US History Final Review Study Guide PDF (2024)

Joseph Ramirez Professor Schooler US History 7 December 2024 Final Review Study Guide Preface ○ This review will contain information on Chapters 9-16 ○ It will have topics discussed in the Exam Review and on lecture/notes ○ Topics disc...

Joseph Ramirez Professor Schooler US History 7 December 2024 Final Review Study Guide Preface ○ This review will contain information on Chapters 9-16 ○ It will have topics discussed in the Exam Review and on lecture/notes ○ Topics discussed in the Exam Review will be highlighted in Light Yellow ○ IYKYK will be highlighted in Light Green ○ Links to specific Chapter Notes: US History Notes - Chapters 9, 10, 11 US History Notes - Chapter 12 US History Notes - Chapter 13 US History Notes - Chapter 14 US History Notes - Chapter 15 (Needs revision but has all info) US History Notes - Chapter 16 (Needs revision but has all info) For Chapters 15/16, the paragraph of information is notes taken during lecture while the rest is copy and pasted from the slideshow) Hey Quizlet! When making notes, please include flashcards with the main bulleted points as the titles for flashcards. Also. include separate flashcards for the items highlighted yellow. Like include regular flashcards but repeat information with the light yellow. Chapter 9: Nationalism and Sectionalism, 1815- 1828  Economic Nationalism ○ First Bank of the U.S. Started by Alexander Hamilton (Fed) 1st Charter started in 1791 and ended in 1811 (lasted for 20 years) Economic turmoil (no Federal bank for 5 years) ○ Second Bank of the U.S. Started by James Madison (Fed) 2nd Charter starts in 1816 and ends in 1836 (lasts for 20 years) Established in Philadelphia The “Era of Good Feelings” ○ A period of time in America where there was national and political unity/harmony after the War of 1812 ○ President James Monroe 5th president The Virginia Dynasty: 3rd straight Democratic-Republican Virginian President (Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) ○ Politics was dominated by Democratic-Republicans while Federalists died off Henry Clay, the “Great Compromiser” ○ Ran for president frequently but never won. A growing leader in the DR party. ○ Democratic-Republican Senator then Kentucky Representative (Future House Speaker) ○ Proponent of the “American System” (of Economics) 1. Internal improvements (roads/bridges = easier transportation/more employment) 2nd. National Bank moderate currency  3rd. Federal tariffs (taxes on imported goods) Transport, Bank, Tariff TBT ○ Known as the “Great Compromiser” due to introducing the Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise (1821) ○ Expansion to the West ○ Clay introduced the Missouri Compromise, where all states north of the 36 30 were free states, and the south would have slave states. (No policy for Louisiana) ○ Missouri slave, Maine Free Nationalist Diplomacy ○ Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 Purchase of Florida from Spain Sabine River border of New Spain and the US until the annexation of Texas ○ Oregon Treaty of 1824 Established border with Russia ○ The Monroe Doctrine (1823) Monroe argues for the end of European colonization in the Americas Backed up by Britain The Election of 1824 ○ Ended the Era of Good Feelings ○ Four Democratic-Republican candidates Andrew Jackson (Battle of New Orleans) John Quincy Adams (Son of John Adams) Henry Clay (Missouri Compromise) William Crawford Jackson, Adams, Clay, Crawford (JACC 24)  ○ House of Representatives Decided president as the election was a tie (see “Corrupt Bargain”) ○ “Corrupt Bargain” Tie between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams Adams promises Clay the position of Secretary of State if he gets his supporters to vote for him, which works. Jackson forms the Democratic Party End of the “Era of Good Feelings” John Quincy Adams (6th U.S. President) ○ “Old Man Eloquent” First U.S. president to be photographed “You didn’t have to do anything to become president!” (portrayed as aristocratic) Abolitionist (like his father) ○ The Election of 1828 Jackson paints Adams as a rich and strong man but not a common man. (Jackson wins) Chapter 10: The Jacksonian Era, 1828–1840 Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) (7th U.S. President) ○ War hero of the Battle of New Orleans ○ First president to come from the West of the Appalachian mountains ○ Served 2 terms ○ 1st candidate of the Democratic Party  ○ The Democratic Party (1828) Increased white male suffrage (including those without land) Increased executive power ○ “Spoils System” Treated women, natives, and free blacks as insignificant as he gave more rights to white men Jackson argued for the freedom to do whatever he wanted after he became president Native American Policy ○ Indian Removal Act of 1830 Jackson sees Natives as the enemy as they sided with the British Forced relocation of American South East to lands west of the Mississippi (Oklahoma/Kansas) (Trail of Tears) ○ Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Cherokee fought to protect their lands from the Removal Act, wanting recognition as a sovereign nation. Supreme Court under John Marshal labeled them as a “domestic dependent nation” under federal control, paving the way for the Trail of Tears ○ Worcester v. Georgia Court ruled Georgia’s law of needing non-natives a license to be in their lands was unconstitutional ○ Jefferson defiled Supreme Court and forcibly relocated the Indigenous