Earth Science & Biology Review PDF

EARTH SCIENCE & BIOLOGY JEVIN JANE C. VERGARA Special Science Teacher I 1 Weathering is the process that changes solid rock into sediments. With weathering, rock is disintegrated. It breaks into pieces. However, rocks on the moon are not being weathered. Which of the following is t...

EARTH SCIENCE & BIOLOGY JEVIN JANE C. VERGARA Special Science Teacher I 1 Weathering is the process that changes solid rock into sediments. With weathering, rock is disintegrated. It breaks into pieces. However, rocks on the moon are not being weathered. Which of the following is the reason for this? A.There is no atmosphere on the moon B.There is no water on the moon C. There is no volcano on the moon D. The gravity on the moon is very small Gravity facilitates the down CONCEPT slope transportation of loosened, weathered materials and enables them to move without the aid of water, wind, or ice. Gravity related erosion is a major component of mass- wasting events. Mass wasting is the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity. The moon doesn’t CONCEPT have a significant atmosphere like Earth, it does not experience weather, like wind or atmospheric temperature or precipitation like rain or snow. 1 Weathering is the process that changes solid rock into sediments. With weathering, rock is disintegrated. It breaks into pieces. However, rocks on the moon are not being weathered. Which of the following is the reason for this? A.There is no atmosphere on the moon B.There is no water on the moon C. There is no volcano on the moon D. The gravity on the moon is very small 2 About how long ago was Earth formed? A. 4.5 million years B. 45 million years C. 4.5 billion years D. 45 billion years Earth is estimated to be 4.54 billion years old, plus or minus about CONCEPT 50 million years. Scientists have scoured the Earth searching for the oldest rocks to radiometrically date. In northwestern Canada, they discovered rocks about 4.03 billion years old. Then, in Australia, they discovered minerals about 4.3 billion years old. Researchers know that rocks are continuously recycling, due to the rock cycle, so they continued to search for data elsewhere. Since it is thought the bodies in the solar system may have formed at similar times, scientists analyzed moon rocks collected during the moon landing and even meteorites that have crash-landed on Earth. Both of these materials dated to between 4.4 and 4.5 billion years. 2 About how long ago was Earth formed? A. 4.5 million years B. 45 million years C. 4.5 billion years D. 45 billion years 3 What process is used to form sedimentary rocks? A. Bits of sand and gravel form layers that turn into rock from pressure B. Extreme heat and pressure from inside the Earth turn rocks into new rocks C. Lava cools and hardens to form a rock D. Magma trapped under the Earth’s surface cools and solidifies  3 TYPES OF ROCKS IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC formed from Particles of sand, when rocks are hardening and shells, pebbles, and subjected to high other fragments of heat, high pressure, crystallization of materials called hot mineral-rich magma or molten fluids or, more sediments, material that commonly, some accumulate in layers originates deep combination of these and over long period of within the earth. factors time harden into rocks. Extrusive/Volcanic forms when magma makes its way to Earth’s surface as lava and then cools. The crystals are very small (fine grained) since the cooling process is fast. Intrusive/Plutonic It cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and are created by magma. The intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals (coarse grained). 3 What process is used to form sedimentary rocks? A. Bits of sand and gravel form layers that turn into rock from pressure B. Extreme heat and pressure from inside the Earth turn rocks into new rocks C. Lava cools and hardens to form a rock D. Magma trapped under the Earth’s surface cools and solidifies 4 It is a branch of science that studies the universe. A. Astrology B. Astronomy C. Cosmetology D. Cosmology A s t ro l o g y the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world. Cosmetology the professional skill or practice of beautifying the face, hair, and skin. A s t ro n o m y Astronomy is the scientific study of the stars, planets, and other natural objects in space. Cosmology field of study that brings together the natural sciences, particularly astronomy and physics, in a joint effort to understand the physical universe as a unified whole. 4 It is a branch of science that studies the universe. A. Astrology B. Astronomy C. Cosmetology D. Cosmology 5 What is the leading explanation about how the universe began? A. Big bang B. Big crunch C. Steady state D. Pulsating universe  How did the universe begin? The Big Bang theory says that the universe came into being from a single, unimaginably hot and dense point (aka, a singularity) more than 13 billion years ago. It didn’t occur in an already existing space. Rather, it initiated the expansion—and cooling—of space itself. 