UOC FAMG 1023 Introduction to Psychology PDF

SUBJECT : INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY SUBJECT CODE : FAMG 1023 LECTURER : ATIQAH JANI (K.B.,P.A.) FACULTY : CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION, LANGUAGES & GENERAL STUDIES CHAPTER 10 Motivation  COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOMES: Evalu...

SUBJECT : INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY SUBJECT CODE : FAMG 1023 LECTURER : ATIQAH JANI (K.B.,P.A.) FACULTY : CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION, LANGUAGES & GENERAL STUDIES CHAPTER 10 Motivation  COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOMES: Evaluate the drive, homeostasis, and incentive theories of motivation. Discuss the values of setting goals and deadlines. Describe ways to overcome temptations, including the temptation to procrastinate. Distinguish between the scientific management and human relations approaches to job design. List factors that correlate with job satisfaction. Distinguish between transformational leaders and transactional leaders. Motivation. Why do we do the things we do? What motivations underlie our behaviors? Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. In addition to biological motives, motivations can be intrinsic (arising from internal factors) or extrinsic (arising from external factors). Defining Motivation The process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome Motivated behaviors vary from time to time, from situation to situation, and from person to person. They persist until the individual reaches the goal. What is Motivation? The process by which efforts are energized, directed and sustained toward attaining a goal  Energy: measure of intensity, drive and vigor. A motivated person puts forth effort and work hard.  Effort that's directed toward, and consistent with specific goals.  Motivation includes a persistence dimension. Table 11.1 Three Views of Motivation View Basic Position Major Weaknesses Drive Theories Motivations are based on needs or Implies that we always try to reduce According to drive theories, motivation is an irritations that we try to reduce; they stimulation, never to increase it. Also irritation that continues until we find a way to do not specify particular actions. overlooks importance of external reduce it. stimuli. Homeostasis Motivations tend to maintain body Overlooks importance of external (plus anticipation) states near some optimum stimuli. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a intermediate level. They may react to variable such as body temperature within a current needs and anticipate future set range. needs. Incentive Theories Motivations are responses to Incomplete theory unless combined Incentives are external stimuli that attract us attractive stimuli. with drive or homeostasis. even if we have no biological need for them. ▲ Figure 1 According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, you satisfy your lower needs before moving on to your higher needs. (Based on Maslow, 1970) Goals and Deadlines One of the most powerful ways to motivate anyone, including yourself, is to set a goal. The most effective goals are specific, difficult, and realistic. SMART GOALS Other important factors include making a serious commitment to the goal, receiving feedback on progress, and believing that the goal will bring a fair reward. Realistic Goals People tend to underestimate how much time and effort they will need to achieve their goals. It is best to plan for more time and resources than seem necessary and to start as quickly as possible. Goals and Deadlines (cont.) The Value of Deadlines Deadlines motivate people to work harder. Setting deadlines for parts of an assignment can spread out the task. Overcoming Procrastination Procrastination – putting something off until later People get started toward their goals if they set specific plans about what they will do, when, and where. Estimating your probability of doing something increases your chances of doing it. ○ Mere measurement effect – phenomenon that estimating your probability of doing some desirable activity increases your probability of that action Making any kind of decision helps end procrastination. Temptation Delay of gratification – declining a pleasant activity now in order to get greater pleasure later As people advance from childhood to adulthood, they gradually improve their ability to resist temptation and delay gratification. Most people overestimate their ability to resist temptation. It is better to avoid tempting situations than try to combat temptation. Resisting a temptation helps people to later resist the same type of temptation, but it often weakens their ability to resist other types. Seeing another person yield to temptation increases the risk of also yielding, unless one sees the person as an outsider, different from oneself. A reminder about ethical norms decreases cheating in some situations. Two Approaches to Job Design Scientific-management approach (also known as Theory X) – view that most employees are lazy, indifferent, and uncreative, and that the job should be made simple and foolproof Human-relations approach (also known as Theory Y) – idea that employees like variety in their job, a sense of accomplishment, and a sense of responsibility Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is strongly correlated with an individual’s interest in the job, and moderately correlated with good performance on the job. People with a happy disposition are more likely than others to be satisfied with their jobs, as are older workers in general. Pay and Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction also requires a perception that the pay scale is fair. Job Burnout Job burnout – long-lasting sense of mental and physical exhaustion and discouragement Job burnout is especially common among people in the helping professions, such as nurses and teachers. Leadership A good leader has the right combination of: ○ Personality ○ Intelligence ○ Expertise ○ Motives ○ Values ○ People-handling skills What constitutes good leadership depends on the situation. Transformational leader – someone who articulates a vision of the future, intellectually stimulates subordinates, and motivates them to use their imagination to advance the organization Transactional leader – someone who tries to make the organization more efficient at doing what it is already doing by providing rewards (mainly pay) for effective work Hunger Motivation. Hunger is controlled by several processes in the body. When the stomach is empty, it contracts, causing hunger pangs and sending chemical signals to the brain to trigger eating. Similarly, when blood sugar levels drop, the pancreas and liver release signals that make us feel hungry and encourage us to eat. Hunger and eating are regulated by a complex interplay of hunger and satiety signals that are integrated in the brain. Short-Term Regulation of Hunger Ordinarily, the main factor for ending a meal is distention of the stomach and intestines. Glucose – the most abundant sugar in the blood, an important source of energy for the body and by far the main energy source for the brain Insulin – hormone that increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells Long-Term Regulation of Hunger Set point – a level of some variable that the body works to maintain Leptin – hormone that the body’s fat cells release in amounts proportional to their mass ► Figure 2 The hypothalamus, a small area on the underside of the brain, helps regulate eating, drinking, sexual behavior, and other motivated activities. Social and Cultural Influences on Eating People eat more in groups than when eating alone. They eat more, drink more, and enjoy their meal more when they have high expectations for the meal, based on such things as the name of the food or the supposed location of the winery. They eat more when they are offered larger portions. Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa – a condition in which people alternate between self-deprivation and periods of excessive eating, while feeling of loss of control To compensate after overeating, they may force themselves to vomit or use laxatives or enemas, or they may go through long periods of dieting and exercising. Most people recover fully or partly from bulimia, but many have lingering problems of depression. Bulimia has been compared to drug addiction. Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa – a condition in which someone intensely fears gaining weight and refuses to eat a normal amount People suffering from anorexia nervosa deprive themselves of food, sometimes to a dangerous point. Most show extreme physical activity, which can be interpreted as a mechanism of temperature regulation. Most people with anorexia had no psychiatric problems before developing anorexia. Treatment based on increasing body warmth and avoiding excessive exercise has been reported to be highly effective. Sexual Motivation and Hunger. From an evolutionary perspective, the reason is obvious—perpetuation of the species. Sexual behavior in humans, however, involves much more than reproduction. Sexual Motivation and Hunger Similarities between sexual motivation and hunger ○ Sexual motivation, like hunger, depends on both a physiological drive and incentives. ○ Also like hunger, the sex drive increases during times of deprivation, and people can inhibit the drive when they need to. Differences between sexual motivation and hunger ○ We do not need to be around food to feel hungry, but many people need a partner to feel sexual arousal. ○ We eat in public, but we have sexual activities in private. The Kinsey Survey Alfred C. Kinsey was an outstanding interviewer who put people at ease so they could speak freely but he was also alert to probable lies. Comparisons by Culture and Cohort Sexual customs vary considerably among cultures and subcultures. ○ Attitudes regarding premarital sex Customs also vary by historical era. ○ Puberty at an earlier age ○ Marriage at a later age ○ Greater acceptance of teenage sex ○ Greater sexual freedom Sexual Behavior in the Era of AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) – a sexually transmitted disease that attacks the body’s immune system Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – the virus that causes AIDS ○ Three common routes of transmission of HIV: 1. Transfusions of contaminated blood 2. Sharing needles used for intravenous injections of illegal drugs 3. Sexual contact Sexual Development and Identity Testosterone – hormone present in higher quantities in males than in females Estradiol – hormone present in higher quantities in females than in males In the early stages of development, the human fetus possesses anatomical structures that may develop into either male genitals (if testosterone levels are high enough) or female genitals (if testosterone levels are lower). Intersexes – people with an anatomy that appears intermediate between male and female Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation – someone’s tendency to respond sexually to male or female partners or both or neither Sexual orientation varies in degree from exclusively homosexual to exclusively heterosexual with intermediate gradations. Differences between Men and Women Nearly all men identify their sexual orientation early and cannot imagine switching, whereas some women discover their orientation later, and a fair number have a consistent bisexual response. ○ Bisexuality – attraction to both sexes Measuring physical responses like penile erections can reliably indicate a man's sexual interest, but vaginal secretions are not a consistent indicator of a woman's sexual interest. Possible Influences on Sexual Orientation Genetic influences and prenatal environment affect sexual orientation. On the average, heterosexual and homosexual men differ in the size of a structure in the hypothalamus that contributes to certain aspects of sexual behavior. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME THANK YOU