US/VA History SOL Review PDF

US/VA History SOL REVIEW VUS.2 Where did the first Europeans settle? 1. New England (NH, MA, RI, CT) Who first settle there? Puritans Why did the Puritans leave? They wanted…. Religious freedom ( they were persecuted in Europe) Their own gove...

US/VA History SOL REVIEW VUS.2 Where did the first Europeans settle? 1. New England (NH, MA, RI, CT) Who first settle there? Puritans Why did the Puritans leave? They wanted…. Religious freedom ( they were persecuted in Europe) Their own government What were their first laws? The Mayflower Compact (signed before they landed in Massachusetts, they agreed on a government and set of laws) Did the Puritans respect people who didn’t practice their religion? No New England 2. The Middle Atlantic Colonies (NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD) – Who settled there? Quakers & Catholics – Why did these immigrants leave Europe? They wanted…. o Religious freedom o Economic opportunities Middle Atlantic 3. Virginia – Where was the first settlement? Jamestown – Who started the settlement in 1607? Virginia Company of London – Why was the Virginia Company of London created? To get a charter – Who were the first settlers? 4. Other Southern Colonies (NC, SC, GA) Why were they settled? Economic opportunities Southern  What happened to the American Indians when Europeans began to settle? Many were killed Died of diseases Pushed off their land How did the first Africans come to the New World? as slaves The first Americans were brought against their will to Jamestown in 1619 to work on tobacco plantations. New England Middle Atlantic Southern US/VA History SOL REVIEW VUS.3  What ECONOMIC differences developed in the colonies?  New England (NH, MA, RI, CT) Lumbering, factories The New England Colonies were hard workers The Puritans belief in thrift helped Middle Atlantic (NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD) Shipbuilding, trading Cities with ports became trading and commercial centers (Baltimore, New York, Philadelphia) Virginia and Other Southern Colonies (VA, GA, SC, NC) By the coast: plantations grew cash crops such as tobacco, cotton and rice for sale to Europe Inland: small farming, hunting, trading What SOCIAL differences developed in the colonies?  New England (NH, MA, RI, CT) The Puritans were very religious Puritans were intolerant of dissenters – People who didn’t believe that government should be based on religion Rhode Island – Formed by dissenters who fled persecution by Puritans in Massachusetts Middle Atlantic (NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD) Lots of religious tolerance – Quakers in Pennsylvania – Catholics in Maryland Virginia and Other Southern Colonies By the coast: nobles owned lots of land – Ties to England, were members of Church of England Inland: lots of Scotch-Irish and people originally from the United Kingdom  What was the most important RELIGIOUS movement in the colonies? The Great Awakening – A religious movement that swept both Europe and the Colonies during the mid- 1700’s – It led to the rapid groups of evangelical religions such as the Methodist and Baptists – Its most famous leader was a clergyman American Revolution VUS.4 What was the American Revolution? By 1775, there were serious disagreement between colonists. No colonists could be elected to the British Parliament in London. Yet, the Parliament passed many taxes the colonists had to pay.  The British believed they had every right to tax the colonists. – They had paid to defend the colonists during the French & Indian War. The American colonists disliked the British government interfering. War broke out. – The thirteen colonies successful revolt against the British and the United States What caused the American Revolution?  1. Enlightenment Enlightenment thinkers in Europe wrote that people have “natural rights” that governments must respect John Locke: most famous Enlightenment thinker – All people are free, equal and have the right to life, liberty and property – All power rests with the people/governed – People form governments to protect their rights – People form a contract (called the social contract) with the government the create They’ll follow the laws the  Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet called “Common Sense”. – Helped persuade many colonists that it was only “common sense” for the colonies to be independent Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence – Governments are formed to protect people’s natural rights to life, liberty and  King George III has violated those rights Because the king has violated those rights, the colonists intended to form “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that a new they nation are endowed and by their new Creator government with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” “The to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.” “That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government.” The Declaration of Independence  2. Conflicts with England Proclamation of 1763: Colonists prohibited from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. – Colonists were angered and thought England shouldn’t interfere New taxes on legal documents (Stamp Act), tea and sugar – England needed money to pay for the 3. Colonists React to Those Conflicts Boston Massacre: British soldiers fired into an angry crowd of colonists and 5 colonists were killed. Boston Tea Party: Colonists dumped tea  The First Continental Congress: representatives from 12 of 13 colonies met to protest the king’s closing of Boston Harbor Lexington & Concord: Fighting breaks out between minutemen (civilian soldiers) and British soldiers Did every colonist support the American Revolution? NO  Patriots wanted complete independence from England – Patrick Henry said “Give me liberty, or give me death!” – George Washington led the American Army Tories (or Loyalists) remained loyal to Britain. They still thought the British taxes were unfair.  Who won the American Revolution Colonists British General Cornwallis surrendered after losing the Battle of Yorktown  Why did the American’s win? British fatigue: Britain got tired of fighting French help: Benjamin Franklin negotiated a Treaty of Alliance with France French soldiers and sailors helped win the Battle of Yorktown  VUS.5 Early Republic and the Constitution  What happened after the American Revolution? After wining the American Revolution, the Americans attempted to create a new, independent nation. They wanted their government to be a republic – A government where the people elect their leaders  The first governing document was called the Articles of Confederation – That government was weak, so it was replaced 8 years later by the Constitution – The government created by the Constitution changed a number of times but still exists today.  