5 What is the leading explanation about how the universe began? A. Big bang B. Big crunch C. Steady state D. Pulsating universe 6 A. Tsunamis are tidal waves. B. Tsunamis are created when a body of water is displaced usually by an earthquake. C. Tsunamis are always accompanied by typhoons and other forms of weather disturbances. D. Tsunamis are single waves that only hit the shorelines by the Pacific Ocean. 6 A. Tsunamis are tidal waves. B. Tsunamis are created when a body of water is displaced usually by an earthquake. C. Tsunamis are always accompanied by typhoons and other forms of weather disturbances. D. Tsunamis are single waves that only hit the shorelines by the Pacific Ocean. 7 It states that the universe goes through regular cycles of expansion and destruction. A. Big bang B. Big crunch C. Steady state D. Pulsating universe  Big Bang Theory It is the idea that the universe began as just a single point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large as it is right now—and it is still stretching! Steady State Theory a theoretical model in which the Universe is constantly expanding but with a fixed average density. A general theory of some astronomers that holds that the universe has no beginning or end but remains much the same throughout time; Pulsating Universe Theory The pulsating Universe theory, a variation of the Big Bang theory, in which the Universe goes through successive periods of expansion and contraction. At the end of the compression stage, when the Universe is concentrated in a small volume of high density, there is probably a” break-up” of the Universe, called an Bang. Big Crunch Theory The Big Crunch Theory says that, one day, the universe will stop growing. Then, it will begin to shrink. As the universe grows smaller, it will also get hotter. 7 It states that the universe goes through regular cycles of expansion and destruction. A. Big bang B. Big crunch C. Steady state D. Pulsating universe 8 What measurement is used to quantify the destruction caused by an earthquake? A. the Richter scale B. the modified Mercalli scale C. the moment magnitude scale D. the moment destruction scale  Mercalli scale vs. Richter scale While the Mercalli scale describes the intensity of an earthquake based on its observed effects, the Richter scale describes the earthquake's magnitude by measuring the seismic waves that cause the earthquake. The two scales have different applications and measurement techniques. 8 What measurement is used to quantify the destruction caused by an earthquake? A. the Richter scale B. the modified Mercalli scale C. the moment magnitude scale D. the moment destruction scale 9 It includes Earth’s interior, rocks, and minerals. A. atmosphere B. biosphere C. geosphere D. hydrosphere 9 It includes Earth’s interior, rocks, and minerals. A. atmosphere B. biosphere C. geosphere D. hydrosphere 10 Geothermal systems produce electricity from what energy source? A. heat from the Sun B. heat from Earth’s interior C. mechanical energy from wind D. mechanical energy from waves 10 Geothermal systems produce electricity from what energy source? A. heat from the Sun B. heat from Earth’s interior C. mechanical energy from wind D. mechanical energy from waves 11 What is the correct order of classification, from broadest to the most specific? A. Class, Family, Species, Genus, Order, Phylum, Domain, Kingdom B. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species C. Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain D. Species, Order, Class, Genus, Family, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain  Ta x o n o m y Taxonomy in biology is the process of placing organisms into similar groups based on certain criteria. Natural scientists use a taxonomy key to identify plants, animals, snakes, fish and minerals by their scientific names. For example, a house cat is Felis catus: A genus and species name assigned in 1758 by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus, the “father of taxonomy.” 11 What is the correct order of classification, from broadest to the most specific? A. Class, Family, Species, Genus, Order, Phylum, Domain, Kingdom B. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species C. Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain D. Species, Order, Class, Genus, Family, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain 12 Humans are Homo sapiens. The word Homo denotes the A. Domain B. Family C. Genus D. Species 12 Humans are Homo sapiens. The word Homo denotes the A. Domain B. Family C. Genus D. Species 13 Which of the following is the correct order for increasing complexity? A. Cells> tissue> organ> organ system B. Tissue> organ> organ system> Cells C. Organ> organ system> cells> tissue D. Organ system> cell> organ> tissue 13 Which of the following is the correct order for increasing complexity? A. Cells> tissue> organ> organ system B. Tissue> organ> organ system> Cells C. Organ> organ system> cells> tissue D. Organ system> cell> organ> tissue 14 Who was the scientist to first observe cell? A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek B. Theodor Schwann C. Matthias Jakob Schleiden D. Robert Hooke 1655 – Hooke described ‘cells’ in cork. 1674 – Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa. He saw bacteria some 9 years later. 1838 – Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory. The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. 