Act East’ policy has guided its cooperation toward South Korea and the ‘New Southern Policy (NSP) has been South Korea’s regional strategy toward India and ASEAN. o Both, the Act East Policy and NSP, align in terms of their regional priorities. Economic and trade relations: o Both are signatories to the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) since 2009. Bilateral trade between both reached US$ 27.8 billion in 2022. o ‘Korea Plus’ initiative aims to promote and facilitate Korean Investments in India. o Korea increasingly sees India as a new economic partner due to their aim to reduce over-dependence on China and the US. o The two countries aspire to take commerce up to 50 billion USD by 2030. Strategic convergence: Both support a rules-based Indo-Pacific and share concerns about China's rise and North Korea's nuclearization. o In 2018, India endorsed the "Vancouver Dialogue" to prevent North Korean nuclear proliferation. o Korea's Indo-Pacific strategy includes India as a key member in the region. Defence and security cooperation: The Defense Policy Dialogue, initiated in 2013, was upgraded to a 2+2 Dialogue (i.e., Foreign and Defence level Ministerial Meetings) in 2019. o The defense partnership is expanding into joint research, production (like K9 Vajra artillery gun), and collaboration in areas like cyber, space, and intelligence-sharing. Cultural Relations: Sarang, festival of India in Korea is organised every year, to showcase diverse Indian culture and art forms in various parts of South Korea. Indian diaspora: Many Indian scholars pursue post-graduate and Ph.D. programs in Korea, and professionals in IT, shipping, and automobiles have also migrated to Korea. Challenges in strengthening India-South Korea relations Geographical Gap: Geographical distance has restricted their interactions, with both countries primarily concentrating on their nearby regions. 27 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Delayed strategic cooperation: The rivalry of the Cold War limited their interactions in foreign policies. South Korea perceived India as aligned with the socialist bloc. o Nevertheless, India pursued a non-alignment policy, maintaining balanced relations with both North and South Korea in the Korean peninsula. Suboptimal cooperation: Limited cooperation results from a lack of strong political intent on both sides. South Korea often aligning with major powers like the US, while India's regional policies are still developing. Untapped economic potential: For example, the CEPA is said to be limited in scope. Intent to revise CEPA was declared in 2015 but it is yet to concluded. o India is also facing trade deficit (around $8 billion in 2021-22) due to technical trade barriers, higher import duties, etc. Way ahead Vision for systematic cooperation: The bilateral relationship has historically emphasized economic projects, but it is now crucial to forge a more strategic relationship with a focus on the Indo-Pacific Strategy. o South Korea along with New Zealand and Vietnam have participated in Quad (alliance of Australia, India, Japan and the US). o Many experts believe that such cooperation should lead to expansion of Quad as Quad Plus. Deepening Economic and Technological Cooperation: Since their core competencies in the economic domain are different, they could decide on a long-term, win-win framework of cooperation. o Korea’s aging population and technology could combine with progressive youthful India and make a manufacturing hub. o Startups, technology-driven services, and digital trade, semiconductors, etc. have high potential for collaboration. Strengthening of maritime security: Both countries can explore potential for joint HADR exercises, counter-piracy operations, and maritime domain awareness, enhanced interoperability, etc. Developing Regional Synergies: The two Asian giants should also explore third-country cooperation with specific states in the IOR that need developmental intervention. o ASEAN and Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) are critical platforms that can facilitate both the countries to engage with a third country. ✓ In ASEAN both nations are dialogue partners whereas IORA India is a founding member and South Korea has dialogue partner status. Multilateral cooperation: Multilateral forums like IORA, ASEAN, and the Indo-Pacific Economic Forum (IPEF) offers more opportunities for collaboration including collaboration in third country. o Both can collaborate in supply chain resilience, infrastructure, clean energy, and decarbonization engagement in third-party countries located in Southeast Asia. Conclusion India and South Korea are middle powers and growing economies that need regional stability, and for this, they must work together. The strategy and partnership should move beyond the normative approach towards a robust and strengthened bilateral relationship. 2.4. INDIA MALDIVES Why in the news? Maldives’ new President-Elect has pitched to end the presence of Indian troops in the islands in accordance with his pre-poll promise made under "India Out" campaign. More on the news The "India Out" campaign, led by the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM), played a pivotal role in its recent electoral victory against the incumbent MDP. The campaign strongly opposed the Indian military's presence in the Maldives, expressing concerns that this presence might compromise the sovereignty of the Maldives. 28 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  It began in response to India's gift of two Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) in 2010 and 2015. o These helicopters were provided for purposes like maritime weather surveillance and ocean search-and-rescue operations. o Around 70 Indian military personnel maintain India-sponsored radar stations and surveillance aircraft. Indian warships help patrol Maldives’ Exclusive Economic Zone. About Maldives Maldives' position in the northern Indian Ocean keeps it in the vicinity of waters patrolled by Indian Navy warships. o It is just 70 nautical miles away from India's Minicoy Island and 300 nautical miles away from India's Western Coast. Importance of Maldives for India Integral to India’s Neighbourhood first policy: With strong cultural, economic and trade ties for centuries, Maldives is an important component of India’s Neighbourhood first policy. o Also Maldives is member of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Strategic location: Maldives acts as a strategic link between major Indian Ocean chokepoints including Gulf of Aden, Strait of Hormuz and Strait of Malacca. o Location is significant for India whose 95% of trade by volume and 68% of trade by value come via Indian Ocean. First line of defence: Due to its proximity to India, Maldives serves as the first line of def