What was the Confederation? A confederation is an alliance (an agreement to work together) Under the Articles of Confederation, the 13 states agreed to work together They set up a national government, but the national government was  Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government had: – No one person in charge (president) to enforce the laws – No military – No power to tax – No power to print currency (each state printed its own money) Was the Confederation weak or strong? Weak Was the Confederation designed to be weak? Yes  They feared that a strong national government would create a new tyrant like the king. Soon, though, it became clear that the Articles of Confederation failed. As a result, delegates returned to Philadelphia to create a new form of national government –  Who were the leaders at the Constitutional Convention? George Washington was Chairman of the Convention James Madison was nicknamed “Father of the Constitution” – Madison wrote the Virginia Plan Federal government with three separate branches- legislative, executive and judicial – Madison later wrote much of the Bill of  What compromises were made at the Constitutional Convention? Federal Supremacy Clause – Federal law is supreme law of the land, but states have a lot of power to govern themselves. Bi-Cameral Congress – In the Senate, each state has 2 votes, but in the House of Representatives the number of votes is based on population.  Three –Fifths Compromise – Would slaves count as people? – Southern states wanted to include slaves when counting their population; Northern states did not want slaves counted. – Under the Great Compromise, southern states got the right to count 3/5 of state’s slaves as population for determining representation in the House  Separation of Powers – The nation government has three branches- legislative, judicial executive – Each branch can check and balance the other (make sure they don’t abuse power) – The Constitution lists the power of the national government, and the national government can only do what’s on the list. (all other powers belong to the  Did every American support the new Constitution? NO Federalists favored the new Constitution – They believed in a strong national government that shared power with the states was necessary – The new government wasn’t going to take away states rights Anti-Federalists opposed the new Constitution – They said that the national government was too powerful – They also said that the Constitution didn’t protect the people’s rights  Who won: Federalists or Anti- federalist? The Constitution was ratified (approved), so the Federalists got what they wanted They agreed to amend (change) the Constitution so that it protected individual rights (something the Anti- Federalists wanted)  Who wrote the Bill of Rights? James Madison Madison based his ideas on two earlier Virginia laws – VA Declaration of Rights written by George Mason – VA Statute of Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson What are some of the freedoms protected by the Bill of Rights? 1st Amendment: Freedom of press, assembly, petition, speech, religion No searches without a warrant Trial by jury for people accused of crimes  VUS.6 Early National Period to the Civil War  The First Presidents Under the New Constitution Four of the five first presidents were from Virginia This period in history is sometimes called the Early National Period. During this time: – The power of the National Government grew – Political Parties developed as people  What happened during the presidency of George Washington? Political parties developed. – Federalists (led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton) Beliefs: A strong national government and manufacturing economy Supporters: merchants and  Democratic-Republicans (led by Thomas Jefferson) – Beliefs: A weak national government and agricultural economy – Supporters: farmers, laborers, small shop keepers – Supporters came from the South  What happened during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson? The first peaceful transfer of power (in 1800, from the federalists to the Democratic-Republicans) The United States doubled in size – The Louisiana Purchase: when Jefferson purchased territory from France for $15 million – Doubled the size of the United States The new west was explored  The power of the federal government grew because of decisions by the Supreme Court headed by John Marshall (from VA) – Courts got the power to declare laws unconstitutional That’s called judicial review and  What happened during the presidency of James Madison? War of 1812 (U.S against England 🡪 U.S wins) – Causes of the War of 1812: President Madison thought Britain was trying to strangle the U.S. trade – Results of the War of 1812: the U.S. gained independence, England agreed not to hurt the U.S. economy  What happened during the presidency of James Monroe? The federal government’s power expands – McCullouch v. Maryland: States couldn’t tax the federal government President Monroe warned the European nations to that the United States was no longer available for colonization (the Monroe Doctrine)  Westward Expansion Why did the Americans expand to the South and West? – They believed in Manifest Destiny The belief that it was God’s will for the U.S. to control all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific How did technology help westward expansion? – New trails and canals  How did the United States expand into the southwest? TEXAS! First, Texas became an independent nation – Early 1820’s: Americans began to move into Texas (which was controlled by Mexico) – 1830: Mexico was unhappy about all the American settlers, bans new Americans from moving into Texas – 1835: Texas settlers from America rebelled – Mexicans and Texans fight the war for Independence Most famous battle: The Alamo, where the Mexican Army wiped out a group of Texas settlers. As a result, “Remember the Alamo”  – 1836: Texas eventually won the war and became independent – 1845: Texas becomes a U.S. territory Then, the U.S. won the Mexican- American