Indian Removal, 1820-1840 ○ Trail of Tears Forced removal of Southeast Natives to the west 17,000 Cherokees 4,000 died (Hunger, starvation, exhaustion, also prob disease) Overall, 100,000 forcibly relocated  Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokees, Freedman (blacks living in Indigenous lands) Jackson saw them not paying taxes so begone, toodles, bye bye Battle of the Bank ○ Jackson and paper money Jackson wasn’t a fan of the bank as it could take over the country ○ Opposition to the Second Bank of the U.S. Congress votes to recharter the second bank, but Jefferson doesn’t like so he vetoes it. Causes economic instability ○ Early Bank Recharter (same thing as above) Electon of 1832 Vetoed by Jackson No national currency Nullification and Union ○ Jackson approves Tarrif of 1828 Tax on imported goods aimed to assist the economy driven by Northern manufacturing (which was boosted as a result) Diminished value of non-manufacturing states (southerners) ○ Vice President John C. Calhoun South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) Staunch advocates for state’s rights. He believes if an act of Congress is unlawful, states can ignore it. Arguments drew from Madison and Jefferson’s earlier ideas ○ Webster-Hayne Debates Webster argued that federal laws apply to all states uniformly (unified nation) Hayne argued for the state’s rights (state sovereignty) Election of 1832 ○ New Vice President Martin Van Buren  The “Kitchen Cabinet” Jackson assigns random people as cabinet and invites his friends to be the real advisors Henry Clay and the National Republicans Led the National Republican Party (opposed Jackson) Anti-Masonic party 1st earliest Third Party 1st National Convention (asked the people to vote for representative) Jackson beat Clay in the election (Americans love a war hero!) Nullification Crisis ○ Ordinance of Nullification (1832) Calhoun resigns and runs for Senate in South Carolina. He won and passed this ordinance to reject the federal tariffs. ○ Jackson declared South Carolina traitors Clay’s Compromise (1833) Clay negotiated a compromise between Calhoun and Jackson to gradually reduce tariffs until they’ve reached zero Election of 1836 ○ The Whig coalition Opposed Jackson’s policies Had National Republicans, Anti-Masonic members, Federalists “People’s Party” ○ The Election of 1836  Democrat Martin Van Buren defeated Whig William Henery Harrison, thus becoming the 8th President Election of 1840 ○ Van Buren runs for re-election but loses. ○ The “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign Whigs and Van Buren portray William Henry Harrison as a humble frontiersman who drank hard cider in a log cabin. Backfired as it painted him as the “Common Man” and was relatable to most Americans ○ “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” Harrison used this slogan to attract votes as he and his running buddy Tyler won the Battle of Tippecanoe ○ Results of the Election Harrison defeats Van Buren 239 to 60 and becomes the 9th President of the US Vice President is John Tyler Died of pneumonia 31 days into his term while speaking out in the cold rain trying to be vigorous and resilient. Ironic Chapter 11: Slavery and King Cotton, 1800-1860 Many Souths ○ Lower South South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas G, A, M, S, L, T, F Mostly cotton plantations ○ Upper South Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas  Not actual Northern South, but tobacco states with sugarcane and rice N, A, T, V ○ Border South Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri M, M, K Legalized slavery but not reliant on it (limited/on decline) Population Growth and Cotton Production, 1821-1859 ○ Antebellum: 1821-1859 Period before the war Explosive growth in population and cotton production (more slave labor) Wealth in the South ○ Most white Southerners were poor. Foreigners thought slavery was bad ○ Planters To become one, have at least 20 slaves and land 4% of white society The Plantation Wife Throw parties, remain sexually pure while the Planter himself could engage with sexual relations with slaves ○ Southern Honor Exploitation and violence Southern Work (ODS) ○ Overseers General manager, maintained/managed buildings and slaves Became overseers to become rich to then become a Planter ○ Drivers Often enslaved to watch over other enslaved (disciplined) ○ Small Farmers  Majority of slave owners ○ “Plain white folk” Yeomen farmers (no slaves, farmed just enough to feed family) ○ “Poor whites” 40% of the Southern population Farm labor or low wages Slave Society ○ Forced Breeding 1810 importation from Africa was illegal, so forced breeding ○ Slave Families Not recognized by the Southern States Childhood ended at 5 as they went straight to workforce Loosely tied as any could be sold ○ Slavery and religion Most enslaved converted to Christianity due to promised afterlife The Slave System ○ Slave Codes Laws that defined the status of slaves (varied by state) Prohibited slaves from owning property, make contracts, testify against whites, etc ○ “Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves” in 1808 Forbid importation of slaves, which made them more expensive and caused the aforementioned forced breeding The Haitian Revolution ○ Led to overthrow French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and the establishment on an independent nation governed by former slaves ○ Toussaint Louverture (former slave) Lead the revolution ○ Jean-Jacques Dessalines  Loverture’s Lieutenant who took over after Napoleon captured and killed him Declared Haiti’s independence ○ Haiti was then the first country founded by the enslaved Slave Rebellions ○ The Prosser Conspiracy Originated in 1800 in Virginia Led by enslaved and was a planned revolt to make an independent black state in Virginia Failed, which caused 26 to be captured and hanged (Prosser included) ○ Nat Turner Rebellion The most successful slave rebellion Fight against the Virginia Militia and US military 50 whites killed, 200 slaves killed (including Nat Turner) Chapter 12: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform, 1800-1860 Economic Nationalism ○ Deism Believes in God but he doesn’t control what we do; a rational creator made a rational universe. Argued for science and reason in belief (Paine and Jefferson) Born from Deism were Unitarians ○ Unitarianism Major religious structure in the US Rejects the Trinity (Jesus' savior but not divine) Highly educated men from New England, rational thinkers  ○ Universalism Stressed that all people are equal in the eyes of God Second Great Awakening (1795 – 1835) ○ Anyone who repents and believes in Christ will receive salvation ○ Since you had to go to pastors to repent (I think,) Circuit-riding preachers deliver sermons. ○ Massive growth in Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists, which preached free will and social equality ○ The fear of the church at this time was growing secularism Religious Revivalism ○ Revivalism and African-Americans Emphasis on free will Baptists were the first to allow black worshippers in their churches (still discriminated against) ○ Methodists and Baptists openly opposed slavery ○ Women (isolation of the frontier) The Mormons ○ The Mormon religion was created by Joseph Smith, who preached of Jesus’ second coming and that white Christians of the US are the true descendants of the Israelites. ○ The Catholics and Protestants didn’t like them and were fearful, so they were kicked out from Western New York, where he then established his church in 1830. ○ He ends up in jail in 1844, where a mob of Catholics and Protestants drag him out and kill him. ○ His predecessor Brigham Young takes over for 30 years (1847-1877) and embarks on the Mormon Trech (3-year journey west to Utah) ○ Brigham Young created the Theodemocracy of Utah and he’s also the governor of the Utah territory. ○ He’s also a polygamist with 55 wives.  The Mormon Trail, 1830–1851 ○ Westward migration: an exodus through a desert ○ Utah Territory The Mexicans originally declared independence, but the Mexican-American War now makes it US territory. The Utah Territory was denied statehood until they ended their practice of polygamy (agreed in 1896) Romanticism in America ○ Romanticism was a European cultural movement, which gave birth to Transcendentalism (from Unitarian). They argue that what couldn’t be proven by science could be justified by faith (and vice versa.) ○ Radical individualism was also present during this period, and the Unitarian minister Ralph Waldo Emerson accepted God as a part of this world. The Transcendental Club ○ A Transcendental abolitionist (who believed in free will and nothing was pre-determined), Henry David Thoreau, a social rebel and disciple of Emerson, believed that everyone should get back to nature while wealthy. He didn’t believe in taxes, as they went to a government that supported slavery, so he was put in jail but later bailed because he was rich. ○ Martin Luther King Jr later used this idea of civil disobedience in the 1960s. An American Literature ○ In the 1700s, not a lot of people had free time to write poetry or fiction. These authors stick out, though. ○ Nathaniel Hawthorne  Wrote the Scarlet Letter (Bad things = bad consequences, life isn’t going back to nature/roots, life is brutal) Critiqued the Transcendentalists ○ Emily Dickson Regarded as the female voice of New England literature Most of her poetry was published after she died ○ Edgar Allan Poe Gothic, macabre writer Wrote the Tell-Tale Heart and the Raven ○ Walt Whitman He wrote of his experiences in the Civil War, embraced Jackson’s “every man” democracy as an abolitionist, and often wrote of everyday life like alcohol abuse, domestic violence, sexuality, eating, drinking, etc. Dorthea Dix ○ She investigated the mentally ill, care, and treatment ○ She was horrified by the treatment of the mentally ill in Massachusetts, so she kept lobbying Mass. Legislature until they were treated better. She also went to other states to do the same. Antebellum Social Reform ○ The movement was called Temperance, which attempted to ban alcohol due to family concerns. (Succeeded in 1918) ○ The Seneca Falls Convention gathered women to speak of women's issues. ○ Elizabeth Cady Stanton argued for suffrage, while Susan B Anthony led the women’s suffrage movement. The Anti-Slavery Movement ○ The “Back to Africa” movement argued for moving the enslaved back to Africa, but due to the number of people of African descent (20 million,) wouldn’t work. Many religious groups protested against this movement.  ○ Anti-Slavery movements stopped slavery in the West. ○ By the 1820s, every northern state had abolished slavery. ○ A total abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, argued for the whites to return to England instead. “Back to England” Anti-Slavery Activity ○ Frederick Douglass was the leader of the Anti-Slavery movement. After he gained freedom, he wrote of the horrors of slavery, which opened the eyes of northerners. ○ Sojourner was a leading abolitionist and women’s rights advocate who communicated only through speeches as she couldn’t write. ○ The Underground Railroad was a series of safe houses/hiding places to safeguard the escaped/runaway slaves into the northern states. (Ineffective as northern states would send them back, but 100,000 managed to escape in 1850) (Harriet Tubman) Antebellum America (Summary from Nearpod) ○ The Antebellum Period in American history was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of slavery. The demand for slave labor and the U.S. ban on importing more slaves drove up prices, making it profitable for smaller farms in older settled areas such as Virginia to sell their slaves further south and west. Transcendentalists advocated the idea of personal knowledge of God, believing that no intermediary was needed for spiritual insight. They embraced idealism and sought to end slavery in the United States. Chapter 13: Western Expansion, 1830-1848 The Western Frontier  ○ Manifest Destiny: God-given right for US to control all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific ○ John O’Sullivan was the newspaper editor in 1845 who (probably) introduced the artwork ○ 1849 California Gold Rush rushed westward expansion (discovered east land sierra mountain’s fertile lands as a result) Westward Trails ○ Mormon Trail: Westward, from Missouri to Utah ○ Santa Fe Trail: Not westward, connection of trade between Mexico and the U.S. ○ Oregon Trail: Westward, starts in Independence, Missouri to Oregon ○ California Trail: Westward, 5-6 month Journey California ○ Originally settled by the Spanish in 1769, California originated to convert the local indigenous population to Christianity. ○ California had 10,000 Californios (Hispanic Californians), 400 (should be 800) White Americans, and 150,000 Native Americans The Donner Party ○ A tragic tale of pioneers on the Oregon Trail (started too late, lost, cannibalism, etc) New Spain, Mexico, and Texas ○ Mexican War of Independence (1811-1821) ○ (probably) Texians (Illegal American settlers) and Tejanos (Hispanic Texans) settled in Texas. Catholics vs Protestants ○ Republic of Texas Declared Independence on March 2, 1836, which had Sam Houston as commander-in-chief Texas War for Independence ○ The Alamo  Houston refused to surrender to the Alamo even though they were low on supplies, so they called out for help. The only state to answer was Tennesse, David Crockett leaves Tennessee to help against Jackson and Van Buren’s wishes (that’s why they are known as the volunteers) Siege of San Antonio: Executed Prisoners Goliad Massacre: 425-445 Texians captured and over 300 murdered. Texas Revolution ○ Battle of San Jacinto Ends war for Texas Independence Santa Anna’s army was in a marshy environment, and they didn’t expect the Texians to engage. They did and won. Texas was known as the “Lone Star Republic” for nine years before being annexed (28th). Its president was James Polk in 1845. The Mexican-American War ○ Henry Clay of the Whig Party loses to James Polk, who oversees the Annexation of Texas. (leads to war) ○ The border dispute between the US and Mexico mainly causes war. Americans believed the border was the Rio Grande while Mexicans believed Nueces was the border. Polk sends 80 men to Rio Grande and 300 men to Nueces. One American dies. ○ Before the war began, John Quincy Adams was against imperialism and spoke out against the war “We are starting a war for territorial expansion and we are better than that; to expand slavery” ○ Polk says Mexicans shot first while Mexicans say Polk shot first. ○ Abraham Lincoln issued “Spot Resolutions,” asking Polk the exact spot where Mexican troops fired first. Nothing comes from this but it propels Lincoln to fame.  The Campaigns Against Mexico ○ The Bear Flag Revolt of California (1846) Know why did they revolt. American settlers rose against Mexican rule in California and declared independence from Mexico with the flag. Californios don’t care about the event. The revolt lasted 25 days ○ War in Northern Mexico Easy victories for the United States. Mexico offers land to Polk, but he refuses as he wants California. Winfred Scott also captured Mexico City in March 1847 (end of the war) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ○ The U.S. gets Texas, New Mexico, and California. Manifest Destiny kind of ended after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico also recognized the annexation of Texas and the Rio Grande as a border. ○ Gadsden Purchase: extension of U.S. land acquisition that cost $15 million ○ Around 13,000 Americans died, a new surge in national pride ○ John C. Calhoun only wanted white lands of Upper Mexico so non-whites wouldn’t come into the territory (racist) The Mexican-American War (Nearpod Summary) ○ The Mexican-American War marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a “Manifest Destiny” to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. The Treaty of Guadalupe  Hidalgo established the Rio Grande as the U.S.