U.S. History STAAR Review Guide PDF

**Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Everything you need to remember for the US History STAAR Test** **Exploration & Colonization** Northwest Passage is water route to Silk Road. \- Spain: Gold, God, Glory. France: Fur. England: Jamestown (Virginia) vs....

**Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Everything you need to remember for the US History STAAR Test** **Exploration & Colonization** Northwest Passage is water route to Silk Road. \- Spain: Gold, God, Glory. France: Fur. England: Jamestown (Virginia) vs. Plymouth (Massachusetts Bay Colony): J-swamp, P-hill, J-single dudes wanting to get rich off tobacco, P-families coming for religious freedoms. \- Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639): first written constitution. Mayflower Compact: first idea of self-government (or representative gov't). House of Burgesses: first legislative assembly. All had roots in Magna Carta, which at first only gave more rights to English dukes and earls. \- New England: (shipping, commerce, fishing, rocky soil, no slavery, factories) \- Middle Colonies: (Mid-Atlantic) (livestock, farming, mild weather, good soil) \- Southern Colonies: (Tobacco, Cotton, cash crops) yeoman (poor white farmers) \- Maryland: Catholics, religious freedoms for all types of Christians \- Georgia: buffer to Florida, debtors, founder: James Oglethorpe \- Puritans vs. Quakers: Puritans thought that only men could speak in church and women naturally inferior while Quakers thought women should be educated and have leadership roles. Puritans thought that slavery was legitimate and native people were savages while Quakers thought that slavery was morally corrupt, native people should be treated with care. Puritans settled mainly in Massachusetts; Quakers settled mainly in Pennsylvania. \- Roger Williams & Ann Hutchison: banned from Mass Bay Colony for writing about separation of church and state, created Rhode Island colony as haven for religious freedoms. \- Mercantilism: Colonies send raw materials to mother country which turns them into finished products to sell back to colonies. Slaves are brought from Africa to the New World via the Middle Passage. This whole trade pattern is called the triangular trade. The technical definition is an economic system employed by England, France, Holland and Spain during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries characterized by strict governmental regulation to ensure a favorable trade balance and the establishment of foreign trading monopolies. \- Puritans vs Separatists: Puritans wanted to purify Church of England while Separatists (the Pilgrims) wanted to leave Church of England altogether. \- City upon a Hill: Famous speech of Governor John Winthrop of Mass Bay Colony says how the Puritan colony is a model "city upon a hill" for the whole world to look up to. **Why 13 Colonies rebelled against British (TOP 5 MOST MISSED ON THE STAAR!!)** \- Great Awakening: people going back to religion, relationship with God **- Social Contract** idea by **Rousseau** (security, liberty, property, justice) and **John Locke** (life, liberty, property) during The Enlightenment (reason & individualism) that if King doesn't take care of the people, then the people have the right to overthrow the gov't. Originated in ancient English document Magna Carta. \- **How did Mercantilism and French and Indian War cause the US Rev**? 1\. Because of long distance (slow communications) between mother country and 13 colonies, England left the 13 colonies alone for 100+ years (salutary neglect). During this time 13 colonies got used to self-government. 2\. Navigation Act: First time England started enforcing Mercantilism and end Salutary Neglect. 3\. Then came the French and Indian War fought bwt British and French over the Ohio River Valley. Result: debt. British gov't want colonies to pay (Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Tea Act, etc.) to pay off debt from French & Indian War. Colonies say no fair b/c how can you tax us when you don't give us representatives in gov't in England (No Taxation without Representation.) 4\. Proclamation Line of 1763: Line drawn by British gov't across Appalachian Mountains saying colonies not allowed to settle in Ohio River Valley (remember rivers are roads and irrigation) b/c don't want to make Native Americans mad. Colonists thought this was unnecessary interference by British gov't. 5\. Quartering Act (British soldiers living in colonists' homes without permission) 6\. Sugar Act 7\. Stamp Act: tax on all printed materials 8\. Declaratory Act: Repealed Stamp Act, but Britain (mother country) had the last word. 9\. Townsend Act: tax on glass, tea, paper, British can search homes with a no-knock warrant for smuggling (writ of assistance). 