Changing Cities PowerPoint PDF

Urbanisation is the process of The UK’s largest cities are London, LONDON SITE AND STRUCTURE GLOBAL TRENDS IN URBANISATION towns and cities becoming larger Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgo...

Urbanisation is the process of The UK’s largest cities are London, LONDON SITE AND STRUCTURE GLOBAL TRENDS IN URBANISATION towns and cities becoming larger Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow SITUATION (increase in population). and Cardiff. London’s site (location) is on a London has to central business districts URBANISATION IN THE UK flat plain of the River Thames. (CBD). Westminster is the original CBD; Urbanisation has occurred in the UK recently the Docklands has become the for different reasons: historical, London’s situation (how it home of banking. The inner-city contains dense terraced physical and political. connects to other places) is housing and post-war tower blocks. It used crucial for the UK economy. It Mountainous areas in Wales and to be industrial areas. Newham is a good has six international airports example. Scotland have remained rural due and motorways connect it to The outer-city/suburbs include semi- to the difficult terrain. Northern towns urbanised in the 1800s due other major UK cities. detached/detached housing with larger The green spaces (Bromley for example). to the Industrial Revolution as raw Tilbury Most megacities (population over materials like coal were found in 10 million) are found in the Thenorth. south-east and London have Docks The rural-urban fringe is where motorways the and warehouses are found in high developing/emerging world. This urbanised due to political and connect has been caused by mass rural- recent economic factors. As the London to frequency. Out-of-town shopping centres urban migration. This is driven economy is London-centric, the global also take advantage of the available space by the pull factors of cities – migrants from the UK and abroad and cheaper land. trade CBD > inner-city > suburbs > rural-urban more jobs, better education and are attracted to London due to its network. healthcare prospects. CHANGING fringe pull factors. CITIES LONDON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION DEINDUSTRIALISATION IN THE DOCKLANDS – LONDO IMPACTS (1960s -) N Initial rapid urbanisation: Nationally, people have moved from periphery The Docklands used to be the heart of industry in London with factories, the Industrial Revolution areas to London due to push and pull factors. warehouses and docks for imports and exports to the rest of the world. The CHANGES IN URBANISATION (1800-) offered better pay, industries closed with large modern container ships as the docks were too attracting people to mover Internationally, most recent migration has shallow. Tilbury Docks on the Thames estuary limited the need for the Docklands. from rural farms to urban come from the EU as Freedom of Movement Social impacts: spiral of decline in areas that relied on the docks (Newham). Low factories. allowed people to move freely from Europe to civic pride; high crime. Suburbanisation: from the UK. This has slowed due to Brexit. Economic impacts: job losses. The regeneration of the Docklands (1980-) saw PATTERNS 1900, people moved Many migrants come from war zones as huge economic growth. towards the suburbs as refugees. Recently, people have arrived in Environmental impacts: derelict factories and contaminated land from chemical transport networks (Tube) London from Iraq, Syria and Iran. leaks. improved. More space! Migration has made London a younger city, due POPULATION London’s population is very Counter-urbanisation: from to most migrants being economically active. diverse. There are many 1950 people started Furthermore, London’s cultural is very diverse Population is researched different ethnic groups and leaving London altogether (over 300 languages spoken). every 10 years (census). religious faiths. due to crowding and Mass migration has put a strain on housing and London’s population is Many older members of growing accessibility of social services. This is particularly true in inner- significantly younger the population have left rural areas. city areas. than the national London to move to rural Re-urbanisation: from 1980, the regeneration of the Docklands attracted new average due to areas/smaller towns. wave of people.  LONDON CHANGES IN RETAILING LONDON MAKING LONDON SUSTAINABLE London is a city with clear London’s inner-city used to be the home London has a large ecological footprint. This is the amount of land per inequalities. Areas like Newham of the ‘high-street’. Before the 1980s person (hectares) needed to supply resources. London’s ecological footprint have less employment, small, independent shops would be found is 5.48; to be sustainable, this must drop to 2.1 Examples of transport initiatives that aim to improve INEQUALITY IN LONDON educational success, life in high quantity in the inner-city. expectancy etc. than richer areas In recent decades, many of these shops sustainability include: Santander Bike Scheme (left), the In places like like Newham, spirals of Chelsea. have closed due to competition. Big TNCs new Elizabeth Line, Congestion Charge, Low Emission decline exist where investment is have opened stores in large out-of-town Zones and easier bus and tube payments (tap-and-go). the area is low, leading to poorer shopping centres like Bluewater and The new BedZED development (Sutton – south London), is funded social services (schools, Lakeside. These shopping centres offer the UK’s first zero-carbon community. Houses and healthcare, housing etc.) convenience and greater choice. London aims businesses are built with sustainable materials and Places like Chelsea and East Furthermore, the internet has led to to be a ‘no- generate