14 Who was the scientist to first observe cell? A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek B. Theodor Schwann C. Matthias Jakob Schleiden D. Robert Hooke 15 During a cell cycle, in what stage does a cell spend the majority of its life? A. Cytokinesis B. Interphase C. Meiosis D. Mitosis For a typical human cell with a total cycle time of 24 hours, the G1 phase might last about 11 hours, S phase about 8 hours, G2 about 4 hours, and M about 1 hour. Other types of cells, however, can divide much more rapidly. 15 During a cell cycle, in what stage does a cell spend the majority of its life? A. Cytokinesis B. Interphase C. Meiosis D. Mitosis 16 When a cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into structures known as A. Centriole B. Centromere C. Chromosome D. Microtubule 16 When a cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into structures known as A. Centriole B. Centromere C. Chromosome D. Microtubule 17 The purpose of meiosis is to produce gamete that is A. Diploid (2n) B. Haploid (n) C. Homologous chromosome D. Sister chromatids The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells. Meiosis, is used for just one purpose in the human body: the production of gametes—sex cells, or sperm and eggs. Diploid(2n)- (of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Haploid (n)-(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. Gamete is the term given to the reproductive cells of sexually reproducing organisms. For example, sperm and egg cells in humans are gametes. Gametes are haploid cells, which means they have only half the number of chromosomes of a fully formed organism. Gametes must be haploid because they will be combining with another gamete. Sexual reproduction works to increase genetic diversity by having two haploid gametes combine to form a new organism that has a different combination of genes than either of its parents. 17 The purpose of meiosis is to produce gamete that is A. Diploid (2n) B. Haploid (n) C. Homologous chromosome D. Sister chromatids 18 The bacteria that causes syphilis is A. A coccus B. E. coli C. a bacillus D. a spirochete What is syphilis? Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The causal agent of venereal syphilis belongs to the order Spirochaetales, the family Spirochaetaceae, and the genus Treponema. BACTERIAL SHAPES 18 The bacteria that causes syphilis is A. A coccus B. E. coli C. a bacillus D. a spirochete 19 The differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells include all of the following except A. Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria B. Eukaryotic cells have cilia and flagella with complex structure C. Prokaryotic cells have more complex cell walls D. Prokaryotic cells have no genetic material 19 The differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells include all of the following except A. Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria B. Eukaryotic cells have cilia and flagella with complex structure C. Prokaryotic cells have more complex cell walls D. Prokaryotic cells have no genetic material 20 Which of the following pairs are analogous structures? A.The front leg of a horse and a human arm B.The front leg of a frog and a bat wing C. The wing of a bird and a bat wing D. The front flipper of a porpoise and a human arm Structures with similar anatomy, morphology, embryology and genetics but dissimilar functions are known as homologous structures. Structures that are superficially similar but anatomical dissimilar doing the same function are known as analogous structures. 20 Which of the following pairs are analogous structures? A.The front leg of a horse and a human arm B.The front leg of a frog and a bat wing C. The wing of a bird and a bat wing D. The front flipper of a porpoise and a human arm 21 What enzyme in saliva breaks down sugars? A. Aqua-enzymes B. Amylase C. Adenine D. Glyoxalase Amylase is an enzyme, or special protein, that helps you digest carbohydrates. Most of the amylase in your body is made by your pancreas and salivary glands. 21 What enzyme in saliva breaks down sugars? A. Aqua-enzymes B. Amylase C. Adenine D. Glyoxalase 22 Each of the two replicated strands of a chromosome is called a(n) A. Aster B. Centriole C. Synapse D. Chromatid 22 Each of the two replicated strands of a chromosome is called a(n) A. Aster B. Centriole C. Synapse D. Chromatid 23 When two or more kinds of organisms try to occupy the same niche. A. Commensalism B. Competition C. Mutualism D. Parasitism Mutualism is defined as interactions between organisms of two different species, in which each organism benefits from the interaction in some way. Commensalism is an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm. Competition is when two species compete for exactly the same resources (thus, they occupy the same niche). Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and territory) used by both can be a factor. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship, or long-term relationship between two species, where one member, the parasite, gains benefits that come at the expense of the host member. 