-Mexican border. Under the treaty, Mexico also recognized the U.S. annexation of Texas and agreed to sell California. The battle over whether or not these territories would allow slavery was just beginning. Chapter 14: The Gathering Storm, 1848-1860 Slavery in the Territories ○ Zachary Taylor (1848-1850,) the Whig and a General in the Mexican-American War became the 12th President. ○ Whigs opposed slavery, so the Wilmot Proviso was put forward to ban slavery in former Mexican land but fails ○ Popular sovereignty: settlers vote on slavery ○ Free-Soil Coalition: a combination of Northern democrats and Whigs who were both against slavery. When Clay, who was leading the Whigs died, it fell apart and later became the Republican party. ○ The California Gold Rush Clay’s Proposed Compromise in 1850 ○ Compromise over incorporation from Mexico ○ Clay proposed a compromise in which each part of the compromise would end up being voted on separately, not all together. Passing the Compromise of 1850  ○ Douglass broke up the compromise into separate votes and allowed moderators to pick and choose ○ Before the vote, President Taylor dies and Millard Fillmore (13th president) takes over and is more willing to negotiate. Compromise: New Mexico was made separate from Texas Texas gets $10 million Utah and NM popular sovereignty Fugitive Slave Act will pass (run away slaves back to masters) The public sale of slaves, but not slavery, was abolished in D.C. (have slavery but not sale of slaves) Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) ○ Published by the White Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe in response to the Fugitive Slave Act. The book details the brutality of slavery and humanizes the slaves. It was the second most purchased book in the US Election of 1852 ○ In the election, the MA war general Scott and Pierce go against each other. Scott doesn’t have a good reputation as a commander, which enables Pierce to win. Pierce endorsed the Compromise of 1850, was a Brigadier General, promoted western expansion, and was anti-abolitionist The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) ○ Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglass, a Democrat, proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act to organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. He argued for popular sovereignty in voting for topics regarding slavery. Once signed by Pierce, it created the Nebraska and Kansas territories, allowed popular sovereignty, effectively killed the Missouri Compromise, etc. Bleeding Kansas  ○ Pro and Anti-Slavery forces flood Kansas to vote on slavery. Violence occurred between both sides like the Pottawatomie Massacre of 1856, which John Brown led, that killed Pro-Slavery forces in Kansas. Clay died, the Whigs became weak, Wisconsin opposed slavery, and the Republic Party was formed from former Whigs Violence in the Senate ○ Violence in Kansas goes to the Senate. Sumner gives a 5-hour speech blaming democrats in the Senate for the deaths. He blames Douglass, Senator Andrew Butler, and pro-slavery democrats. Butler’s cousin, Brooks, couldn’t stand for him making a mockery of his cousin, so he beat Sumner up with a cane. Election of 1856 ○ John C. Fremont 1st Republic Canidate ○ Millard Fillmore Tries to make his own party “the american party,” but fails. ○ James Buchanan, PA Democrat becomes 15th president Dred Scott Case ○ Dred Scott and Harriet Robinson: Dred Scott, an enslaved man, was owned by Dr. John Emerson, a U.S. Army surgeon. While living in free territories (Illinois and Wisconsin), Scott married Harriet Robinson, who was also enslaved by Emerson. The couple had two daughters. They file for freedom, lose the case but win freedom. Freedom Suits: 11-year odyssey ruling. 1. Blacks no rights federal court 2. Slave states no longer had to honor the quote 3. Congress had no authority to ban slavery in federal territories  The Deepening Sectional Crisis ○ The Lecompton Constitution (1857) A proposed constitution for Kansas Territory drafted by pro-slavery force that failed It aimed to make Kansas a slave state upon its admission to the Union. ○ Lincoln-Douglass Debates Lincoln dominates but Douglass wins. Propels Lincoln to fame. ○ 1860 US: 18 free, 15 slaves (before civil war) Harpers Ferry ○ In October 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, aiming to incite a slave rebellion by arming enslaved people, but the attempt failed after a standoff with local militia and federal forces. Brown was captured, tried, and hanged, becoming a polarizing martyr for the abolitionist cause and further inflaming sectional tensions. No More Middle ○ Beginning of Civil War>? ○ The Election of 1860 deepened sectional divisions, with Northern Democrats nominating Stephen Douglas, Southern Democrats splitting to support John Breckenridge, and the Constitutional Union Party nominating John Bell. The divided opposition allowed Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, to win the presidency with 40% of the popular vote and a majority in the Electoral College, prompting Southern states to threaten and soon enact secession, leading to the Civil War. ○ Election of 1860 Democrats nominate Douglas Southern Democrats nominated another, VP John Breckenridge ○ John Bell’s Southern Constitutional Union Party  ○ Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States 40% of popular vote 180 electoral college votes 123 others combined ○ Secession of the Deep South ○ South Carolina seceded from the Union due to “increasing hostility” towards slavery by non-slaveholding states. ○ Following South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas also seceded by early 1861, forming the Confederate States of America ○ Jefferson Davis was named President of this new place Imminent War ○ Democratic President James Buchanan awaits Lincoln's inauguration as he believes it's not his problem anymore. ○ Lincoln’s inauguration, March 1861 War begins to fall into motion, and promise to not interfere with slavery ○ Fall of Fort Sumter Federal fort in South Carolina besieged by Confederate forces Surrendered to Gen. Beauregard April 12, 1861 ○ Burchanan believes it wont happen SC wont leave, also nothing he can do about it, believes its Lincoln’s problem. By his inauguration, wheels of war spinning. Last failed attempts of stopping war: republicans in senate offered to reconsie with Souther States. Lincoln promises to not interfere with Southern slavery, nope. Beginning of the War: FORT SUMTER SC. Federal fort in SC, when they secede, they view as foreign territory. Besiege for a month. Surrender to Gen. Beauregard, Sent to navy to engage ○ Democratic President James Buchanan  Awaits Lincoln’s inauguration ○ Lincoln’s inauguration, March 1861 War began to fall into motion Promise not to interfere with slavery ○ The fall of Fort Sumter Federal fort in South Carolina besieged by Confederate forces Surrendered to Gen. Beauregard on April 12, 1861 Lincoln’s War ○ It was Kansas that made Abraham Lincoln president of the United States in 1860. The Kansas-Nebraska Act reopened the issue of slavery established by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Lincoln’s election as the first Republican President led to the secession of South Carolina and 6 other Southern slave states. One month later, the Battle of Fort Sumter would see the beginning of the American Civil War. Chapter 15: The War of the Union, 1861–1865 Secession, 1860–1861 ○ Border states Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware ○ Reaction to Fort Sumter (April-May 1861) Arkansaw, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia joined the Confederacy Creation of West Virginia as the 35th state. ○ Maryland remained in the Union due to the federal army's presence Republican Majority ○ Congress became dominated by Republicans after Southern Democrats left  ○ Passed the Pacific Railway Act (1862): Established the transcontinental railroad from Omaha to Sacramento, completed at Promontory, Utah. ○ Passed the Homestead Act (1862): Provided free land to settlers who improved it for five years, encouraging westward expansion. Government during the War ○ Union Finances: Funded through taxation, borrowing, printing and $450 million in "greenbacks" (unbacked by gold/silver). (Like IOUS) IRS established in 1862. ○ Confederate Finances: Relied on property taxes and poorly controlled currency printing, leading to inflation. The Balance of Force ○ Key Figures: Robert E. Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia after declining Lincoln's offer to command the Union army. ○ Northern Advantages: Industrialization, larger population (22 million vs. 9 million), and an established federal army. (23 States) ○ Southern Advantages: Geographic defense and local familiarity with the land. (11 States) The Early Strategies ○ Union’s Anaconda Plan: Blockade Southern ports, defend Washington, and split the South into districts. Federal Draft of 1863 (20% of recent immigrants drafted. Pay 500$ or pay someone else to take your spot) ○ Confederate Strategy:  Focused on defending territory and seeking foreign intervention. Confederate Draft of 1862 similar to Federal Draft Civil War Medicine ○ Challenges: Most deaths from disease (60%) due to poor sanitation. Reused bandages and limited knowledge of germ theory. ○ Advancements: Specialized hospital wings, prosthetics, ambulances, and early plastic surgery techniques. ○ Clara Barton: Pioneered battlefield nursing and later founded the Red Cross. Early Stages of War ○ First Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861): Confederate victory, but they lacked resources to pursue the Union. General George McClellan appointed the Army of the Potomac ○ Blacks in the South: Roles included Confederate volunteers, Union spies, and "contraband" in camps. Example: Robert Smalls stole a Confederate ship (C.S.S. Planter) and escaped to freedom. Campaigns in the West, February–April 1862 ○ Fort Henry (TN) and Fort Donelson (KY) secured Union control of the Mississippi. ○ Battle of Shiloh (April 1862): Confederate General Albert S. Johnson killed; Ulysses S. Grant emerged as a trusted Union leader. (control of the Mississippi) Battle of New Orleans (Jan-April 1862) ○ Importance: The Confederacy’s 2nd largest city and vital trade hub.  ○ Union Capture: After a 4-month siege, the city fell to a combined Union naval and army assault led by Admiral David Farragut and General Benjamin Butler. ○ Order No. 28: Issued by Butler in response to harassment from local women (e.g., throwing objects at soldiers). The order allowed soldiers to treat such women as "women of the town plying their avocation" (prostitutes), making Butler widely despised. Turning Points of 1862 ○ Second Bull Run (August): Confederate victory forced Union troops to retreat to D.C. ○ Battle of Antietam (September): Turning point Bloodiest single day (~12,000 deaths). Lee retreated; Lincoln reassigned McClellan to recruiting Emancipation Proclamation ○ Issued September 22, 1862; took effect January 1, 1863. ○ Freed slaves in rebel states but excluded Union-controlled areas. ○ Aimed to morally isolate the Confederacy and deter foreign intervention. ○ Inspired the recruitment of 180,000 African American soldiers, kept