10\. Boston Massacre John Adams 2^nd^ US pres & patriot was lawyer for UK soldiers in massacre 11\. Tea Act 12\. Boston Tea Party 13\. Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts: closed Boston harbor, expanded Quartering Act, royal governor more power, British officials accused to be tried in England instead of colonies. 14\. Committee of Correspondence: Sam Adams, correspondence = communications 15\. Albany Plan of Union: Ben Franklin, first time colonies tried to plan together. 16\. First Continental Congress 17\. Second Continental Congress: First time united colonial gov't. Appointed George Washington head of Continental Army, managed the war effort, appointed diplomats, Olive Branch Petition to King George III, Declaration of Independence. 20\. Sons of Liberty 21\. Colonists were 1/3 Tories aka Loyalists, 1/3 Patriots, 1/3 undecided 22\. Legislature = Assembly = Legislative Branch. **US Revolution** \- Patriot advantages: knew the land (home field advantage), France and later Spain came to aid of the Patriots. Determined to win. (History repeats itself---Guerilla Warfare/Insurgency---Vietnam, Afghanistan) \- Patriot disadvantages: inexperienced military, politically disorganized, small navy, not enough money. \- British advantages: largest & most professional navy in the world, professional and experienced soldiers and military leaders, infrastructure (factories, roads, railroads, powerlines) to produce weapons and supplies. \- British disadvantages: fighting a war across the Atlantic Ocean 5000 miles away from England (slow communications), fighting in unfamiliar territory. British soldiers had no real stake in war. \- Battles of Lexington and Concord: "Shot heard around the world." \- Olive Branch Petition \- Common Sense: Paine, "common sense" to want to separate from Great Britain. \- Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson author, life, liberty, pursuit of happiness are natural rights (God given rights), plagiarized Locke, 80% was whining about stuff King George III did wrong (breakup letter), Bill of Rights (1^st^ 10 amendments to constitution directly addressed stuff George III did wrong.) \- Battle of Saratoga: Turning point of the war, first time British surrendered a whole army. France officially came into the war on US side. \- Battle of Yorktown: Second time British surrendered a whole army by Cornwallis. British started negotiating peace. -Valley Forge: Winter quarters 1778, thousands of Continentals died from disease starvation while British winter quartered comfortably in captured Philly. Von Steuben trained Continental Army into somewhat of a professional army. \- Sam Adams: Committee of Correspondence, Continental Congress delegate \- Ben Franklin: Ambassador to France, Scientist, Publisher, Dec of Independence w/ Jefferson. \- George Washington \- John Paul Jones: Father of the US Navy, won famous naval victory. \- Guerilla Warfare/Insurgency: "camping" in call of duty: hide behind walls, trees, houses, shoot at a superior army, then runs and hides and repeat (hit and run tactics). \- Early British Strategy: cut New England off from the rest of the colonies b/c most of the patriots were in New England. Once New England was isolated, the rebellion would die out. \- Later British Strategy: In 1778, the British decided to turn their attention to the South because they believed the South was mostly occupied by Loyalists. \- Treaty of Paris 1783: Independence of US, boundaries from the Great Lakes to Mississippi River to Spanish Florida. UK give US fishing rights off of Canadian coast. US to pay debts owed to British merchants and confiscated Loyalist lands. **Articles of Confederation and Constitution (MOST MISSED UNIT ON STAAR TEST!!!)** \- Articles of Confederation: weak central gov't, original form of US gov't. Weakness 1\. Only Unicameral Legislative Branch (Congress) 2\. Can only declare wars, make treaties, borrow money. 3\. No power to collect taxes or enforce its own laws. Strength 5\. Negotiated Treaty of Paris 6\. Land Ordinance of 1785: set aside western land for public schools. \- Constitution **President Washington to the War of 1812** Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program: Take over debts of states and federal gov't, protective tariffs, National Bank. What Congress passed was: Pay off national debt, assume state debts, compromise with Jefferson established the nation's capital in the South along the Potomac River (Washington D.C.) Tariff rates were lower than what Hamilton wanted, but he got Congress to pass excise taxes (taxes on a company making something at time of manufacture), particularly one on whiskey, established a National Bank. Whiskey Rebellion: Showed the Constitution and new federal gov't can work to put down rebellion. Proclamation of Neutrality Citizen Genet: French minister to US appealed directly to the