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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the risk for a puppy exposed to a pathogen before it has adequate antibodies?
What is the risk for a puppy exposed to a pathogen before it has adequate antibodies?
- It will not be affected.
- It could be in danger. (correct)
- It can produce more antibodies.
- It may develop immunity.
At what age do puppies begin to have enough antibodies to fight against exposure to pathogens?
At what age do puppies begin to have enough antibodies to fight against exposure to pathogens?
- 6 weeks (correct)
- 4 weeks
- 8 weeks
- 10 weeks
What happens if a puppy is exposed to distemper earlier than 6 weeks of age?
What happens if a puppy is exposed to distemper earlier than 6 weeks of age?
- It will not be affected by the disease.
- It will cancel out any existing antibodies. (correct)
- It will gain immunity from exposure.
- It will begin to produce antibodies.
Why is it important for a puppy to have antibodies at 6 weeks?
Why is it important for a puppy to have antibodies at 6 weeks?
If a puppy has already contracted a pathogen, what should be monitored closely?
If a puppy has already contracted a pathogen, what should be monitored closely?
Which of the following is true regarding antibodies and vaccination in puppies?
Which of the following is true regarding antibodies and vaccination in puppies?
What is the primary concern for veterinarians when puppies are exposed to pathogens at an early age?
What is the primary concern for veterinarians when puppies are exposed to pathogens at an early age?
What is typically a consequence of a puppy receiving a vaccine too early, before enough antibodies develop?
What is typically a consequence of a puppy receiving a vaccine too early, before enough antibodies develop?
What role do B cell receptors play in B cell activation?
What role do B cell receptors play in B cell activation?
How many different classes of antibodies can a naive B cell switch to after activation?
How many different classes of antibodies can a naive B cell switch to after activation?
What is the function of Class I MHC molecules?
What is the function of Class I MHC molecules?
What occurs during antibody class switching?
What occurs during antibody class switching?
What is the significance of the distinction between self and non-self antigens in B cell function?
What is the significance of the distinction between self and non-self antigens in B cell function?
Which of the following antibodies is typically the first produced during an immune response?
Which of the following antibodies is typically the first produced during an immune response?
Which type of cells do Class II MHC molecules mainly present to?
Which type of cells do Class II MHC molecules mainly present to?
What is the end result of B cell activation and clonal expansion?
What is the end result of B cell activation and clonal expansion?
Which of the following statements best describes naive B cells?
Which of the following statements best describes naive B cells?
What is primarily recognized by B cell receptors to initiate an immune response?
What is primarily recognized by B cell receptors to initiate an immune response?
What is the significance of the minimum antibody level mentioned?
What is the significance of the minimum antibody level mentioned?
At what age should puppies receive their vaccinations based on the information provided?
At what age should puppies receive their vaccinations based on the information provided?
What is necessary for puppies to neutralize pathogens?
What is necessary for puppies to neutralize pathogens?
What happens to the antibody level in puppies before they are six weeks old?
What happens to the antibody level in puppies before they are six weeks old?
Why are booster vaccines important for puppies?
Why are booster vaccines important for puppies?
When do puppies begin to produce their own antibodies?
When do puppies begin to produce their own antibodies?
What is the purpose of maternal antibodies in relation to puppies?
What is the purpose of maternal antibodies in relation to puppies?
How frequently should vaccinations potentially be administered after the initial dose at 6 weeks?
How frequently should vaccinations potentially be administered after the initial dose at 6 weeks?
What type of antibody is Cytopoint?
What type of antibody is Cytopoint?
How does the toxin released by Clostridium tetani primarily affect the body?
How does the toxin released by Clostridium tetani primarily affect the body?
What is a primary benefit of vaccines related to the immune system?
What is a primary benefit of vaccines related to the immune system?
What potential risk can arise from overstimulating immune cells?
What potential risk can arise from overstimulating immune cells?
Which scenario is most likely to introduce Clostridium tetani into the body?
Which scenario is most likely to introduce Clostridium tetani into the body?
