US History Semester 1 Final Review PDF

Name Date Block Ian Beals 12/11/24 G4 U.S. History Semester 1 Final Review Terms Section For each of the terms below, please provide a definitio...

Name Date Block Ian Beals 12/11/24 G4 U.S. History Semester 1 Final Review Terms Section For each of the terms below, please provide a definition or description of the person, place or thing. Then describe its significance. Agricultural Revolution ➔ The Agricultural revolution was a period of time when farming methods were improved. ➔ This provided farmers with more efficient ways to farm and provide food for those around them. Agrarian Revolution ➔ Better farming tools were created. ➔ More crops were produced Age of Exploration ➔ Tools for exploration were invented, like the compass ➔ People come to the Americas, and start colonies. The Atlantic Slave Trade ➔ African people were sent to the U.S. to work as slaves ➔ Slavery was introduced Joint Stock Companies ➔ Companies where people buy shares to invest money and share their profits. ➔ Everybody is given a chance to make a lot of money, and peasants end up living off of joint stock companies. Mercantilism ➔ More goods are exported than they are imported ➔ Wealth meant that people had power. ◆ Created a middle class. Jamestown and Plymouth Colonies ➔ Jamestown was a colony that used the growing and selling of tobacco as a profit ➔ Plymouth was a colony founded by pilgrims that were seeking freedom. ➔ A system of profit was created, and Jamertown had the house of burgess. The Columbian Exchange ➔ Columbus transferred diseases and food to other cultures after a voyage ➔ Disease spread around the world, and conflict was created between Europeans and native americans. The Mayflower Compact ➔ A document signed on the Mayflower ship that allowed America’s territory to be claimed ➔ This was the start of the United States of America being formed. Royal Colonies ➔ Colonies that were ruled by one king or queen. ➔ Religious Persecution ➔ Religious people harmed for their beliefs ➔ Indentured Servitude ➔ People were paid to serve someone else for a specific point of time ➔ This was an effective way to make money until Bacon’s rebellion. Protestant Reformation ➔ Protestant churches were created after Catholic church practices were questioned ➔ New church Glorious Revolution ➔ King William III and Queen Mary II were overthrown ➔ Enlightenment ➔ New ideas regarding government and society were introduced, freedom and the idea of reason were encouraged.  ➔ People believe that they should be able to think for themselves. 1st Great Awakening ➔ Religious revival, and traditional practices are questioned ➔ The authority of the pope is questioned, along with the authority of the King. French and Indian War ➔ Britains and French were in a conflict, native americans assisted Britains ➔ Proclamation of 1763 ➔ Colonists were banned from settling across the Appalachian mountains in order to avoid conflict with native americans. ➔ The colonists are upset by this because they wished for freedom of religion and economic opportunity, but the Proclamation of 1763 took land from them, and partially prevented these ideas. Stamp Act ➔ Britains were required to pay a tax for shipped goods ➔ Colonists were angered about the taxes, and protested against it Townshend Act ➔ Laws passed in Great Britain taxing goods ➔ Boston Massacre ➔ Boston colonists protested against british soldiers, and five of them were shot ➔ Division between bostonians and the British got worse Gaspee Affair ➔ American Colonists attacked and burned a british ship ➔ This was considered an act of treason by the colonists, but the British government ignored this and started a court case in england. This injustice brings people closer to the American Revolution. Boston Tea Party ➔ American colonists dumped tea into the boston river to rebel against British tax laws  ➔ Angered British government, and caused intolerable acts Coercive/Intolerable Acts ➔ Britain closed the Boston harbor, took Massachusetts self government and housed British soldiers in colonists' homes in response to the Boston tea party. ➔ Lexington and Concord ➔ Britain attempted to seize weapons in concord but American militias defended themselves, causing the first battle. War sparked and “The shot heard around the world” happened. ➔ This happened a year before the Declaration of Independence was signed. The Battle of Yorktown ➔ Last major battle of the American Revolution, in 1781. American soldiers surrounded Britain in Yorktown and Britain was forced to surrender. ➔ The American revolution ended, and America won. The Declaration of Independence ➔ American colonies declared independence from britain after signing this document ➔ America was free from Britain, leading to the formation of the United States of america. The Articles of Confederation ➔ First federal government in America, ➔ The Articles of Confederation fail The 3/5ths Compromise ➔ Slaves counted as ⅗ of a person ➔ The Great Compromise (VA and NJ Plans) ➔ VA favored large states by representing them based on population. The NJ plan favored small states by representing them with 2 senators in a state. ➔ The Revolution of 1800  ➔ Thomas