American people to support the French cause w/out going to Washington first. Insulted US & Washington requested that France remove the diplomat. Jay Treaty: Settled border between British Canada and US after US Revolution, British agreed to leave remaining troops in US, helped American commerce w/ England, treaty angered France. Pinckney Treaty: Defined border between new US and Spanish colonies, gave US right to use Mississippi River as road. Treaty of Greenville: US forced this treaty on Native Americans, who were forced to give Ohio to US settlers and to not attack them. Washington's Farewell Address: precedent of only 2 terms as president, avoid sectionalism, don't get involved in European affairs/wars, avoid permanent military alliances, don't form political parties. Naturalization Act: increased number of years to qualify for US citizenship from 5 to 14 (this act hurt the D-R because immigrants tended to vote for D-R candidates) Alien and Sedition Act: ALIEN ACT: authorized President to deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain enemy citizens in time of war. SEDITION ACT: made it illegal for D-R newspaper editors to criticize either the President or Congress and imposed heavy penalties (fined or imprisoned) for editors who violated the laws. XYZ Affair: French ministers known only as X, Y, Z (names never revealed) requested bribes before they would enter into negotiations with US. US delegates refused & went home. Americans wanted to go to war with France b/c of insult. Adams opposed going to war. Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions Election of 1800/Revolution of 1800 Louisiana Purchase: doubled size of US. Jefferson broke his own rules of strict interpretation of Constitution in order to get Louisiana. KNOW WHAT THE LOUISANA PURCHASE MAP LOOKS LIKE!! Lewis & Clark Expedition: Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lt. William Clark explored the Louisiana Territory. Results: Strengthened claims to Oregon Territory, improved relations w/ Native American tribes, developed maps & land routes for future travelers. Aaron Burr Napoleonic Wars Impressment: In order to get enough sailors to man all their ships during Napoleonic Wars, England forced sailors of other countries, esp. the US to serve in the Royal Navy. Embargo Act: Law prohibiting US trading with other countries, esp. England and France. Ended up hurting US more. Repealed in 1809, but US still did not trade with England and France. Causes of the War of 1812: U.S. wanted its rights protected as a neutral nation at sea (impressment), US wanted British Canada and Spanish Florida, Americans blamed British for aiding Native American rebellions in Ohio and Michigan. War Hawks wanted war w/ England to get new land. Usually from South and Western US. Why were Federalists and New England merchants against the War of 1812? Federalists were from New England who were all about earning \$ from shipping, UK was biggest trading partner. War of 1812 Summary: US first got its behind kicked in trying to invade Canada. At same time, infant US Navy won several one-on-one fights with ships of Royal Navy, this made everyone proud to be American. In 1814 British Army and Navy invaded and burned Washington DC and the White House (the burnt walls were repainted white hence why it's called the White House now) and the US under Jackson ended the war by defeating the Creek Indians and successfully defending New Orleans in 1815. Hartford Convention: ended the Federalist Party b/c it made them look like traitors b/c they were supporting UK for commerce and ready to leave the US if the war drags on. **Era of Good Feelings -- 1815 to 1824, right after the War of 1812 Americans believed U.S. was entering an era of unlimited prosperity, patriotism was abundant** American System: Henry Clay, PROTECTIVE TARIFFS to promote American manufacturing and to raise money to build a system of federally constructed roads and canals, A 2ND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES would keep the economic system running smoothly by controlling inflation and handling the nation's debt after the War of 1812. Panic of 1819: 1st major financial panic (depression) ever in American history. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Supreme Court Case that determined that Congress had the implied power to create a national bank, Federal laws are supreme over state laws. Florida Purchase Treaty (1819): Also called the Adams-Onís Treaty Spain gave up Florida and U.S. gave up any claim on Texas. **Missouri Compromise:** (Background) By the time Missouri wanted to enter the Union, there was an even balance of 11 slave and 11 free states. Missouri's entrance into the Union as a slave state would cause the balance of power to shift in favor of the slave states. So, because of the compromise, Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine admitted as free state, Slavery in the Louisiana Purchase was prohibited North of 36'30 latitude line. **Monroe Doctrine:** Declared U.S. was opposed to European powers trying to interfere in affairs of any republic in the Western Hemisphere. Eventually this turned into an excuse for the US to treat Latin America like its own imperialistic backyard in the 1900s. Growth of canals: In 1825, the 363-mile Erie Canal linked the economies of Midwest farms to NYC port. Its success was followed by a canal building frenzy. Result: cities grew along the canals. Lower transportation costs lowered food prices. Easier and cheaper travel brought more people West. Also, growth of railroad and steam engines during this time. Capital = synonym for money (COTTON GIN HIGHLY MISSED ON STAAR!) In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin: this gave rise to "King Cotton" for cotton to replace tobacco as the major export of the South and reiterated the southern need for slaves. He also created interchangeable part with guns. Before interchangeable parts, if a part of a gun got damaged in battle, the whole gun is trashed. Interchangeable parts allowed for parts of a gun to be swapped out. This gave rise to factories. The rise of factories is known as the Industrial Revolution. The world's first factories were textile mills in Britain that make clothing. People worked for wages based on hours. Factories required standardized time. Children, women, and immigrants were housed in company dormitories, this labor method called the Lowell System. By 1820s, New England became manufacturing center b/c of water supplies and good seaports. Steam power replaced waterpower; factories no longer tied to locations with falling water. Samuel Slater brought industrialization to America from UK. As the numbers of people employed in factories increased, Unions (organizations that promote workers' rights) established. Increase of **Sectionalism:** loyalty to a region or section of the country instead of the country as a whole. North -- factories, shipping, commerce. South -- slavery. Federalist Party dies off b/c of Hartford Convention. During Era of Good Feeling only Democratic-Republican party. But Democratic-Republican Party were unable to agree on interpretation of the Constitution (strict v. loose) and on tariffs, so party split into factions giving rise to the next two political parties: Democrat Party and the Whig Party. **Gibbons v. Ogden:** Congress had right to regulate interstate commerce. **Age of Jackson** Trail of Tears: forced removal of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Oklahoma, thousands died during forced march. Worcester vs. Georgia: Supreme Court stated Cherokees had right to self-government, declared Georgia's extension of state law over them unconstitutional. (The court also ruled that Indian tribes were considered nations and could not be subjected to state law.) State of Georgia refused to abide by the Court decision and President Jackson refused to enforce the law. (Indian Removal Act was the actual law that Andy Jackson wrote to evict the Native Americans from Georgia to Oklahoma. The Cherokees sued him under Worcester vs. Georgia. They won, but AJ chose to not follow Supreme Court ruling. Trail of Tears was when AJ physically forced them out to Oklahoma.) Jacksonian Democracy: don't have to own property to vote anymore (the common man), but still only white males. **Spoils System:** you help me win the election, I'll hook you up with a good job in the gov't. Jackson's View of the National Bank: Jackson hating it b/c he saw it as a bank made up of elitists. He vetoed the bank. **Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833:** **Tariffs** are taxes on imports. Whig Party leaders like Henry Clay wanted Tariffs to protect American factories (which usually were in the North). But Tariffs hurt the South which relied more on agriculture. In 1832, the South Carolina legislature passed an Ordinance of Nullification declaring the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void, calling it the Tariff of Abominations. In 1833, Congress passed the Force Bill giving President Andrew Jackson the authority to use the military to collect the tariff. South Carolina backed down. **Main Issue: States' Rights = who has more power, states or federal gov't. Does a state have the power to nullify the federal power of Congress to regulate international/interstate commerce?