What is the significance of herd immunity in preventing diseases like the West Nile virus?
What is the significance of herd immunity in preventing diseases like the West Nile virus?
Which type of antibody is characterized by a mixture of antibodies binding to the same antigen?
Which type of antibody is characterized by a mixture of antibodies binding to the same antigen?
What is the role of nerve growth factor in pain response?
What is the role of nerve growth factor in pain response?
What characteristic of rabies makes it particularly concerning?
What characteristic of rabies makes it particularly concerning?
What disease can Clostridium tetani cause due to its potent toxin?
What disease can Clostridium tetani cause due to its potent toxin?
How do monoclonal antibodies differ from polyclonal antibodies?
How do monoclonal antibodies differ from polyclonal antibodies?
What is a potential benefit of using monoclonal antibodies in treatment?
What is a potential benefit of using monoclonal antibodies in treatment?
What is a common misconception about herd immunity?
What is a common misconception about herd immunity?
Which statement accurately describes the vaccination frequency?
Which statement accurately describes the vaccination frequency?
What role does dead tissue play in the infection process of Clostridium tetani?
What role does dead tissue play in the infection process of Clostridium tetani?
What is the primary purpose of therapeutic antibodies in managing pain from conditions like osteoarthritis?
What is the primary purpose of therapeutic antibodies in managing pain from conditions like osteoarthritis?
What is the primary function of activated B cells?
What is the primary function of activated B cells?
Which statement correctly describes the life span of naive B cells compared to antibody-secreting memory cells?
Which statement correctly describes the life span of naive B cells compared to antibody-secreting memory cells?
What occurs during antibody class switching in B cells?
What occurs during antibody class switching in B cells?
Which characteristic is NOT true about naive B cells compared to antibody-secreting memory cells?
Which characteristic is NOT true about naive B cells compared to antibody-secreting memory cells?
What is true about the clonal expansion process of activated B cells?
What is true about the clonal expansion process of activated B cells?
What is a key feature distinguishing plasma cells from naive B cells?
What is a key feature distinguishing plasma cells from naive B cells?
Which process can only occur once in B cell activation?
Which process can only occur once in B cell activation?
Which type of B cell has a strong capacity for self-renewal?
Which type of B cell has a strong capacity for self-renewal?
How does the activation speed of plasma cells compare to naive B cells?
How does the activation speed of plasma cells compare to naive B cells?
What is a characteristic of antibody-secreting memory cells?
What is a characteristic of antibody-secreting memory cells?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Ab level
Ab level
The amount of antibodies present in a puppy's blood.
Minimum Ab level for protection
Minimum Ab level for protection
The minimum Ab level a puppy needs to be protected from diseases.
Maternal Antibodies
Maternal Antibodies
Antibodies received from the mother's milk.
Antibody Production
Antibody Production
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Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity
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Active Immunity
Active Immunity
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Booster Vaccine
Booster Vaccine
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6 Weeks of Age
6 Weeks of Age
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Plasma Cell
Plasma Cell
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Antibody Class Switching
Antibody Class Switching
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Clonal Expansion
Clonal Expansion
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Naive B Cell
Naive B Cell
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Activated B Cell
Activated B Cell
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Antibody Secreting Memory Cell
Antibody Secreting Memory Cell
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Antibody Class Switching
Antibody Class Switching
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Antibodies
Antibodies
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Antigens
Antigens
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B Cell Activation
B Cell Activation
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What are antibodies?
What are antibodies?
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Why do puppies need antibodies?
Why do puppies need antibodies?
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When do puppies get enough antibodies?
When do puppies get enough antibodies?
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What happens if a puppy doesn't get enough antibodies?
What happens if a puppy doesn't get enough antibodies?
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How do puppies get antibodies?
How do puppies get antibodies?
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What happens if a vaccine is given too early?
What happens if a vaccine is given too early?
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Why are vaccines important for puppies?
Why are vaccines important for puppies?
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Why is it important to wait for a puppy to grow before vaccinating?
Why is it important to wait for a puppy to grow before vaccinating?
