Earth & Life Science Reviewer PDF

EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE REVIEWER 3. Panspermia - life has traveled by Tien ^__^ & angge between worlds on asteroids Directed Panspermia - Biology:...

EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE REVIEWER 3. Panspermia - life has traveled by Tien ^__^ & angge between worlds on asteroids Directed Panspermia - Biology: aliens deliberately sent study of life microorganisms to start life the science that deals with on Earth structures, functions and Characteristics of Life: relationships of living things and I. Gathering and Using Energy - their environment. Energy is the ability of organisms to Origin of LIfe: do work and allows them to perform 1. Abiogenesis/Spontaneous vital activities such as growth, Generation: movement, and reproduction. The idea that life could ❖ Nutrient Uptake and Processing - appear from non-living All organisms need to feed in order material. to survive, grow, and reproduce. The This idea was proposed by process by which organisms acquire Aristotle and believed by the food is called nutrition society from 4th – 17th Catabolism - break down of larger Century molecules 2. Biogenesis - life came from Anabolism - synthesis of larger pre-existing life molecules EXPERIMENTS: ❖ Waste Elimination 1. Francesco Redi (Redi’s Inside the body of the organism, all Experiment) 1668 - life arose from metabolic processes must be living matter such as maggots from coordinated and regulated. The eggs, not from spontaneous maintenance of the body’s internal generation in the meat. environment is called homeostasis. 2. John Needham (Needham’s II. Adapting and Evolving Experiment) - life in broth was Certain responsive processes caused by spontaneous generation. allow organisms to react to 3. Lazarro Spallanzani (Spallanzani’s changes in their surroundings Experiment) - life occurred from in a predictable and meaningful something that entered the unsealed way flask and that it was responsible for ❖ Motility - Most animals can move life to grow from one place to another by 4. Louis Pasteur (Pasteur’s walking, flying, swimming, gliding, or Experiment) - bacteria appear only jumping when they are produced by existing ❖ Irritability - The reaction of an bacteria. organism to stimuli is called Current beliefs about the Origin of life: tropism or response. The ability of 1. Divine Creation (Creationism) an organism to respond 2. Spontaneous Generation - life appropriately against a stimulus is came from inanimate matter called sensitivity or irritability  ❖ Adaptation - for living things to cycle called development, which survive and perform normal starts with birth and ends to death. functions, the ability to adjust to Cell: changes in the environment is a basic unit of life must Hooke (1665) discovered the cell in ❖ Evolution - refers to the changes in 1665, he found dead cell walls in a characteristics of a group of cork under a microscope organisms (populations) over time. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek was Evolutionary adaptation is a gradual the first to provide insight on the or rapid change in body structure or inside of the cell behavior to be better suited and to Prokaryote: survive a new environment. single-celled microorganisms known III. Reproducing and Recontinuing to be the earliest on Earth life include bacteria and archaea Growth, development, and consists of a single membrane reproduction are processes that all reactions occur within the require metabolism because they cytoplasm cannot occur without nutrient uptake Eukaryote and processing. are often multicellular ❖ Sexual Reproduction - organisms membrane bound organelles reproduce with the use of two has a nucleus enclosed within the individuals contributing their sex nuclear membrane cells to produce a unique individual the cytoplasm includes all material of their kind. inside and outside the nucleus ❖ Asexual Reproduction - occurs Nucleus when an organism makes copies of controls most cell processes itself, as commonly found in lower contains the hereditary information life forms. of the cell (DNA in the form of Unicellular - has one cell chromatin) Multicellular - has multiple surrounded by a nuclear membrane cells provides support IV. Growth and Development controls movement of substance ❖ Growth - is an increase in size and through the nuclear pores. volume by converting food to Smooth ER become part of body cells. Living synthesizes lipids, such as steroids things exhibit growth from within the assists in transport of cells in a process called macromolecules intussusception. Among assembles and repairs the cell multicellular organisms, growth membrane involves more complex processes of Rough ER cell differentiation and formation of contains ribosomes which make new organs or organogenesis. proteins ❖ Development - All living things ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) folds undergo