** **Westward expansion, Manifest Destiny, Mexican War: caused by Texas** **Manifest Destiny:** idea that it was America's God given (1800s synonym for God was Providence) destiny to eventually settle from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Remember picture associated with this, of that flying lady. **54-40 or Fight:** The US ought to claim all of Oregon territory up to 54-40 north parallel or fight Great Britain for the land. **Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo:** treaty ending Mexican War. Mexico gave up all claims to Texas and gave up California, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico to the US. US paid Mexico 15 million for the land. Gadsden Purchase: US bought some more land from Mexico to build the Union-Pacific Railroad. **Reform Movement, Growth of Technology, early culture of US. (TOP 5 MOST MISSED!!)** **Dorthey Dix:** reform movement for treatment of mentally ill; created first insane asylums **Barbed Wire Fence:** protected crops from damage caused by ranchers' animals. Steel is stronger than regular iron and lasts longer. Farmers with steel plows and later mechanical reapers became more efficient. **Steam ships:** Can go up stream against the current when using rivers as roads. **The West: Railroads, gold mining, ranching, farming.** **Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Stanton, Seneca Fall, Women's Suffrage (voting rights)** **Temperance:** No drinking **Transcendentalism:** philosophical movement developed in late 1820s and 1830s in New England, believed humans were originally good, unity with nature. Key transcendentalists were Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. **Hudson River School:** mid-1800s American art movement painted romanticism landscapes of area around Hudson River Valley. Romanticism is movement in art, music, writing glorified feelings and nature, suspension of science and industrialization from 1800 to 1850s. **Immigration:** From 1607 to about 1850, most immigrants from Northern and Western Europe (England, France, Germany.) All immigrant groups came for new job opportunities and cheap land. Potato Famine in Ireland 1850s, huge Irish immigration to US. (Potatoes not native to Ireland, came to Ireland via Columbia Exchange, remember Silk Road and Columbus? By 1800s were main food for Irish people.) Irish viewed as scum of earth and treated with same racism as African Americans. Chinese immigrated to California in 1870s to work on transcontinental railroad w/ Irish. Also created lots of Chinese laundromats, lived in segregated areas (Chinatowns). Southern Europeans such as Italians started immigrating in 1900s. Treated with same discrimination as today towards Hispanics. Also viewed as "not real Americans." Started lots of Little Italys. Hispanic immigration started around 1960s. **Nativism**: Northern Europeans "original" settlers of US had dislike/fear of immigrants, esp. Irish, Italians, and Chinese. American Party/No-Nothing Party. Mormons: Started by Joseph Smith in NY in 1820s. Consider themselves Christians. Highly persecuted, so moved west and eventually settled in Utah in late 1840s. The "social" of Manifest Destiny b/c moved west for religious freedoms. Became more mainstream in the 20^th^ century. Rapid growth after WWII b/c of missionaries. **Antebellum Period (1830 -- 1861): Events leading up to and Causes of the Civil War (TOP 5 MOST MISSED ON STAAR!!!)** Also call **Antebellum Period (1830 -- 1861)**: from time of Nullification to the start of Civil War. Polarization of America between abolitionists and supporters of slavery. Frederick Douglass: abolitionist, speaker, creator of North Star newspaper. 1\. Nat Turner's Rebellion Results: Southern states tightened slave laws as fear of other revolts spread throughout the South; More Northerners began to support the abolition of slavery. 2\. Nullification Crisis **3. Compromise of 1850:** Written by Henry Clay. Should the new territories gained by the Mexican War be slave or free? End result: California comes in as free state, buying and selling slaves prohibited in Washington D.C., owning slaves still legal in D.C., no slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico, a tougher Fugitive Slave Act, TX loses boundary dispute w/ New Mexico, but gets \$10 million in federal gov't money. 4\. Fugitive Slave Act: made it easier to track down & capture fugitive slaves who escaped to the North & return them to Southern owners, but Northerners strongly resisted it (underground railroad). **5. Uncle Tom's Cabin:** book helped northerners and Europeans to see all slave owners as inhuman and cruel. Author: Harriet Beecher Stowe **6. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854:** **Popular Sovereignty** used to decide if slavery would be allowed in Kansas and Nebraska territories. (The Missouri Compromise had previously forbidden slavery in these territories), in return south would support northern transcontinental railroad. As a result, fighting broke out between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups (Bleeding Kansas.) 