Veterinary Immunology PDF - 2 Sep 18, 2025

Veterinary Immunology Series II Allergy Vaccine Herd Immunity Learning Objectives Understand the mechanism of allergic reaction Clinical application of allergy medicine Vaccination: primary shot and booster Understand the concept of herd immunity ...

Veterinary Immunology Series II Allergy Vaccine Herd Immunity Learning Objectives Understand the mechanism of allergic reaction Clinical application of allergy medicine Vaccination: primary shot and booster Understand the concept of herd immunity  Allergy (National Institutes of Health definition) An exaggerated response from the body’s immune system to otherwise inert substances present in the environment · to it. part of the environment and your body is reacting 4 Major Allergic Skin Conditions Affecting Dogs and Cats includes inside and outside the body, parasite vaccines Contact dermatitis / Contact Allergy Flea Allergy / Flea Bite Hypersensitivity : scratching can't reach areas it , so if they they Food Allergy rub it and fleas do not move. Atopic Dermatitis [s redness and rash , contact to skin with less fur is more affected.  Atopic Dermatitis (AD) series · diagnosis , exclusion of unknown cause. hard to diagnose. · Complex, multifactorial condition It is a clinical syndrome Not a single disease Most common cause of itching in dogs Diagnosis: Exclusion of other environment and genetics can be causes ·. What Causes The “Itch” in Allergy? Histamine  Phagocytes Granylocytes In Tissue Macrophages Natural killer cells (Skin, organs) Dendritic Cells Mast cells Gresponsible for allergies. Neutrophils Neutrophils In Blood Macrophages Eosinophils (Circulation) Dendritic Cells Basophils Canine Mast Cell contain historines granules. ready to unload. Equine Mast Cell purple are the granules. ( What triggers the mast cell to release their granules (degranulation)?  Activation of Humoral Immunity Tetanus needle misplacement Skin barrier breached Tetanus clearance Phagocytosis by immune cells (Small quantity) Dendritic Cell Activation Antigen Presentation Y B cell receptor recognition Y B Y Bantibody neutralize the bacteria - Y Y B Lymphocyte Activation YY Y Y Antibody Production Produce Neutralizing Antibody Y (Plasma cell) Y  B Lymphocytes & Antibodies Y 5 classes on antibodies. Y B Y Y Y Y Y Y B Y B Y Y Y Light chain Y Heavy chain Y B Constant Fragment (Fc) Y to the Symmetrical antigen. Y Y Y 5 different classes all recognize the same antigen? Y B Y Y B Y Y Y Naive B cells : have Bell receptors , find patterns (B cell receptor repertoire)  Naive B cells “sampling” antigen presenting cell Y Y B Y Y > T-cel. Class I MHC Y Y Y Y B Class II MHC Y B Y Y Y Y Non-self Y B Y Y Y Self Y Y B Y Y B Y Y Y Naive B cells (IgM or IgD only) Naive B cell activation by antigen presenting cell of bone morrow and mature · B-cell out have IgM or IgD. and receptor antigen. the carry · Y B cell receptor Class I MHC IgM or IgD Y B Y Y Class II MHC Non-self Self B cell activation and clonal expansion : IgD all have Ign. decide Y one clone can to switch to a Y Y Y Y B Y different class. Y Y B Y Y Y B B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y B Y Y Y Y B Y Y Y B Y Y Y B Y Y Y Y Y Y B Y Y Y B Y Y Y B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y B B B Y Y Y Y Y Y B cell activation followed by antibody class switching  B cell activation followed by antibody class switching naive end with Beginning I cell can up 5 different classes. One cell = One choice “Only Switch Once” Cytokines (Signalling molecules) what the eat : they are *: Antibody Class & Function · want to be vaccinated. · looking for pathogen to make them in the blood. original ·. · find in milk and pass to humans - A https://ruo.mbl.co.jp/bio/e/support/method/antibody-isotype.html  be on most cell surface antibody has to to cross-link. not bind to and exposed to antigen to body causing but recepter itching. ready tant cons ment > - Frag & https://www.biorender.com/template/ige-operates-through-the-fc-receptor-fceri-on-mast-cells  Allergy Priming and Reaction Exposure to an Antigen B cell produce IgE Phagocytosis by immune cells IgE - binds to mast cell IgE Dendritic Cell Activation receptor Antigen Presentation Re-exposure to antigen B cell receptor recognition IgE receptor Crosslinking B Lymphocyte Activation Mast cell degranulation B cell clonal expansion Histamine release Antibody Class Switching Itch (or Anaphylaxis!) Vaccine  Decision making time A breeder wants to sell their 4 weeks old puppies - should you vaccinate them? A person brought a stray puppy to the clinic and he wants to keep the puppy, the puppy eyes aren’t open, should you vaccinate the puppy? A wealthy client adopted a 3 months old puppy with unknown medical history for a health check, they don’t plan to take the dog outside of their 4-acre property, should you recommend vaccination?  