23 When two or more kinds of organisms try to occupy the same niche. A. Commensalism B. Competition C. Mutualism D. Parasitism 24 Vitamins help to control chemical reactions in our bodies. Without vitamins certain reactions cannot take place. We need only tiny amounts of vitamins, but without them we will suffer from deficiency diseases, like the lack of vitamin D will lead to A. Beriberi B. rickets C. scurvy D. night blindness Vitamin D deficiency can lead to a loss of bone density, which can contribute to osteoporosis and fractures (broken bones). Severe vitamin D deficiency can also lead to other diseases. In children, it can cause rickets. Rickets is a rare disease that causes the bones to become soft and bend. 24 Vitamins help to control chemical reactions in our bodies. Without vitamins certain reactions cannot take place. We need only tiny amounts of vitamins, but without them we will suffer from deficiency diseases, like the lack of vitamin D will lead to A. Beriberi B. rickets C. scurvy D. night blindness 25 In which population would you expect the most rapid evolutionary change? A. A small population with a high mutation rate in a changing environment B. A small population wih a low mutation rate in a stable environment C. A large population with a high mutation rate in a changing environment D. A large population with a low mutation rate in a stable environment 25 In which population would you expect the most rapid evolutionary change? A. A small population with a high mutation rate in a changing environment B. A small population with a low mutation rate in a stable environment C. A large population with a high mutation rate in a changing environment D. A large population with a low mutation rate in a stable environment 26 The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its A. Allele B. Gene C. Genotype D. Phenotype  An organism's genotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organism's phenotype is all of its observable characteristics — which are influenced both by its genotype and by the environment. An allele is a variant of a gene, or a different version of a DNA sequence, at a specific location on a chromosome. A gene is a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. 26 The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its A. Allele B. Gene C. Genotype D. Phenotype 27 Which of the following does NOT describe the structure of DNA? A. Arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix B. Contains adenine-uracil pairs C. Contains cytosine-guanine pairs D. Made of building blocks of nucleotides which are made up of deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base 27 Which of the following does NOT describe the structure of DNA? A. Arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix B. Contains adenine-uracil pairs C. Contains cytosine-guanine pairs D. Made of building blocks of nucleotides which are made up of deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base 28 In Gene Expression, where does this transcription happen in the cell? A. Cytoplasm B. Endoplasmic Reticulum C. Nucleus D. Ribosome In a eukaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. 28 In Gene Expression, where does this transcription happen in the cell? A. Cytoplasm B. Endoplasmic Reticulum C. Nucleus D. Ribosome 29 The Chargaff’s rule in complementary base pairing of DNA bases, adenine is always paired with A.Cytosine B. Guanine C. Thymine D. Uracil 29 The Chargaff’s rule in complementary base pairing of DNA bases, adenine is always paired with A.Cytosine B. Guanine C. Thymine D. Uracil 30 The attachments of our bones are made possible by A. Cartilage B. Ligaments C. Joints D. Tendon Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body. It can bend a bit, but resists stretching. Its main function is to connect bones together. The main function of a tendon is to connect skeletal muscles to bones. Ligaments connect bones to other bones to form joints Joints bind the skeleton together, to give structure and allow muscles to move bones to perform certain tasks such as running, reaching and grasping. 30 The attachments of our bones are made possible by A. Cartilage B. Ligaments C. Joints D. Tendon 31 Red blood cells are also called as A. Basophils B. Erythrocytes C. Leukocyte D. Thrombocyte Types of blood cells Leukocyte- white blood cells Thrombocytes- platelets Erythrocytes- red blood cells Basophils- are a type of white blood cell 31 Red blood cells are also called as A. Basophils B. Erythrocytes C. Leukocyte D. Thrombocyte 32 Flowers are the reproductive organs of angiosperms. These organs have various parts that fall under three groups: (1) male parts, (2) female parts and (3) accessory parts. Depending on the present structures, a flower may be categorized as complete, incomplete, perfect of imperfect. Which of the following lists of parts describes a perfect flower but not a complete flower? 32 A. Pistil, stamen and accessory parts B. Pistil and accessory parts only C. Stamen and accessory parts only D. Pistil and stamen only A perfect flower is one that has both male and female parts. An imperfect flower is one that only has male or female parts. A complete flower contains sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens. An incomplete flower is missing one of those parts. 