defined stages in their life the synthesized proteins  chemical groups are added to the CYTOPLASM proteins fluid substance inside of the cell finished proteins are transported out includes everything inside the cell of the cell membrane except for the nucleus. some proteins are transported out of jelly-like substance, made up of the cell mainly 70% water some proteins are transported to the acts as a medium for most chemical Golgi body activities of the cell to occur GOLGI APPARATUS contains enzymes and organelles modify, sort, and package proteins CYTOSOL and other materials from the ER watery portion of the cytoplasm that storage in the cell or release from all the organelles float in. the cell. CHLOROPLAST puts the finishing touches on the contains chlorophyll and performs proteins photosynthesis; a type of plastid PLASMA MEMBRANE found in plant cells only. regulates the entrance and exit of VACUOLE molecules into and out of the cell storage structure phospholipid layer embedded in the can hold food for later use or proteins waste for removal. - hydrophilic polar heads Photosynthesis - A metabolic process that - hydrophobic nonpolar tails converts solar energy from the sun into - cholesterol(animal cells) chemical energy. RIBOSOMES Chloroplasts are the sites of the cellular machinery responsible photosynthesis in plants for making proteins requires carbon dioxide, water and there are two subunits; large and sunlight small. Photosynthesis takes place in two these two subunits lock around the stages: messenger RNA and then travel ❖ Stage 1: Capturing Energy from along the length of the messenger Sunlight RNA molecule reading each The light reactions three-letter codon. (thylakoids): LYSOSOMES Split H2O cell’s recycle center Release O2 PEROXISOME Reduce NADP+ to NADPH oxidative organelles Generate ATP from ADP by their enzymes break down fatty photophosphorylation acids and amino acids called “free radical scavengers” MITOCHONDRIA powerhouse of the cell burns glucose to release energy stores energy as ATP  Cytoplasm - gel-like fluid of a cell’s interior that holds the organelles in place Mitochondria - generate most of the ❖ Stage 2: Using Energy to make chemical energy needed to power the cell's food biochemical reactions Calvin Cycle (Stroma) Glycolysis - from glucose to pyruvate forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH no oxygen is released Cellular Respiration - the process by which organisms break down glucose into a form that the cell can use as energy Enzyme - Biological Molecules (Proteins) that speed up chemical reaction within cells. (-ase) Phosphorylate - Introduce a Phosphate group (“P”) into a molecule or compound. Isomerize - Change from one isomer Krebs Cycle - Completes the breakdown of molecule to another. (structure and function) glucose in the presence of oxygen Aerobic - process that requires oxygen “Citrate Is Krebs’ Starting Anaerobic - process that does not require Substrate For Making oxygen Oxaloacetate.” ATP - Adenosine triphosphate, the primary Electron Transport Chain - Accounts for energy carrier in living things most of the ATP synthesis The process of Cellular Respiration: In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps. It includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration.  ❖ Stigma - slightly enlarged tip of the style on which pollen is deposited at pollination ❖ Style - a long and thin filament that serves as a passageway for pollen grains to move from the stigma to the ovary. ❖ Ovary - a swollen basal part of a Reproduction - a biological process in pistil which carries the ovule or eggs which new individual organisms are (yellow); where fertilized eggs produced, may it be asexual or sexual develop. ❖ Anther - where pollens are formed Parts of a Plant: ❖ Filament - a stalk holding the pollen 1. Receptacle at its tip 2. Sepal ❖ Carpel (Gynoecium) - the female 3. Calyx reproductive part of a flower. It is 4. Petal collectively known as the Pistil. 5. Corolla ❖ Stamen (Androecium) - the male 6. Inflorescence - cluster of flowers reproductive part of a flower. Floral Stalk Complete Flower - has all the parts 1. Receptacle (torus) - thickened part described of a stem from which the flower Incomplete Flower - missing one or more grows parts. 2. Peduncle - a stalk supporting the Parts of a Plant (Fruits): flower 1. Pericarp - the part of a fruit formed Floral Envelope or PERIANTH from the wall of the ripened ovary. 1. Petal (corolla) - the innermost whorl 2. Exocarp - outerlayer of the pericarp surrounding the flower's reproductive of a fruit parts. It is usually brightly colored 3. Mesocarp - middle layer of the to attract pollinators. pericarp of a fruit, between the 2. Sepal (calyx) - usually a green endocarp and exocarp. leaf-like structure that forms the 4. Endocarp - innermost layer of the outermost floral whorl; it protects the pericarp which surrounds the seed inner parts of the flower before it of the fruit opens. - not only protect the seed of plants Reproductive Parts of a Plant: but also aid in dispersal, derived 1. Stamen from the maturation of a flower’s 2. Filament ovary. 