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B cell
B cell
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IgM
IgM
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IgD
IgD
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MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
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Annual Vaccination
Annual Vaccination
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Monoclonal vs. Polyclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal vs. Polyclonal Antibodies
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Nerve Growth Factor Blocking
Nerve Growth Factor Blocking
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Immune Overstimulation and Cancer
Immune Overstimulation and Cancer
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Bedinvetmab
Bedinvetmab
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Immune Memory
Immune Memory
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Vaccines and Immune Memory
Vaccines and Immune Memory
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Immunization
Immunization
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Cytopoint (Lokivetmab)
Cytopoint (Lokivetmab)
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Tetanus Toxin
Tetanus Toxin
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Clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani
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Herd Immunity
Herd Immunity
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West Nile Virus
West Nile Virus
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Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Veterinary Immunology Series II
- The topics covered are allergy, vaccines, and herd immunity
- Learning objectives include understanding the mechanism of allergic reactions, the clinical application of allergy medicine, vaccination (primary shot and booster), and the concept of herd immunity.
- Allergy is an exaggerated immune response to substances in the environment that are usually harmless.
- Four major allergic skin conditions affecting dogs and cats include contact dermatitis/contact allergy, flea allergy/flea bite hypersensitivity, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis.
- Atopic dermatitis is a complex, multifactorial condition, not a single disease, and is a common cause of itching in dogs.
- Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis involves excluding other causes.
- The itch in allergies is caused by histamine.
- Phagocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells) and granulocytes (natural killer cells, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) are involved in the body's immune response to allergens.
- Mast cells contain granules that release histamine, contributing to allergy symptoms.
- Canine and equine mast cells differ slightly in their appearance, particularly the granularity.
- Mast cell degranulation, the release of granules, is triggered by allergens.
- Humoral immunity is activated by tetanus needle misplacement, a breach in the skin barrier.
- Immune cells phagocytize the pathogen.
- Dendritic cells activate, presenting the antigen.
- B cells recognize the antigen, activating B lymphocytes.
- B cells produce antibodies to neutralize tetanus.
- B lymphocytes have different classes of antibodies (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, IgE).
- Naive B cells "sample" the antigen-presenting cells.
- Naive B cell activation by antigen-presenting cells involves the B-cell receptor (IgM or IgD) recognizing the antigen.
- B cells undergo clonal expansion in response to the presented antigen.
- After activation, B cells can undergo class switching to produce different antibody classes.
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE classes of antibodies have different functions, including neutralization, opsonization, and allergy responses.
- Cytokines are signaling molecules that help regulate immune responses and interact with different classes of antibodies.
- Decision-making situations about vaccinating puppies were presented in the study materials.
- Core vaccines for dogs include distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus, parainfluenza, and rabies.
- Vaccination schedules and booster intervals are dependent on the age of the dog.
Herd Immunity
- Herd immunity occurs when a high enough percentage of a population is immune to a contagious disease.
- Herd immunity indirectly protects people who are not immune, reducing the chance of infection.
- This immunity applies only to contagious diseases and depends on the immunity being developed from previous infections and vaccination.
- Herd immunity is important for preventing the spread of diseases like West Nile virus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEE).
Vaccine
- Vaccination schedules and appropriate booster intervals need to be considered based on specific cases.
- Vaccination often involves multiple doses to provide lasting immunity.
- Boosters are required because the initial immunity from the primary vaccination can wane over time.
- Decision Making includes scenarios where breeders should vaccinate their puppies and if and when vaccination should recommended for strays and specific circumstances surrounding client requests for vaccinations.
Immunology Applications
- Librela, a monthly injectable monoclonal antibody therapy, can help dogs with osteoarthritis pain.
- Anti-interleukin 31 antibody therapy (Cytopoint) is used for controlling itchiness.
- Clostridium tetani is a bacterium found in soil and intestinal tracts, often entering the body through puncture wounds.
- The bacteria multiply in dead tissue and release a potent nerve toxin causing spasms in voluntary muscles.
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