32 A. Pistil, stamen and accessory parts B. Pistil and accessory parts only C. Stamen and accessory parts only D. Pistil and stamen only 33 What is the probability that a father with a homogenous dominant trait and a mother with the same homogenous dominant trait will produce an offspring with the recessive trait? A. 25% B. 50% C. 0% D. 100% 33 What is the probability that a father with a homogenous dominant trait and a mother with the same homogenous dominant trait will produce an offspring with the recessive trait? A. 25% B. 50% C. 0% D. 100% 34 The voice box of our human respiratory system A. Bronchi B. Larynx C. Pharynx D. Trachea Trachea- windpipe Larynx- voice box Bronchi- are the main passageway into the lungs Pharynx- food passage (throat) 34 The voice box of our human respiratory system A. Bronchi B. Larynx C. Pharynx D. Trachea 35 Suppose two hypothetical organisms with blue eyes have an offspring with red eyes. Assuming that this trait obeys the Mendelian laws of inheritance, which among the following statements is TRUE? A. Red eye color is the dominant trait. B. The red-eyed offspring has a homozygous dominant genotype. C. The parents both have a heterozygous genotype. D. The red-eyed offspring has a heterozygous genotype. 35 Suppose two hypothetical organisms with blue eyes have an offspring with red eyes. Assuming that this trait obeys the Mendelian laws of inheritance, which among the following statements is TRUE? A. Red eye color is the dominant trait. B. The red-eyed offspring has a homozygous dominant genotype. C. The parents both have a heterozygous genotype. D. The red-eyed offspring has a heterozygous genotype. 36 A new vaccine was discovered as a treatment for a certain viral chicken disease. What should a scientist do in order to test for the effectivity of the vaccine? A. Administer the vaccine to 50 chickens and expose all of them to the disease. B. Administer the vaccine to 25 of 50 chickens and expose all 50 chickens to the disease. C. Expose 25 of 50 chickens to the disease then vaccinate all 50 chickens. D. Expose all 50 chickens to the disease then vaccinate 25 of them 36 A new vaccine was discovered as a treatment for a certain viral chicken disease. What should a scientist do in order to test for the effectivity of the vaccine? A. Administer the vaccine to 50 chickens and expose all of them to the disease. B. Administer the vaccine to 25 of 50 chickens and expose all 50 chickens to the disease. C. Expose 25 of 50 chickens to the disease then vaccinate all 50 chickens. D. Expose all 50 chickens to the disease then vaccinate 25 of them 37 The back part of the brain that controls balance and the use of muscles. A. Cerebellum B. Cerebrum C. Medulla oblongata D. Pons The Pons serves as a message station between several areas of the brain. It helps relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum. Without the pons, the brain would not be able to function because messages would not be able to be transmitted, or passed along. The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. Cerebrum- it performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement. The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity. 37 The back part of the brain that controls balance and the use of muscles. A. Cerebellum B. Cerebrum C. Medulla oblongata D. Pons 38 What is the main human reproductive organ of a female that produce estrogen to develop secondary sex characteristics? A. Cervix B. Ovaries C. Testes D. Uterus Functions of the uterus include nurturing the fertilized ovum that develops into the fetus and holding it till the baby is mature enough for birth. The function of the cervix is to allow flow of menstrual blood from the uterus and direct the sperms into the uterus during intercourse. The ovaries have two main reproductive functions. They produce oocytes (eggs) for fertilisation and they produce the reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone. Testes- two functions: they produce gametes, or sperm, and they secrete hormones, primarily testosterone. 38 What is the main human reproductive organ of a female that produce estrogen to develop secondary sex characteristics? A. Cervix B. Ovaries C. Testes D. Uterus 39 In circulatory system, which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart? A. Aorta B. Artery C.Capillary D. Vein Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues, except for pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs Veins are responsible for returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart after arteries carry blood out. Capillaries-sites of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body; they also collect carbon dioxide waste materials and fluids for return to the veins. The aorta is the main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. 39 In circulatory system, which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart? A. Aorta B. Artery C.Capillary D. Vein 40 The outermost layer of the skin A. Dermis B. Epidermis C. Hypodermis D. Periderm Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue. Periderm- an outer layer of tissue especially : a cortical protective layer of many roots and stems that typically consists of phellem, phellogen, and phelloderm. (plants) 40 The outermost layer of the skin A. Dermis B. Epidermis C. Hypodermis D. Periderm THANK YOU!