foreign powers out of the war, etc Black Soldiers and Sailors ○ A surge of African American volunteers joined the Union army. ○ The Bureau of Colored Troops (established May 1863) managed the recruitment and service of approximately 180,000 Black soldiers. ○ Units were led by white officers, making them targets for Confederate hostility ○ The Militia Act (July 1862) authorized freedmen to serve in the Union army, forming all-Black units under white leadership. After Antietam  ○ Battle of Fredericksburg (Nov–Dec 1862): ○ Union General Burnside launched an attack against Confederate General Lee, resulting in heavy Union losses despite a tactical victory. ○ Burnside was replaced by General Hooker following the defeat ○ New York City draft riots Federal drafts disproportionately impacted the poor, as wealthier individuals could pay a $300 fee to avoid service. African Americans and wealthy white citizens were targeted during the riots, highlighting tensions over the draft and racial inequalities. Major Battles of 1863 ○ Chancellorsville (May): Confederate victory; General "Stonewall" Jackson accidentally killed by his troops (Replaced by Meade) ○ Gettysburg (July 1–3): Bloodiest battle; Pickett’s Charge failed, marking a turning point. (Confederate chance of victory lost as a result) ○ Siege of Vicksburg (May–July): Completed the Anaconda Plan, cutting the South in half, Union victory, cut Confederacy’s access to supplies Confederate Decline ○ Chattanooga (October–November 1863): Union victories under Grant, Sherman, and Hooker (defeats Braxton Bragg) Grant became General-in-Chief of all Union forces ○ General-in-Chief of all federal forces, Ulysses S. Grant Fort Pillow Massacre(April 12, 1864) ○ Event: In Henning, Tennessee, Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest led the execution of 300 surrendered African-American Union soldiers.  ○ Significance: Marked the end of prisoner exchanges during the Civil War. ○ Aftermath: Forrest later became one of the founders of the Ku Klux Klan. ○ Grant’s Overland Campaign, Virginia ○ Intense battles like Wilderness and Cold Harbor pushed Lee into defensive entrenchments at Petersburg. Election of 1864 ○ Candidates: Democrat George McClellan ran on a platform advocating of immediate peace and permanent separation. Republican Abraham Lincoln argued for Union preservation. ○ Key Factors in Lincoln’s Victory: Selected Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate to appeal to broader audiences. Secured support from soldiers and sailors via the the first absentee voting system. Union victories in 1864, such as Sherman’s campaigns, bolstered confidence in Lincoln. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” ○ Destroyed Confederate infrastructure across Georgia with fire, demonstrating the Union's overwhelming force. ○ Tennessee to Georgia ○ Nov to Dec 1864 ○ Example to southerners of supposed Union tyranny ○ Destroyed the South's ability to wage war  A Losing Cause ○ Charleston, SC: Sherman symbolically sent two all-Black regiments into the city, where General Robert Anderson raised the flag at Fort Sumter. Confederate forces were in retreat, resorting to guerrilla warfare. ○ Jefferson Davis’ Final Efforts: Proposed using enslaved people as soldiers in March 1865, but the war ended before the plan could take effect. (Guerilla war) ○ Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865): After a 10-month siege at Petersburg, an exhausted and outnumbered General Lee surrendered to General Grant, effectively ending the Civil War. A Transformational War ○ Impact on the Nation: Preserved the Union and significantly expanded federal government power. Marked as the first "modern war," with technological advancements like armored ships and rifled cannons. ○ Thirteenth Amendment: Ratified on December 18, 1865, it formally abolished slavery and marked the first time "slavery" appeared in the U.S. Constitution. ○ Legacy: The Civil War unified the nation, set the stage for the 14th and 15th Amendments, and sparked ongoing debates about the North’s victory. ○ First “modern” war Armored ships Rifled Canons Huge armies  Know these 100%: ○ Antidum and Gettrysburg. Emancipation ○ MEN: Lee, Jackson (conf.) ○ MEN: McAllen, Grant, Sherman, ○ Gettysburg Bloodiest battle Summary ○ The Civil War in the United States began in 1861, after decades of simmering tensions between northern and southern states over slavery, states’ rights and westward expansion. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America; four more states soon joined them. The War Between the States, as the Civil War was also known, ended in Confederate surrender in 1865. The conflict was the costliest and deadliest war ever fought on American soil, with some 620,000 of 2.4 million soldiers killed, millions more injured and much of the South left in ruin. Chapter 16: The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Economic Aftermath ○ Northern Development: Industrial power grew, benefiting from wartime production. ○ Southern Devastation: The loss of $4 billion in enslaved labor (in today’s dollars). Widespread destruction, including the evacuation of Richmond. ○ Freedmen’s Challenges: Legally free but socially and economically bound. Many found little support in the North and remained in the South.  