UTS Week 2 Philosophical Perspectives on The Self (2023-2024)

MMC-PPT-001-C PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE SELF (WEEK 02 – JULY 29 to AUG 02, 2024) MR. E.T. RAMOS, JR. (Jet/Teddy) Teacher, UNDERSTANDING THE SELF  PCC Prayer to start our session 1. Compare and contrast the philosophical per...

MMC-PPT-001-C PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE SELF (WEEK 02 – JULY 29 to AUG 02, 2024) MR. E.T. RAMOS, JR. (Jet/Teddy) Teacher, UNDERSTANDING THE SELF  PCC Prayer to start our session 1. Compare and contrast the philosophical perspectives on the self. 2. Examine oneself against the different philosophical views on the self. 3. Distinguish how the philosophical perspectives on the self are applied. 4. Create one’s theory of the self. Zeroing in expectations 1) Be prepared with your lessons. Take notes during every session. 2) Participate in class actively. Do your best always. 3) Give your classmates the chance to participate in class. 4) Respect everyone in class, no matter who s/he is. 5) Observe intellectual honesty. 6) Submit your work on time. 7) Accept feedback constructively and appreciatively. 8) YOU ARE ALL RESPECTED AND VALUED IN CLASS. How well do you know yourself? Please be honest.  Why is it important to know oneself? 1) To be able to determine one’s life purpose 2) To be able to know what to improve on 3) To be able to learn how to establish one’s identity based on what God wants for us  A. SOCRATES (470 BC-399 BC) Greek philosopher, born in Athens Mentor of Plato and Xenophon Founded Western philosophy Known for Socratic method Known for the aphorism (saying) “know thyself” and for espousing self-knowledge A. SOCRATES (470 BC-399 BC) Believed that some mental states may be soul-related or body-related Also believed that the soul is the main ingredient of the self, then the body Soul as a lifelong element of the self and body as a temporal element of the self  B. PLATO (aka ARISTOCLES, 428/427 or 424/423 – 348 BC) Born in Athens, Greece Student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle Believed that empirical reality (worldly in nature) is only an illusion while ultimate reality (universal in nature) is essential and palpable Plato’s philosophy of the self: enduring self (soul as an existent element) C. ST. AUGUSTINE (354 AD-430 AD) Bishop of Hippo and also a saint, theologian, and philosopher Son of Saint Monica who was formerly a wastrel and womanizer then became a Christian Baptized by Saint Ambrose Believed in the element of time (past, present, and future) Known for his method of introspection (self-reflection)  C. ST. AUGUSTINE (354 AD-430 AD) Emphasized that introspection is borne out of self-consciousness Past as memory, present as direct experience, and future as expectation Concept of the self: one’s past, present, and future forms one’s self-identity D. RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) Known French philosopher who was also a mathematician Considered the father of modern philosophy Believed that the self is real and that humans have self-awareness and self-determination Espoused the concept that the self is a mind-body dichotomy, which means that thinking comes first before action “Cogito, ergo sum” (“I think, therefore I am.”) Influential in Western philosophy  E. JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) English philosopher and doctor Responsible for the concept of tabula rasa (The mind is a blank slate at first) Philosophy about self: The self is founded on consciousness. Rejected the idea that the brain forms one’s identity Consciousness is constant F. DAVID HUME (1711-1776) Known Scottish philosopher, writer, historian, and economist Believed that inductive reasoning and causality occur due to habits Believed that the self is composed of impressions or perceptions Saw the self as not a stable concept but as a collection of experiences, thoughts, memories, and imaginations  G. IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher and one of the proponents of Enlightenment Posited that consciousness comes from the inner sense and the outer sense Consciousness of oneself and psychological state = empirical self-consciousness Consciousness of oneself and acts of apperception (applying concepts) = transcendental apperception Concept of self: Self is considered as an object and is a product of reason. H. SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychiatrist known for founding psychoanalysis Influenced psychology, psychiatry, and neurology with his psychoanalytic theory Concept of the self: The self is multi-layered, composed of the id (responsible for instinct), ego (responsible for self-esteem), and superego (responsible for morality).  I. GILBERT RYLE (1900-1976) British philosopher and behaviorist Believed that the mind and the body are inseparable A firm advocate of behavioristic psychology Ryle’s theory: Logical Behaviorism (aka Analytical Behaviorism), which means that mental concepts are best explained by actual events Concept of the self: The self is a combination of the mind and the body.  J. PAUL CHURCHLAND (b. 1942) AND PATRICIA CHURCHLAND (b. 1943) Canadian-American couple who are neuro-philosophers Pioneers of eliminative materialism (which is the contrast of common sense psychology) Believed that the brain and the mind must be studied inseparably. Concept of the self: The self is composed of the brain and is contained within the brain.  K. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY (1900-1976) French phenomenological philosopher Phenomenology – refers to experience Conceptualized and defined two types of bodies: subjective body (lived and experienced) and objective body (observed and scientifically investigated) Concept of the self: The self is defined as embodied subjectivity (subjectivity is made real through physical living). Believed that the body and the mind are one and inseparable. What are the essential ideas that you have learned from our session for this week? What realizations about our lessons have you formed? What are the things that you want this class to have next time so that you could enjoy the sessions more? THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND GOD BLESS YOU! SEE YOU NEXT MEETING!