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Questions and Answers
Where did the first Europeans settle in America?
Where did the first Europeans settle in America?
New England
Who were the first settlers of New England?
Who were the first settlers of New England?
Puritans
Why did the Puritans leave England to settle in New England?
Why did the Puritans leave England to settle in New England?
What were the Puritans' first laws in New England?
What were the Puritans' first laws in New England?
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Did the Puritans respect those who did not practice their religion?
Did the Puritans respect those who did not practice their religion?
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Which colonies make up the Middle Atlantic Region?
Which colonies make up the Middle Atlantic Region?
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Who were the primary settlers of the Middle Atlantic?
Who were the primary settlers of the Middle Atlantic?
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Why did immigrants leave Europe to settle in the Middle Atlantic Colonies?
Why did immigrants leave Europe to settle in the Middle Atlantic Colonies?
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Where was the first settlement in Virginia?
Where was the first settlement in Virginia?
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Who started the Virginia settlement in 1607?
Who started the Virginia settlement in 1607?
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Why was the Virginia Company of London created?
Why was the Virginia Company of London created?
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Who were Virginia's first settlers?
Who were Virginia's first settlers?
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What is a cash crop?
What is a cash crop?
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Why were the Southern Colonies settled?
Why were the Southern Colonies settled?
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What happened to the Native Americans when the Europeans started to settle?
What happened to the Native Americans when the Europeans started to settle?
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How did the first Africans come to the New World?
How did the first Africans come to the New World?
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What economic differences developed in the colonies?
What economic differences developed in the colonies?
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What economic activity did the New England colonies engage in?
What economic activity did the New England colonies engage in?
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The New England colonies were known for their hard-working labor force?
The New England colonies were known for their hard-working labor force?
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What economic activity did the Middle Atlantic colonies primarily engage in?
What economic activity did the Middle Atlantic colonies primarily engage in?
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Which cities developed into commercial centers in the Middle Atlantic colonies due to its port locations?
Which cities developed into commercial centers in the Middle Atlantic colonies due to its port locations?
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What economic activities were prevalent in Virginia and other Southern Colonies?
What economic activities were prevalent in Virginia and other Southern Colonies?
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What were the social differences that developed in the colonies?
What were the social differences that developed in the colonies?
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The Puritans were known for their religious tolerance?
The Puritans were known for their religious tolerance?
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What is a dissenter?
What is a dissenter?
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Why was Rhode Island founded?
Why was Rhode Island founded?
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The Middle Atlantic colonies were known for their religious intolerance?
The Middle Atlantic colonies were known for their religious intolerance?
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What was the most important religious movement in the American colonies?
What was the most important religious movement in the American colonies?
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What was the American Revolution?
What was the American Revolution?
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What were the key reasons for the American Revolution?
What were the key reasons for the American Revolution?
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What is the "social contract"?
What is the "social contract"?
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Who wrote "Common Sense"?
Who wrote "Common Sense"?
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Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
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King George III respected the colonists’ 'natural rights'?
King George III respected the colonists’ 'natural rights'?
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What was the Proclamation of 1763?
What was the Proclamation of 1763?
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What is the "Stamp Act?"
What is the "Stamp Act?"
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Why did the British impose taxes on the American colonies?
Why did the British impose taxes on the American colonies?
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What was the Boston Massacre?
What was the Boston Massacre?
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What was the Boston Tea Party?
What was the Boston Tea Party?
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What was the First Continental Congress?
What was the First Continental Congress?
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What was the "shot heard around the world?"
What was the "shot heard around the world?"
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Did all colonists support the American Revolution?
Did all colonists support the American Revolution?
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What were the 'Patriots'?
What were the 'Patriots'?
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Who said "Give me liberty, or give me death!"?
Who said "Give me liberty, or give me death!"?
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Who led the American Army during the Revolution?
Who led the American Army during the Revolution?
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What were 'Tories' or 'Loyalists'?
What were 'Tories' or 'Loyalists'?
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What battle led to the surrender of British General Cornwallis?
What battle led to the surrender of British General Cornwallis?
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What were the main reasons for the colonists' victory in the American Revolution?
