Cognition, Memory, and Intelligence Explained PDF

**i.** Cognition, memory, and intelligence are all related to how our brains work and process information. Cognition is basically how we think and understand things. It involves things like problem-solving, decision-making, and learning new information. For example, when you figure out how to solv...

**i.** Cognition, memory, and intelligence are all related to how our brains work and process information. Cognition is basically how we think and understand things. It involves things like problem-solving, decision-making, and learning new information. For example, when you figure out how to solve a puzzle or make a choice between two options, you are using your cognition. Memory is our ability to store and retrieve information. It's like our brain's filing system, where we keep important things we've learned or experienced. For example, when you remember your friend's birthday or recall what you learned in school, you are using your memory. Intelligence is a bit trickier to define, but it generally refers to our ability to learn, understand, and adapt to new situations. It's like our overall mental ability to think and reason. For example, when you quickly grasp a new concept or come up with a creative solution to a problem, you are using your intelligence. So, in simpler terms, cognition is how we think, memory is how we remember things, and intelligence is our overall mental ability. These concepts all work together to help us navigate the world around us and make sense of our experiences. **ii.** In simple terms, sensory memory is like a quick snapshot of information that your senses pick up from the world around you. It's like when you see a bright light or hear a loud noise for just a split second. Short-term memory is where this information is held for a short period of time, like remembering a phone number for a few seconds before you write it down. It only lasts for about 10 to 15 seconds, up to a minute. If you really focus and try to remember something, like studying for a test or practicing a skill, that information gets transferred to long-term memory. This is like storing information in your brain for a longer period of time, so you can remember it later on. So, in simple terms, sensory memory is like a quick snapshot, short-term memory is like a temporary storage, and long-term memory is like a more permanent storage for important information. iii. In simple terms, human agency means that people have the ability to control their own actions and make choices. This principle emphasizes that individuals are not just influenced by their surroundings or inner thoughts, but they also have the power to take charge of their own learning and behavior. For example, imagine a student who struggles with a particular subject in school. Instead of just blaming their teacher or the difficulty of the material, they can use their agency to seek out extra help, study harder, or try different learning strategies to improve their understanding. Overall, human agency highlights the idea that individuals have the capability to actively participate in their own learning and development, rather than just being passive recipients of external influences. In simpler terms, this text is talking about how students play a big role in their own learning. It says that during the learning process, students get to understand how they learn best. This means that students are seen as the ones in charge of their own learning, and they are encouraged to put effort into their learning. So, basically, students are responsible for how well they learn and are expected to take an active part in their own education. In simpler terms, human agency is an important idea in learning. It means that people are not just influenced by their surroundings or their thoughts -- they can take control and be proactive in their learning. This means that students have the power to regulate their own learning and make choices about how they learn. They are seen as active participants in their own learning journey, and are encouraged to be engaged and invested in the process. This concept highlights the idea that students have the ability to shape their own learning experiences. iv. In simple terms, the text is talking about two different ways that students can learn: surface learning and deep learning. Surface learning is when students just memorize information without really understanding it. They don't connect the information to other things they know, and they don't see how it can be used in real life. Deep learning, on the other hand, is when students really understand the information. They make connections between different ideas and see how they can be applied in practical ways. Instead of just memorizing facts, they think critically and deeply about the material. For example, let's say you're learning about photosynthesis in science class. With surface learning, you might just memorize the steps of photosynthesis without really understanding how plants use sunlight to make food. But with deep learning, you would understand the process of photosynthesis, why it's important for plants, and how it relates to other concepts like energy production. So, in a nutshell, surface learning is like skimming the surface of a topic, while deep learning is like diving deep and really understanding it.