carbon-neutral energy. House prices are capped Village have multiplier effects. changes in how we shop. Internet Investment from TNCs (FDI) and shopping has led to further declines in waste city’. By to ensure affordability. The FoodSave initiative is encouraging businesses to government has encouraged high-street shopping. As a result, many 2026, no donate surplus food to foodbanks to support vulnerable more businesses to invest in the inner city areas have suffered from job biodegradable groups of people. Food not fit for human consumption is area. This has resulted in better losses and economic decline (Newham). or recyclable sent to farms to be used as animal feed. Some food is social services as local councils waste will be converted into biofuels as a cheap, clean energy source. can spend more tax on improving sent to the local area. CHANGING landfill. MUMBAI MUMBAI: SITE AND SITUATION CITIES MIGRATION TO MUMBAI: RAPID URBANISATION MUMBA I Mumbai’s site is located on the west coast of India. It is a Due to being part of India’s economic core, Mumbai has rapidly urbanised over coastal city that was initially settled due to flat, the last 50 years. Migrant from the rural periphery (Rajasthan, Bihar etc.) have accessible land. moved in their millions to Mumbai in search of employment opportunities. Many Mumbai’s is connected (situation) to the rest of the world migrants send money back to rural areas (remittances). through the Indian Ocean. The large ports of Mumbai Mumbai is the centre of FDI into India. This investment has increased salaries and allow import to, and exports from the reast of the world. employment opportunities, encourage both national and international migrants to It has large international airports and train links with move to Mumbai. other major Indian cities. Mumbai contributes 25% of The population growth of Mumbai has also been driven by natural increase. The India’s total GDP. birth rate is significantly higher than the death rate. Mumbai’s CBD is found at the southern tip of the peninsula. It has Due to rapid urbanisation, local government has struggled to supply INEQUALITY IN grown outwards from the CBD over housing to meet demand. This has led to massive slums like Dharavi time. Old industrial areas and the MUMBAI forming that are heavily impoverished with low life expectancy, water- slum of Dharavi are found outside the borne diseases like cholera and typhoid and overcrowding. CBD. Modern industry is found in the In contrast, areas like Malabar Hill have some of the most expensive suburbs where there is more space. housing on the planet. Investment from TNCs and large economic growth This has led to new slums being has led to increased quality of life in the city. found on the outskirts of the city as As a result Mumbai is a city of two halves. In Dharavi, the informal STRUCTURE OF economy is extensive.  MUMBAI IMPACTS OF RAPID IMPROVING QUALITY OF Failures: many citizens of IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE: SPARC URBANISATION LIFE: VISION MUMBAI Dharavi, felt the slums should (BOTTOM-UP) As stated previously, Mumbai is one of the (TOP-DOWN) have been improved over SPARC is a NGO (non-governmental slums like Dharavi have world most polluted Project started in 2003. $40 relocation. New flats have organisation/charity) that is small scale and lacks grown rapidly. cities. Air pollution million to be invested in higher rent costs than the large funding. They aimed to reduce the cost of Mumbai has inadequate has grown rapidly improving conditions in slums using toilets in Mumbai as local government slums. sewage systems. As a due to an increase in like Dharavi. Aims include: facilities were too expensive. It was hoped that result, water systems car ownership. demolish slums, providing cheap toilets, would stop citizens from There is resentment between suffer from Services have cheap, high quality flats, Successes: monthly permits defecating/urinating costing into public water25p have systems. those who have moved and contamination. struggled to meet improve healthcare and allowed citizens of slums to afford using toilets those who have not – splitting Diseases like cholera the demands of a sanitation, improve rail and with adequate sanitation. This has reduced local While many seek communities. are very common. rapidly increasing Successes: by 2007, road transport 200,000 and reduce air incidences of typhoid and cholera. All toilets are greater employment population. people in Dharavi moved to pollution. Small workshops in Dharavi fitted with lightning and separate toilets are opportunities, the new flats with piped water. have gone out of business as available for women and children – making them supply cannot keep up The new Mumbai Metro has they have been forcibly safer to use at night. Locals have found with the demand. This introduced new train lines Failures: the projects are small scale toilet and cannot closed down. This has fuelled employment in managing and fixing blocks. has led to high that has encouraged use of have a large scale effect. unemployment and a the belief that Vision Mumbai public transport. 325 green greater number of benefits the rich and not the spaces have been cleared of people working in the poor. waste and restored. 