antibodies to at have enough at 6 weeks , exposed get a puppy the · don't already have antibody in 8 weells is in danger.. baby earlier than 6 pathogen - weeks Mate and close of have given a rnal I distemper , it will cancel out and mmu ↓Il not have ni ty antibodies. window Ab level a A Minimum Ab level need for protection will need antibodies and need neutralize puppy pathogens , # i g-class of antibodies · Puppies will receive antibodies from the Ab level milk- t i on Minimum Ab level need for protection p ro duc i bo dy l An t a t u r a N 0 week 2 week 4 week 6 week 8 week 10 week 12 week  will neutralize earlier than 6 week Vaccinate @ 6 weeks Mate vaccines. If given rnal I mmu ni ty Ab level Minimum Ab level need for protection Ab level t i on Minimum Ab level need for protection p ro duc i bo dy l An t a t u r a N 0 week 2 week 4 week 6 week 8 week 10 week 12 week Why Booster? B cell activation and clonal expansion Y Y Y Y Y B Y Y Y B Y Y Y B B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y B Y Y Y Y B Y Y Y B Y Y Y B Y Y Y Y Y Y B Y Y Y B Y Y Y B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y B B B Y Y Y Y Y Y  B cell activation followed by antibody class switching One cell = One choice “Only Switch Once” B cell activation followed by antibody class switching Small number of activated B cell will become plasma cell Plasma cell = Antibody Secreting Memory Cell e  * Naive B cell vs Antibody Secreting Memory Cell Activation Speed Slow Fast Class switching Yes No Clonal Expansion Yes Yes Life span Short (weeks to months) Long (years) Self-renewal / division No Yes know purpose Antigen Biding Strong Very Strong and keep occupied Antibody production Medium High. https://teachmephysiology.com/immune-system/adaptive-immune-system/immune-memory/  but you should · depends on vaccines , annually vaccinate. & · overstimulate the immune cells can lead to Cancers : tumors - Do we need to provide annual vaccination? If not, why not? If so, how often? Immunology Applications  of · help relieve pain Osteoarthritis -  Bedinvetmab (mab = monoclonal antibodies) Y Y Y B Y Y B Y Y YY YYYY Y Y Y Y Y Y Y B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y B Y Y B Y Y Y cloned antibodies ofbodesos eathing the the binding. -mixture treat to all cre 3 Polyclonal Antibodies Monoclonal Antibodies (Mix population of activated naive B cell) Cloned population Mixture of antibodies bind to the same antigen All antibodies bind to the same epitope Nerve Growth Factor Pain Response Nerve Growth Factor and comes antibodies blocks , the pain transmission.  Cytopoint = Lokivetmab (Anti-interleukin 31 antibody) binds cytokin to so there is no : ichiness ,  neurotoxin, Clostridium tetani is found in soil and intestinal tracts. In most cases, it is introduced into the body through wounds, particularly deep puncture wounds. Sometimes the point of entry cannot be found because the wound itself my be minor or healed. The bacteria remain the dead tissue at the original site of infection and multiply. As bacterial cells die and disintegrate, the potent nerve toxin is released. The toxin spreads and causes spasms of the voluntary muscles stab with fence , you with can inject them tetarms. horse cannot eat tall shaking , eyes , nose , · witching. · punctured nerve and affected bacteria and spread.  · can also / : cat affect clogs stiff inhibits · tetanus very , , - muscle movement · can't get up ,. himself grabs disease neurological , - rabies ! (no cure). · has no antibodies animals made against Herd Immunity  can all of us are vaccinated now likely we not vaccinated. protect the people West Nile virus Does Herd Immunity matter to Vaccinated against WNV Unvaccinated it : in this herd Immunity matter and won't does affect the here - there is · doesn't matter between no transmission that to protect the ones are not vaccinated. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus * don't need to know life cycle. Does Herd Immunity matter to Vaccinated against EEE Unvaccinated ! won't matter. Does Herd Immunity matter to Vaccinated against EEE Unvaccinated ↓ now we have a problem Here Immunity is too low , Ro value table extent of immunotion high RO the. means -