7\. Lecompton Constitution: Pro slavery constitution for Kansas statehood during Bleeding Kansas. **8. Dred Scott Decision:** Scott was a slave in Missouri. His owner took him into Wisconsin, a free state, before returning to Missouri. Scott sued saying he should be free. Supreme Court Decision: Scott was not a U.S. citizen. Therefore, he could not sue. Slaves were property so the federal government could not exclude slavery from any territory. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. 9\. Lincoln Douglas Debates: Lincoln and Douglas were both vying for the U.S. Senate seat from Illinois. They agreed to debate each other seven times. The issue of slavery was the main theme in the debates. Douglas won the election, but Lincoln gained national attention and the 1860 presidential nomination of the Republican Party. 10\. Freeport Doctrine: Douglas' position on slavery (popular sovereignty) as stated in the second round of the Lincoln-Douglas Debates in Freeport, Illinois became known as the Freeport Doctrine. Douglas believed people in a territory could lawfully exclude slavery by refusing to pass laws and police regulations necessary for the institution of slavery. 11\. John Brown's Raid: John Brown, his sons, and former slaves attacked the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Brown wanted to use the arsenal's weapons to arm Virginia slaves to revolt against their owners. Brown was seen as extreme villain by most people in South, but some in North saw him as a savior hero. 12\. Election of 1860: Key takeaway from this election is that Lincoln didn't win any states in the South and as a result the South saw this as the last straw. 13\. Fort Sumter: First battle of Civil War. South fired first on Federal fort that Lincoln would not evacuate. **Civil War** **Confederate States of America, CSA, Confederacy = synonyms for the South** **United States of America, USA, Union = synonyms for the North** Northern advantages: bigger population, strong central gov't that can collect taxes, most factories here, most railroad here (better to move troops and supplies), more merchant shipping (cargo ships), more banks and finances. Northern disadvantages: city dwellers and factory workers were not prepared for the life of a solider and needed a lot of training, had to fight an offensive war. Southern disadvantages: smaller population almost of which were slaves, weak central gov't that couldn't collect taxes (remember Articles of Confederation? How most of the ppl who didn't want the constitution were in the south to begin with? History repeats itself again), little to no factories, railroads, or merchant shipping, hurt by northern naval blockade, couldn't get loans to pay for war, Southern advantages: many of the experienced officers joined the Confederate army when their home state seceded, home field advantage, Had the most experienced officers, Southern soldiers needed less training (country boys accustomed to life in the outdoors, knew how to use weapons and ride horses already, didn't need as much training as Northern city boys) Mississippi River: strategically important resulting in many battles across the South. (Remember how rivers are roads?) Union war strategy was called the Anaconda Plan, consisted of 3 parts: 1\. Use the Navy to blockade Southern ports to cut off essential supplies from reaching the South 2\. Divide the Confederacy in two by taking the Mississippi River. 3\. Raise and train an army 500,000 strong to take Richmond (the capital of Confederate States) Trent Affair: U.S. Navy intercepted the British RMS Trent and removed two Confederate diplomats from the ship (John Slidell and James Mason) who were on their way to Britain and France to champion the Confederate cause. Incident caused tension between the Union and Britain Union bowed to pressure and released the diplomats. COTTON DIPLOMACY (aka KING COTTON): Confederacy hoped European countries would intervene on their behalf because they can't live without Southern cotton, but Great Britain and other European countries found new sources of cotton and stayed out of the war. Battle of Antietam: South invaded North. Because the South did not win decisively, Great Britain did not grant the south recognition or financial support. Also gave Lincoln enough of a victory to issue the EP. Emancipation Proclamation: executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln. He gave the Confederate states over 3 months to cease their rebellion and return to the Union as slaveholding states. The Confederate states refused, and the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect on January 1, 1863. It proclaimed that slaves in the rebelling states (NOT the Border States) were free. Since Great Britain was strongly against slavery, the proclamation made it even more difficult for the British to offer support to the Confederacy. About 25% of the South's slave population walked away from slavery and