300 informal economy. extra toilet blocks CHANGING Demolished areas of Dharavi CITIES MUMBA ROLE OF GOVERNEMENT IN IMPROVING constructed. QUALITY OF SETTLEMENT PATTERNS I have been regenerated into LIFE IN MUMBAI high value offices and luxury Other than contributing funding to Vision Mumbai – the local government Most settlements are either apartments. is attempting to improve quality of life in the city. dispersed, linear of nucleated. Villages tend to The Polluters Pay Principle (PPP) is fining businesses that have poor be either dispersed or linear environmental records. Companies who contribute to air or water pollution – with just one major road. are fined the amount it takes to compensate for the pollution. UK towns and cities are Despite the visible problems with waste, 80% of Mumbai’s waste is nucleated with many main recycled. In Dharavi, thousands of small businesses manage and sell roads meeting at a central waste to avoid the build-up of landfill. location with buildings being Further projects include the found around these central construction of a new metro system to points. reduce car traffic and increase usage Some modern settlements like Milton Keynes of public transport. In 2021, the local follow a gridiron pattern (example right). These government banned the sale of diesel settlement are built in blocks – square areas of cars. Since this, the amount of diesel equal size. These are commonly found throughout North and South America. cars on Mumbai streets has dropped  TOPIC 4: CHANGING CITIES: additional key words/concepts (S+C) Shanty towns: another term for squatter settlement/slum. In Brazil, these informal settlements Left: the Rhine- are known as favelas. In South Africa, they are known as townships. These slums occur due to rapid Ruhr urbanisation, in which local government cannot build/provide enough housing for migrants. conurbation. The individual Polo cities: describes how modern cities in the developed world has seen businesses and services cities have moves to the rural-urban fringe. Therefore, there is a ‘hole’ left in the traditional CBD and inner-city. grown over Northampton is a good example of this. time, eventually Natural increase: occurs when the birth rate is higher than the death rate. Populations in forming one developing/emerging cities are experiencing this. It is one of the big drivers of population increase continuous alongside rural-urban migration. urban area. Below: the Population density: describes how a population is spread over an area. Due to rapid urbanisation, Carpenters modern cities/megacities have high population density. Without proper urban planning, this leads to Estate in increases in pollution and disease. Newham, London – a Conurbation: occurs when one town/city expands into another, resulting in a large urban area. One good example excellent example is the Rhine-Ruhr conurbation in Germany. This was formed by the merging of cities of a CDA. such as Dortmund, Cologne, Leverkusen and Bonn. London-centrism: describes how major investment and infrastructure projects are centred in and around London. It also describes how London is the greatest contributor to UK GDP. Decentralisation: the process of services and businesses moving towards the rural-urban fringe. This in turn leads to the formation of polo cities. Comprehensive Development Areas (CDAs): describes areas that went under vast post-WWII redevelopment, most frequently in the form of tower blocks and high-density terrace housing. Newham in London is a great example of a CDA. Deprivation: a term used to describe a lack of social services and necessities needed for a basic quality of life. Disamenity zones: the poorest zones of developing/emerging cities. They are often characterised by poor connectivity to the CBD and have high rates of crime and drug use. This causes social exclusion due to the limited access to social services.  TOPIC 4: CHANGING CITIES: additional key words/concepts (S+C) Urban sprawl: describes the spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside. Urban resurgence: the process of regeneration of an urban area that had previously been in decline. This often leads to reurbanisation (Docklands as a good example). Greenbelt: areas of green space around cities that are protected from further urban sprawl/urbanisation. This is controlled by local/national governments. Dead heart syndrome: used to describe urban areas that have struggled with deindustrialisation and the subsequent impacts. Before regeneration, the Docklands could be described as having this. Remember that these former industrialised areas used to be the heart of the city – hence the name. Dereliction: refers to an urban area being abandoned. This often occurs after deindustrialisation in which areas suffer from social decline and a lack of civic pride. Urban contamination from past industrial processes lead to higher than average health risks. Mechanisation: the ability of firms to produce goods with machines rather than people. This is one contributor to deindustrialisation. Urban policy: describes the decision making/strategies of local government to reduce urban problems. The development of the Mumbai Metro is a great example of urban policy to counteract the issues of rapid urbanisation. Global city: a term used to describe a city of global importance. London is a great example of this as it has trading and cultural links with the rest of the world. Urban morphology: describes the organisation of an urban area. Most cities are organised from the centre outwards (think Burgess/Hoyt model). Gentrification: the development of run-down areas by wealthy individuals/companies. This often leads The Hoyt model aims to avoid the generalisations of the to locals being forced out due to the increase in rents/mortgages. Hackney Wick in London is an Burgess Model. It argues that industry often follows a excellent example. transect along the banks of major rivers. This is true in the case of London, which traditionally has industry along Diaspora: a large group of people with similar heritage/homeland living in another place away from the banks of the Thames running from the CBD through their place of origin. For example, there is a large Polish diaspora in Northampton. East London to the Thames Estuary. This is shown by number 2. As a result, working class housing (3) follows the industry as it is more convenient for the houses of