jefferson became president before John adams ➔ This is a very rare situation where peace is kept. Judicial Review ➔ Gives the supreme court power to decide if something is against the constitution ➔ Congress can enforce laws and help establish checks and balances. Bacon's Rebellion ➔ A man named Nathaniel Bacon leads a rebellion in 1676, against the government. Bacon raided Jamestown and attacked many Native American tribes because he disagreed with the government methods used to handle the Native Americans. ➔ Transition from indentured servitude to african slave labor Shays Rebellion ➔ A war veteran and farmer named Daniel Shay led a rebellion after being angered by an economic crisis. This was put to a stop by the government. ➔ Showed that the government could not secure property rights or regulate monetary value. Whiskey Rebellion ➔ Farmers in pennsylvania teamed to protest against the whiskey tax ➔ When 13000 soldiers stopped this rebellion, it showed the strength of the United States and proved that America was capable of stopping trouble. Triangular Trade ➔ Trade system into Europe, africa and the americas ➔ This fueled colonial economies The Louisiana Purchase ➔ Thomas Jefferson purchased a portion of the United States from Napoleon, expanding the size of America. ➔ This went against Jefferson’s plan to reduce the size of the government and shrink the military. The Monroe Doctrine ➔ President James Monroe stated that America is no longer subjected to colonization from other countries. ➔ This makes america the south’s protector The Missouri Compromise ➔ Maine was taken out of massachusetts and declared a free state to keep balance between the two powers ➔ No state that was above the 36-30 line of latitude was allowed to have slaves from this point on. The Spoils System (Jacksonian America) ➔ People who voted for andrew Jackson to be president were promised high-paying jobs in the government ➔ Indian Removal Act of 1830 ➔ Native American tribes were forced to move to Oklahoma. ➔ The tribes sued the government and won, the supreme court ruled that the government couldn't take any more land from the native Americans but Andrtew Jackson did not listen. The Second Great Awakening ➔ Religious revival in the US, Mormonism is created. ➔ The second great awakening is attempting to fulfill manifest destiny Manifest Destiny ➔ The idea that Americans had a “God given right to spread across the North American continent.” ➔ Encouraged colonial expansion The Republic of Texas ➔ Texas chose to be annexed into the us, but had to break away from Mexico, so they had a conflict with Mexico and ➔ Texas wished to enter the uS as a slave state, which would upset the balance made in the Missouri compromise. Texas’ decision also created the possibility that an even bigger war would start between Mexico and the US. Battle of the Alamo ➔ Santa Ana attacked a fort that was manned by Texas for 13 days straight. ➔ The loss and damage from this inspired texas to fight against Mexico Goliad Massacre ➔ Santa Anna defeated a group of 300 Texans and forced them to surrender. A firing squad manned by Mexico executed all of them.  ➔ America sympathizes with Texas, and declares war on Mexico because of this. Battle of San Jacinto ➔ Texas General Sam Houston leads Texas to a victory over Santa Ana. ➔ Santa Ana is forced to sign a treaty and leave. The Mexican American War ➔ President James K Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to cross into Mexico in April 1846 in an effort to gain more land ➔ This was a major war because 73,000 people called to fight in this battle. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ➔ A treaty signed that Gave U.S. new territory in the modern day state of California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and Texas. ➔ New generals' careers were launched, such as Robert E. Lee (Southern General) Ulysses S. Grant (Northern General) and General Zachary Taylor. The Wilmot Proviso ➔ The United States Congress successfully proposed to ban slavery in territories that were acquired in the Mexican-AMerican war. ➔ Leads the US into civil war. Popular Sovereignty ➔ People that were living in a territory were given the right to vote on whether they wanted slavery in that area or not. ➔ Congress rejects this idea and this rejection leads more people to the civil war. The Compromise of 1850 ➔ California was admitted to the Union as a free state, and New Mexico and Utah were formed after a part of Mexico was divided. ➔ Fugitive Slave Law ➔ Any slave that escaped to the north to find freedom was to be returned to the south. ➔ This rule angered the North and fueled the feud between the North and the south. The Underground Railroad ➔ A series of routes created by slaves to escape america ➔ Uncle Tom's Cabin ➔ Book that shined light on the troubles of the “Gang System” in slavery. ➔ Uncle Tom's cabin was a message to America, showing the true brutality and resentment that people had against African Americans, and gave the north a motivation to fight. Kansas Nebraska Act ➔ A law passed in 1854 that created Kansas and Nebraska ➔ Popular Sovereignty was used regarding slavery, bleeding kansas happened shortly after this law