Earth And Life Science 2nd Quarter Reviewer PDF

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE REVIEWER: 2ND QUARTER LESSON 1: Paleontologists - scientists who collect, identify, and study pieces of evidence about early life-forms Fossil – preserved remains of ancient organisms. Stromatolites - layered sedimentary formations created by p...

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE REVIEWER: 2ND QUARTER LESSON 1: Paleontologists - scientists who collect, identify, and study pieces of evidence about early life-forms Fossil – preserved remains of ancient organisms. Stromatolites - layered sedimentary formations created by photosynthetic cyanobacteria found near bodies of water. Deep Sea Vent Theory – life forms began in the deep spring in hydrothermal vents, cracks on Earth’s surface (ocean floors). Theory of Special Creation/ Divine Theory – life is created by supernatural powers. Theory of the Cosmozoic - also known as the “Theory of Panspermia” or “Spore Theory,” proposed by Hermann Richter states that life was present in the form of resistant spores that appeared on Earth from another planet. Primordial Soup Theory - life started from water that is charged with lightning. Theory of Spontaneous Generation/Abiogenesis – by Aristotle, non-living materials spontaneously give life. Pneuma (“vital heat”) - material needed for life to arise from nonliving. Francisco Redi – proved that organisms do not just come to life spontaneously. John Needham – tried to prove spontaneous generations but failed due to a flaw in his experiment. Louis Pasteur – made an experiment that convinced scientists that spontaneous generations could not work. Popularized pasteurization/sterilization. Theory of Biogenesis (Fransisco Redi, Hermann Richter, and Louis Pasteur) – “Bio” means life, and “Genesis” means beginning. Life arose from the pre-existing life. Alexander Oparin - hypothesized, that the atmosphere of primitive Earth contained gasses like ammonia, methane, hydrogen, and water vapor. Cytology – study of cells. Cells – smallest unit of life. Zacharias Janssen - created a microscope. The Cellular Basis of Life (Robert Hooke) - observed tiny compartments in a sliced piece of cork from a mature tree and named them cellulae (meaning small rooms). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek - first to discover and describe microorganisms as Animalcule (Latin for 'little animal'). Theodore Schwann – all animals are made of cells. Mathias Schleiden - the cell is the most basic unit of life. Rudolf Virchow – cells came from pre-existing cells. LESSON 2: Biological system - the complex system of parts that forms an organization. High Degree of Organization – hierarchy of complex biological structure and systems.  Atom - the smallest and basic unit of matter.  Molecule - a group of two or more atoms.  Cells - the basic unit of life.  Tissue - groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.  Organ - a structure composed of two or more types of tissues.  Organ System - groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions necessary for the survival and health of the organism.  Organism - an individual living entity that can carry out all basic life processes.  Population - a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area simultaneously.  Community - consists of all the populations of different species living and interacting in a particular area.  Ecosystem - includes all the living organisms (biotic factors) and non-living components (abiotic factors) in a particular area, interacting as a system.  Biosphere - encompasses all ecosystems on Earth. Form and Function – emphasizing a biological entity's structure (form) intricately to its role or activity (function). Reproduction and Inheritance – organisms reproduce their kind and pass on traits to their offspring. Interaction with the Environment – biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) interact with each other. Energy – requirement of all living organisms to maintain their biological functions. Regulation/Homeostasis – ability to adjust to the environment. Evolution and Diversity - evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth and how species adapt over time. Scientific Inquiry - an approach to gaining knowledge. Science, Technology, and Society – the interconnection of science, technology, and society. LESSON 3: Stamen – male reproductive part. Filament – stalk that supports the anther. Anther – where pollen is produced. Pollen – tiny grains containing male gametes. Carpel/Pistil – female reproductive part. Stigma – the sticky part that catches pollen. Style – a long tube-like part that connects the stigma and the ovary. Gametes – reproductive cells. Zygote – union of two gametes. Fertilization – the fusion of two gametes to become a zygote. Pollination – transfer of pollen to the female part of the flower. Self-pollination – pollen transfer on the same plant. Cross-pollination – pollen transfer on other plants. Angiosperms – flowering plants. Gymnosperms – non-flowering/seed-producing plants. Double-fertilization – two cells are fertilized. Germinate – growth of seedlings into plants. Asexual Reproduction - reproduction within one parent resulting in an identical offspring. Sexual Reproduction – reproduction of two parents creating a genetically unique organism. Types of Asexual Reproduction  Binary Fission – one cell dividing into two.  Budding – development of buds.  Fragmentation – an organism similar to its parent is created from a fragment.  Regeneration – the capability of regrowing a certain body part. Types of Animal Reproduction  Oviparous – egg-laying animals  Viviparous – animals that give birth.  Ovoviviparous - internally developing eggs. LESSON 4: Genetic Engineering - the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism's characteristics in a particular way. GMA - A genetically modified animal GMP - Genetic modification of plants GMF - Genetically modified foods GMO - Genetically modified organism Genetic Engineering Technique : 1. Identify an organism that contains a desirable gene. 2. Extract the entire DNA from the organism. 3. Remove this gene from the rest of the DNA by using a restriction enzyme. 4. Insert the new gene into an existing organism's DNA. LESSON 5: Respiration – the exchange of gases. Endotherms - warm-blooded animals, animals that can regulate and maintain constant internal body temperature. Ectotherms or poikilotherms – are cold-blooded animals whose body temperature is the same as their surroundings. Negative Feedback - reduces an excessive response and keeps a variable within the normal range. Positive Feedback - serves to intensify a response until an endpoint is reached. Excretion – removal of waste products from the body. Osmoregulation – the process of maintaining salt and water balance. Immune System – protects the body from foreign bacteria. Nervous System – serves as a communication system that allows the body to immediately respond to certain changes. Body in Motion – movement of the body, used to survive. LESSON 6: Evolution - gradual change and development of a species or group of organisms. Embryology - the scientific study of embryos and their development. Homologous Structures - morphological structures of organisms that have the same evolutionary origin. Vestigial Structure - a feature that a species inherited from an ancestor that is not necessary anymore. Genetics – the study of heredity/genes. Environmental Changes that Affect Extinction: 1. Atmosphere 2. Temperature 3. Flood and Glaciation 4. Cosmic Radiation and Asteroid impact 5. Diseases Balance of Nature - An ecosystem can support only a given number of individuals at a given time. Diversity and Stability - organisms have specific roles to perform in the ecosystem. Resistance – the ability to remain stable despite disturbances or changes. Resilience - being able to adapt to life's adversities. Terrestrial Ecosystem- land-based ecosystem. Aquatic ecosystem – water-based ecosystem. Grassland - ecosystems are dominated by grasses. Desert - found in regions that have a very minimal amount of rainfall. Marine Ecosystem – the largest ecosystem, has a high number of dissolved salts and other minerals. Freshwater – has a minimal amount of salt and it covers only about 0.8% of Earth’s surface. Human Activities – damages the ecosystem.