Urbanisation PDF

Urbanisation 1.​ Urbanisation is the process by which towns and cities grow due to migration from rural to urban areas and a natural growth in urban population.​ 2.​ First major spurt happened in 1800s, when because of Industrial Revolution, worker began migrating from rural-urban for emplo...

Urbanisation 1.​ Urbanisation is the process by which towns and cities grow due to migration from rural to urban areas and a natural growth in urban population.​ 2.​ First major spurt happened in 1800s, when because of Industrial Revolution, worker began migrating from rural-urban for employment in factories.​ 3.​ Now, 54% of world’s population lives in urban areas, and is predicted to increase to 66% in 2050.​ 4.​ Main cause of urbanisation: a.​ Increasing machine use of agricultural processes leave many agri-workers jobless, who then move to urban areas to work in factories as unskilled/semi-skilled labourers. b.​ Displaced by machines, skilled craftspeople move to urban centres searching for better opportunities, where their skills are absorbed by emerging industries and factories. c.​ Better access to facilities. d.​ More advanced medical facilities. e.​ Better distribution of goods and services and opportunities for trade and commercial transactions f.​ Better educational opportunities and facilities g.​ Greater employment opportunities​ 5.​ Positive impact of urbanisation a.​ Make efficient use of resources b.​ Play an important role in economic development c.​ Better access to educational and training facilities d.​ People living in urban areas are more broad minded and tolerant.​ 6.​ Negative impact of urbanisation a.​ As people move into cities, there’s more pressure on the available limited land, increasing housing costs, forcing people to live in cramped areas with minimal facilities, and lack of affordable housing leads to growth of slums(settlements with very poor living conditions) b.​ High population density causes an increase in the demand and consumption of resources, leading to scarcity.​ c.​ Job markets become more competitive, causing unemployment, and also puts strain law enforcement systems, causing higher crime rates​ d.​ Congested roads lead to higher commute times and increased stress levels​ 7.​ 3 ways to reduce negative impacts of urbanisation: a.​ Reducing push factors of rural-urban migration b.​ Better management and planning in urban areas c.​ Keeping urban areas clean 8.​ Reducing push factors of rural-urban migration by: a.​ Creating employment and education opportunities in rural areas.  b.​ Equipping rural areas with basic amenities. c.​ Setting up industries in rural areas 9.​ Better management and planning in urban areas a.​ Properly planning use of space in cities and surrounding areas, and allocating housing, transport, and commercial activities. b.​ Building affordable houses in suburbs c.​ Developing and maintaining infrastructure in cities d.​ Imposing strict rules on industries to control harmful emissions, and encourage adoption of sustainable practices 10.​ Goverment’s role in keeping urban areas clean a.​ Municipal workers collect household garbage and empty it into municipal truck and then take it to a dumping ground. b.​ The clean roads, streets, and other public spaces. c.​ They maintain many public toilets around the city, preventing urination and defecation in public spaces. 11.​ NGOs keep urban areas clean by encouraging local communities to: a.​ Avoid littering and dispose waste properly in dustbins b.​ Organize regular cleanliness drives where groups of citizens come together to clean a dirty area in the city. 12.​ Satellite cities are small cities built around a metropolis to accommodate the excess population and reduce load on the main city’s resources. 13.​ Characteristics of satellite cities: a.​ Smaller than metropolises they surround b.​ Well-connected to the metropolis by major highways and railways c.​ More spacious and affordable housing d.​ Self-sufficient, and socially and economically independent, with amenities like public transport, markets, and hospitals. 14.​ Examples of Satellite Cities in India METROPOLIS SATELLITE CITIES New Delhi Gurugram, Faridabad, Noida Ahmedabad Gandhinagar, Sanand Kolkata Bidhannagar, Rajarhat, Kalyani Mumbai Navi Mumbai, Dombivli, Thane  Hyderabad HITEC City, Vikarabad 15.​ Smart city is a modern city where ICT and Internet are used to improve infrastructure and the management of the city. 16.​ ICT uses sensors to monitor the city in real time, and the data is analysed and used to improve city services. 17.​ Government and municipal officers can interact directly with people of the city using ICT and address issues immediately, improving efficiency 18.​ Smart cities are developed as a solution to the problems associated with urbanisation. 19.​ Examples - Amsterdam, NYC, Nice, Barcelona, Singapore, Hong Kong, Manchester, Tokyo and London 20.​ Features of smart cities: a.​ Meant to be sustainable and eco friendly, and built to make maximum clean and renewable energy use. b.​ Waste management is more efficient c.​ Planned use of resources for stable supply of water and electricity for all residents d.​ Provide adequate and affordable housing for all, sharing space between recreational, commercial and residential areas. e.​ Ensure good connectivity by marking out walking lanes and bike lanes for cyclists f.​ Use technology for law enforcement, making cities safer and more secure for residents. g.​ Well developed E-Governance allows citizens to access several government services online, saving them time, and also encourages citizen participation in decision making 21.​ India launched Smart Cities Mission to convert select cities into smart cities, like Kochi, Ahmedabad, Mangaluru, Bhopal, Surat, Chandigarh, Gwalior, Pune, Lucknow, and Thanjavur 22.​ Since most cities lack basic requirements, Government of India’s vision of a smart city is modest compared to global standards, and it would include: a.​ Adequate water supply b.​ Assured electricity supply c.​ Effective sanitation, d.​ Efficient public transport e.​ Affordable housing for the poor f.​ Good Internet connectivity g.​ Good governance h.​ Sustainable development i.​ Safety and security of citizens j.​ Health and education 23.​ Difference between smart cities and urban centres Smart City Urban Centre Planned and sustainable use of resources for Unplanned use of resources, only focusing on long term returns short term returns Technology built into the infrastructure to Technology used mainly in the private sector , monitor inefficiencies and address them leaving inefficiencies in government services immediately unmonitored and unaddressed Well-planned space use to minimize housing Lack of adequate planning, causing uncontrolled and overcrowding problems urban growth and slums