War – Causes of the Mexican-American War: Mexico was opposed to Texas becoming  What happened to the American Indians as settlers They weremoved west? forced off their homelands and told either to march far away, or to live on reservations Most famous forced relocation: Trail of Tears, where several tribes were ordered off their homes on the Atlantic Coast and sent to Oklahoma  Age of Jackson: Age of the Common Man What was the “Age of Jackson”? – The rise of Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1829 signaled a change in American politics He was a soldier in the War of 1812 Jackson was the first President from Tennessee He was also the first elected on a  What changes did Jackson bring to the Presidency? Spoils system: government jobs were given to loyal supporters of the political party that won the election Bank of the United States: Jackson wanted it closed because he thought it was undemocratic. After the bank closed, Jackson put the government’s money in state banks. This policy  Indian Removal Act: Jackson forced Native Americans from their homelands The Nation Begins To Divide The 1800’s were a time of growth for the United States. Yet, even as the U.S. grew, two sections of the U.S- North & South- grew farther and farther apart. One reason for this split was difference in economies the second  What were the ECONOMIC differences between north and south? North: Industrial South: Agricultural (especially slaves working on plantations)  How did the north and south differ on slavery? Southern states wanted slavery because southern plantation owners needed slaves to work in the fields In the North, abolitionist movements (movements opposed to slavery) grew in strength – William Lloyd Garrison published an anti-slavery newspaper called the – Religious leaders in New England said slavery violated Christian ideas – Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin helped make the abolition movement more popular in the North  How did these differences on slavery lead to the Civil War? The north and south became unable to compromise – As territories tried to enter the Union and become states, the north agreed to a series of compromise (agreements where each side settled for less than it wanted) – Each compromise was designed to keep  Missouri Compromise (1820) – Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state – Slavery was prohibited above the compromise line and permitted below it Compromise of 1850 – California would enter the Union as a free state Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850  Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) – Repealed the Missouri Compromise line – Let the voters in Kansas and Nebraska decided to permit/prohibit slavery on their own (called this popular sovereignty) – This compromise was not successful; bloody fighting broke out in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery  Northern states were angry over the Supreme court decision and a new law – The decision: The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott, a former slave, could not be free because he had no rights. They said he was property. – The law: The Fugitive Slave Law required the return of slaves who had escaped to free states  Southern states felt they could no longer stay in the Union and still be able to preserve slavery – Southerners became frightened by the growing strength of the northern abolitionists – Southerners became afraid of rebellions led by Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser – Southern fears led them to believe in  Southern fears led them to believe in secession (that they could leave the United States whenever they wanted) Southern fears about Abraham Lincoln – Elected in 1860 – Wanted to stop the spread of slavery – “A house divided against itself cannot  What about women’s rights? Was it an issue before the Civil War? YES Many women who fought to end slavery also began to argue for suffrage (the right to vote) Two leaders of the women’s suffrage movement were Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony – 1848: Organized a Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY  VUS.7 The Civil War  Chronology Abraham Lincoln was elected President – Fought to preserve the Union and alter to end slavery Several southern states secede (leave the Union) and form their own government Fighting begins: A Union for (Ft. Sumter) is attacked by the south Battle of Antietam: bloodiest battle in the Civil War  President Lincoln frees the slaves in the rebelling southern states in his Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg: turning point of the Civil War – South never tried to invade the north – President Lincoln explained the significance of the war in his Gettysburg Address (a speech dedicating a The United States was “conceived in Liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal… (T)his nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address Fighting ends at: Appomattox – General Robert E. Lee (leader of the south) surrenders to General Ulysses S. Grant (leader of the north)  Results of the Civil War Social Southern anger towards African Americans (and control of the south by whites) Political Southern states were readmitted to There were two views: – President Lincolns views: Don’t punish the South Act “with malice towards none, with charity for all, to bind up the nation’s wounds.” – Radical Republican’s views: punish the south Southern states put under military occupation After Lincoln’s assassination, the Radicals fought with Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, tried to remove him from office, but failed  Three “Civil War Amendments” to the Constitution 13th Amendment: abolish slavery 14th Amendment: made formers slaves citizens 15th Amendment: guaranteed voting Economic South: Economy destroyed Northern and Midwest: Economy strong and growing, ready for industrialization Transcontinental Railroad: completed soon after the Civil War ends; westward expansion gets stronger  When did Reconstruction end? The Presidential Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 The election of 1876 was very close. – In a deal, the Republicans agreed to end military occupation of the South in return for receiving votes from Southern Democrats Results of the Compromise of 1877 – Southern candidates who controlled the Democratic Party regained power – Jim Crow Era began African Americans in the south were denied their rights