Debate over Reconstruction ○ How should the Confederacy rejoin the Union? ○ Should Congress or the President determine the terms? Congress: Favored punishment of the South. President: Favored reunification. ○ What political rights should be afforded to formerly enslaved individuals? Reconstruction Plans ○ Lincoln’s 10% Plan: Allowed states to rejoin the Union if 10% of male voters swore loyalty. Promised protection of private property and full pardons for Confederates. Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana accepted but were rejected by Congress. ○ Wade-Davis Bill: Required over 50% of male voters to swear loyalty and banned ex-Confederates from government. Vetoed by Lincoln for being too punitive. The Freedmen’s Bureau (1866) ○ Established to provide rights, education, and justice for freedmen. ○ Included military tribunals to ensure fairness in trials. ○ Passed in 1866 Lincoln’s Assassination ○ Killed at Ford’s Theatre by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. ○ Booth declared, “Sic semper tyrannis!” before fleeing. ○ The largest manhunt in U.S. history resulted in the execution of four conspirators Andrew Johnson’s Presidency ○ Challenges:  A pro-Union Democrat with weak political support in a Republican-controlled Congress. First U.S. President to be impeached but acquitted by one vote. ○ Policies: Continued Lincoln’s leniency with the “10 Percent Plus Plan” (requiring the 13th Amendment). Allowed Confederate leaders to regain power, angering Radical Republicans. ○ 14th Amendment (1868): Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection under the law. The Military Reconstruction Act ○ Terms: Divided the South into five military districts under Union control. Excluded Tennessee, already readmitted. Virginia North Carolina and South Carolina (the Carolinas) Georgia, Alabama, and Florida Arkansas and Mississippi Texas and Louisiana Overrode Johnson’s veto Impeachment of Andrew Johnson ○ Background: Johnson, a Union loyalist from Tennessee, became president after Lincoln’s assassination. His lenient policies towards the South angered Radical Republicans. ○ Key Event: He violated the Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, leading to his impeachment. ○ Outcome: The House approved 11 articles of impeachment, but the Senate acquitted him by one vote, preventing his removal from office. Election of 1868  ○ Candidates: Republican Ulysses S. Grant defeated Democrat Horatio Seymour. ○ Reconstruction Progress: By 1870, all former Confederate states were readmitted to the Union with new state constitutions. Black Life under Reconstruction ○ Freed, but not equal White fear ○ Military veterans Political leadership ○ 15th Amendment (1870): Guaranteed voting rights regardless of race, color, or prior servitude. ○ Economic Reality: Many African Americans became sharecroppers, leasing land in exchange for a portion of their crops. African Americans in Politics ○ Hiram Revels (MS): First African American U.S. Senator (1870–1871). ○ Blanche K. Bruce (MS): First African American to serve a full Senate term (1875–1881) ○ (Republicans) Reconstructing the South ○ Northern Influence: Carpetbaggers: Northern opportunists who exploited Southern chaos. Scalawags: Southern Republicans aligned with the Union. ○ Resistance:  White “redemption” efforts, including the Ku Klux Klan (est. 1865), worsened conditions for African Americans. Grant as President ○ Policies: Repayment of government debts and abolition of greenbacks (paper money). Appointed an indigenous leader to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. ○ Liberal Republicans: Shifted focus from racial equality to economic issues ○ Reform and the Election of 1872 Grant’s reelection The Election of 1876 ○ Contested Election: Republican Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Democrat Samuel Tilden. Results in Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina were too close to call. ○ Compromise: Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for withdrawing federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction. The End of Reconstruction ○ The Collapse of Republican Governments: Without military enforcement, Southern Democrats regained control. Allowed groups like the KKK to flourish under Democratic rule. ○ “Lost Cause” Myth: Promoted by groups like the Daughters of the Confederacy, who reframed the Civil War as a noble fight for Southern honor. ○ Legacy: The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments laid the foundation for civil rights but faced significant resistance. ○ Hayes's removal of troops Republican governments fell ○ United States v. Cruikshank (1876) The Bill of Rights did not apply the state or private actors Allowed KKK to flourish under Democratic rule ○ The “Lost Cause” ○ Reconstruction’s Collapse 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments ○ Summary: The Reconstruction era was a time of transformation for the United States. During the period, Congress passed three amendments that permanently abolished slavery, defined birthright citizenship and guaranteed due process and equal protection under the law, and granted all males the ability to vote (13th, 14th, and 15th amendments). Congress also passed Reconstruction Acts that divided the former Confederacy into military districts and laid out requirements for re-admittance to the Union (except Tennessee). The experience of Reconstruction, and the rebuilding of the Union following the Civil War, played out across America and resulted in changes that fundamentally altered the relationship between the Federal and state governments.