towards the protection of the Union army. Vicksburg: Union victory = control of Mississippi river and cut CSA in half. Gettysburg: Turning point of war, South invaded North again in Pennsylvania. Sherman's March to the Sea: destroyed everything the enemy might use (scorched earth policy). First time in U.S. history civilian centers became military targets. Appomattox Courthouse: end of war Results of Civil War: Supremacy of the Federal government over the state became settled once for all, size of federal gov't permanently expanded, transform the Northeast into an industrial power, development of transcontinental railroads that opened up the wild west, Morrill Land Grant Colleges (States can sells public lands to create Texas A&M and A&M colleges across America), women's rights movement, end of slavery, 13^th^ amendment (end of slavery), Reconstruction. **Reconstruction (TOP 5 MOST MISSED ON STAAR!!!)** 13^th^ Amendment: No more slavery. 10% Plan: Old Confederate states would be readmitted if 10% of its people swore loyal to US and CSA leaders gave up slavery and swore loyalty. 2 Reconstructions. 1865 to 1867 is Presidential Reconstruction. Radical Republicans thought President Johnson was too easy on the South, Johnson didn't really protect former slaves and Southern states elected old CSA leaders to US Congress. Black Codes: laws that required former slaves to have passes to travel anywhere and forbid them to own land and forced many to work again on their old plantations. Also, unable to vote or be on juries. Freedmen's Bureau: aid, education and helped former slaves deal w/ new employers, usually who were their old masters. Bureau had to deal w/ lack of funding and hostile Southerners. 40 Acres and a Mule: from General Sherman's Field Order 15, calling for confiscation of confederate land to give former slaves 40 acres and a mule. Sharecropping: former slaves would lease land in exchange for landowners getting a percentage of their crops. Landowners also deduct more money for housing, food and farming supplies. This system would leave former slaves as well as many poor whites in continuous debt for generations. Congressional Reconstruction 1867-1877: Republicans were outraged by the Black Codes and gained more than 2/3 majority in both houses of Congress in 1866 election. Passed Civil Rights Bill of 1866 to overturn the Black Codes and... 14^th^ Amendment: former slaves are all citizens, overturned Dred Scott, due process and equal protection under the law, blocked former CSA officers for holding state and federal office in Congress if former slaves were denied right to vote. 1867 Military Reconstruction Act: divided south in 5 military districts run by military until southern state readmitted into Union. President Johnson tried to veto too many of these reconstruction laws and broke the Tenure of Office Act (president can't fire federal appointee w/out Congress approval) so Congress tried to impeach him. Missed it by one vote. 15^th^ Amendment: universal male suffrage. All men could vote, regardless of race. Hiram Rhodes Revels: first African American in Congress. Scalawags: Southern democrats' derogatory term for Southern Republicans. Carpetbaggers: Nickname for Yankees who moved South. Southern backlash against Reconstruction resulted in creation of KKK. Force Acts and KKK Acts partly successfully in tried to dismantle them. Panic of 1873: Republicans and Northerners became more concerned about the economy than Reconstruction in the South. Compromise of 1877: Hayes and Republican Party victory for president race in exchange for end of Reconstruction. Jim Crow: Poll taxes, literacy test, grandfather clauses used to deny African Americans vote. Plessy vs. Ferguson: Separate but equal. Start of segregation. Jim Crow = segregation. Brown vs. Board of Education: End of segregation. **Annotation** Highlight or underline key concepts/words NOT EVERTHING Circle or question mark around stuff you don't understand. Write ideas/thoughts in the margin. **Short Constructed Response Questions** PRO TIPS FROM MR. LIU: 1. Don't just write a long essay trying to make up stuff that sounds right. A short paragraph of 3-4 SENTENCES THAT ANSWERS EVERY PART OF THE QUESTION CORRECTLY WILL GET YOU A HIGHER SCORE! 2. The typing limit on STAAR IS 475 CHARACTERS. 3. Even though the rubric for Social Studies doesn't say you have to cite evidence based on the text, if you don't have historical proof, you're not going to get full credit. 4. Remember to cite evidence from the reading passage. Use quotation marks to cite key words for evidence. SCRs will be graded by AI.  R: RESTATE the question. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- A: ANSWER the question in your own words. T: Text citation/evidence. (from both the except AND what I taught you) E: EXPLAIN and give details. S: SUM it up.