3. Anther Parts of a Plant (Seeds) 4. Carpel ★ contain the embryo, which will 5. Style eventually germinate and grow if 6. Stigma properly dispersed in a favorable 7. Ovary environment. 8. Ovule Sexual Reproduction Process of Seed Germination ➔ involves the production of male and 1. Imbibition - it is the initial stage of female gametes, producing gametes seed germination where water is with shared characteristics from absorbed by the seed. both parents. 2. Enzymatic and respiratory ➔ in flowering plants, male gametes activities - Enzymes in the seed are (in pollen grains) fuse with female triggered by the water, allowing for gametes (in ovules) the breakdown of food that has been ➔ most plants involved in sexual stored there and respiratory activity. reproduction are flowering plants or Respiration - is the process that angiosperms. utilizes the food that has been stored Asexual Reproduction to create the energy the plant needs produces plants that are genetically to thrive. identical to the parent plant because 3. Food digestion and Translocation no mixing of male and female - Food is delivered to the growing gametes takes place. sections of the plant where it is used Pollination - first stage of sexual as a source of nutrition and energy reproduction after being broken down by enzymes ★ Self Pollination - pollen grains from in storage.Translocation and the anther will transfer to the stigma digesting are two names for this of the same flower or transfer to the process stigma to a flower of the same plant. 4. Assimilation - the plant uses the ★ Cross Pollination - transfer to a nutrients to create new cells that different flower become the stem, leaves, and roots. Insects gain a food source (pollen/nectar) 5. Growth - The seed will begin to Flowering plants gain an opportunity to grow after it has accumulated reproduce enough energy. The shoot, or Seed Germination - is the process by embryonic stem, starts to develop which a plant grows from a seed. The upward towards the surface, while sprouting of a new plant from a seed the radicle, or embryonic root, starts constitutes the initial step of plant growth to grow downward into the soil. The and development. As soon as the leaves seed will keep growing in this appear, the plant starts to manufacture its manner until it becomes a own food through photosynthesis and fully-fledged plant. forms a root system to take up nutrients Conditions necessary for Seed from the soil. Germination: Water, temperature, light, oxygen, 1. Water: is necessary to soften the and other environmental elements seed coat and enable the all play a role in the complicated embryo to start growing and process of germination developing, which is a It is a crucial stage in the cycle of requirement for seed plant development and reproduction. germination. Before germination can take place, the majority of  seeds require a certain level of 2. Dormancy - some seeds go through water absorption. a period of dormancy during which 2. Temperature: The ideal they are unable to germinate. A hard temperature for the germination seed coat, or internal mechanisms, of various seeds varies. While such as the presence of growth some seeds prefer warm inhibitors, can both induce dormancy temperatures for germination, 3. Maturity of the embryo - before a others need cool ones. Various seed may start to germinate, the plants have different ideal embryo must be mature enough. germination temperatures. Some seeds require a period of 3. Oxygen: The respiration after-ripening during which they process that takes place during must be kept in storage before germination needs oxygen to germination may take place. function. The seed won’t be able External Factors: to utilize its stored food reserves to grow and thrive without 1. Water oxygen. 2. Temperature 4. Light: Some seeds require light 3. Oxygen to germinate, while others do 4. Light not. Light can also affect the rate (all descriptions are the same as of germination, with some seeds conditions necessary in seed germinating more quickly in the germination.) presence of light. 5. Soil: is not a direct requirement Goodluck Goizz ^__^ for germination, but it is important for the seedling once it has sprouted. The soil should be well-draining and have adequate water, oxygen, and nutrients for the seedling to grow healthy. 6. pH: The pH level of the soil can affect seed germination. Some seeds germinate best in acidic soils, while others prefer neutral or alkaline soils. Seed Germination is a process that is influenced by external and internal factors. Internal Factors: 1. Viability - For a seed to germinate, it must be viable, or capable of doing so. Age, storage conditions, and illness are just a few variables that can impact a seed’s viability.