Bleeding Kansas ➔ A series of violent battles between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in kansas, the town hall was burned down. ➔ Shined light on the poor outcome of the Kansas-Nebraska act, John brown murders 5 pro-slave people and this angers the pro-slavery party in Missouri, causing them to move and vote for slavery in Kansas. This led America closer to the Civil War. Dred Scott Decision ➔ An enslaved African American male named Dred-Scott sued the US government for his freedom after his master took him to a free state. The state ➔ The North was angered by this injustice. Lincoln-Douglas Debates ➔ Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln debated. ➔ Lincoln gained respect from his clever points in this debate Secession ➔ States leaving a larger country ➔ The Confederacy was formed using secession The Confederacy ➔ 11 southern states seceded from the United states and formed the confederacy ➔ The Confederacy would later fight against the union in the civil war The Northern Blockade ➔ The Union stopped The Confederacy from receiving goods by setting up a blockade along the southern coastline. ➔ Slowed down the confederacy and took a significant amount of their power away. Battle of Fort Sumter ➔ After Lincoln sent supplies to Fort Sumter, The Confederacy felt that their territory was being attacked and trespassed so they attacked Fort Sumter. ➔ This marked the beginning of the Civil war Battle of Antietam ➔ Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation law that freed slaves in slave states, causing a war in Maryland between the Union and the Confederacy. ➔ Deadliest battle in the history of the United States, and Ulysses S. Grant became a Union general after bringing confederate plans to infiltrate the confederacy. Battle of Gettysburg ➔ A war against the union and confederacy that took place for over 3 days in 1863. ➔ This was a turning point in the war because the confederacy was getting weaker. The Emancipation Proclamation ➔ A law that declared all slaves in slave states. ➔ This law caused the battle of Antietam The Gettysburg Address ➔ A speech that took place after the battle of Gettysburg by Abraham Lincoln ➔ This speech gave attention to America's democratic beliefs that were slowly taking over the state as the Confederacy weakened. Reconstruction ➔ A series of Amendments that were passed to give rights to freed African-Americans. ◆ The 13th Amendment made slavery illegal across the united states ◆ The 14th Amendment guarantees citizenship to all Citizens that were born in the US, including African-Americans. ◆ The 15th Amendment guaranteed all freed African-Americans the right to vote. ➔ This angered racists in America but gave power to the African-American people. The Freedmen’s Bureau  ➔ Allowed and helped former slaves to attend school, get jobs and homes. ➔ African-Americnas gained knowledge and pwoer but the Ku-Klux klan was sparked by this. The Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, 15th) ➔ The 13th Amendment made slavery illegal across the united states ➔ The 14th Amendment guarantees citizenship to all Citizens that were born in the US, including African-Americans. ➔ The 15th Amendment guaranteed all freed African-Americans the right to vote. ➔ These Amendments sparked a change in diversity, and allowed African-Americans to do the same things that white men were always allowed to do. The KKK ➔ Group of white men that tortured and protested against black people in america ➔ A strong feud between The white man and African-Americans began. Sharecropping ➔ Former slaves work at a farm in exchange for a portion of the crops that they farmed ➔ This was a clear resemblance of slavery, and this angered anti-slavery people. Black Codes ➔ Laws passed in the south to restrict black rights, and give African-Americans brutal punishments for minor offenses ➔ The South proudly proclaimed and represented their resentment against the african-american people. The black codes let America know that the south was willing to go to any extent to remove African-Americans from America. SHORT ANSWER: 1: Familiarize yourself with the basic principles of commonsense, the document written by Thomas Paine - US should not be under british rule - Everybody has right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. - Independence is necessary 2: Know advantages and disadvantages that both slides had on the Revolutionary War and the Civil War - BRITISH ADVANTAGES: - Had an army and navy that was strong - Strong economy - Larger population - BRITISH DISADVANTAGES - Unfamiliar with the land - Fought far from britain, so supply transport was difficult - No allies/lack of support - AMERICAN ADVANTAGES - Familiar with their territory - Allied with france - Stronger motivation for independence - AMERICAN DISADVANTAGES - No centralized government - Army awas unsophisticated, weekend inexperienced - Limited resources 3: Know why the founding fathers made the articles of confederation so weak. - 4: Know missouri compromise and compromise of 1850 - 5: Familiarize yourself with the road to revolution project. - 6: Know how the Great Compromise happened. - Hint: Two other plans that helped make it