What were the main reasons for the colonists' victory in the American Revolution?
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What happened after the American Revolution?
What happened after the American Revolution?
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What is a republic?
What is a republic?
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What was the first governing document of the newly formed nation?
What was the first governing document of the newly formed nation?
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The Articles of Confederation were successful and lasted for a long time.
The Articles of Confederation were successful and lasted for a long time.
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What is a confederation?
What is a confederation?
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How many states were involved in the Articles of Confederation?
How many states were involved in the Articles of Confederation?
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Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government was stronger than the state governments?
Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government was stronger than the state governments?
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What were some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
What were some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
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The Articles of Confederation had a strong military?
The Articles of Confederation had a strong military?
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The Articles of Confederation had the power to tax?
The Articles of Confederation had the power to tax?
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The Articles of Confederation had the power to print currency?
The Articles of Confederation had the power to print currency?
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The Articles of Confederation were designed to be weak?
The Articles of Confederation were designed to be weak?
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Why was the Articles of Confederation designed to be weak?
Why was the Articles of Confederation designed to be weak?
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What did they fear would create a strong government?
What did they fear would create a strong government?
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The Articles of Confederation succeeded in governing the nation?
The Articles of Confederation succeeded in governing the nation?
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Where did the delegates go after the Articles of Confederation failed?
Where did the delegates go after the Articles of Confederation failed?
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Who was the Chairman of the Constitutional Convention?
Who was the Chairman of the Constitutional Convention?
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Who is known as the "Father of the Constitution?"
Who is known as the "Father of the Constitution?"
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What is the Virginia Plan?
What is the Virginia Plan?
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What compromises were made at the Constitutional Convention?
What compromises were made at the Constitutional Convention?
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Study Notes
US/VA History SOL Review - VUS.2
- The first Europeans settled in New England (NH, MA, RI, CT).
- The Puritans settled there.
- The Puritans left Europe seeking religious freedom.
- Their own government was another reason they left Europe.
- The Mayflower Compact was their first governing document, outlining a government and set of laws.
- The Puritans did not respect people who did not practice their religion.
The Middle Atlantic Colonies (NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD)
- Quakers and Catholics settled in the Middle Atlantic region.
- Immigrants left Europe for religious freedom and economic opportunities.
Virginia
- Jamestown was the first settlement in Virginia (1607).
- The Virginia Company of London established the settlement.
- The Virginia Company of London was created to gain a charter.
- The first settlers were called Cavaliers.
Other Southern Colonies (NC, SC, GA)
- The Southern Colonies were settled for economic opportunities.
American Indians
- Many American Indians were killed.
- Diseases were a major cause of death among American Indians.
- American Indians were pushed off their land.
First Africans
- The first Africans came to the New World as slaves.
- They were brought to Jamestown in 1619 to work on tobacco plantations.
Economic Differences in the Colonies
- New England: Lumbering, factories, hard-working people. Puritan values like thrift influenced their work ethic.
- Middle Atlantic: Shipbuilding, trading. Port cities like Baltimore, New York, and Philadelphia facilitated commercial activity.
- Virginia and other Southern Colonies: Coastal plantations focused on cash crops like tobacco, cotton, and rice for European markets. Inland areas had small farming, hunting and trading.
Social Differences in the Colonies
- New England (NH, MA, RI, CT): Puritans were very religious and intolerant of dissenters. Rhode Island was founded by those who fled persecution by Puritans.
- Middle Atlantic (NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD): Religious tolerance was prominent, with Quakers in Pennsylvania and Catholics in Maryland.
- Virginia and other Southern Colonies: Nobles controlled much coastal land and were members of the Church of England. Inland areas had primarily Scotch-Irish and UK immigrants.
The Great Awakening
- The Great Awakening was a major religious movement in the colonies and Europe during the mid-1700s.
- Evangelical religions like Methodism and Baptists gained popularity as a result of the Great Awakening.
- Jonathan Edwards was a prominent leader of the Great Awakening.
American Revolution - VUS.4
- Serious disagreements arose between colonists in 1775.
- Colonists couldn't be represented in British Parliament, yet the Parliament taxed them.
- Britain believed they had the right to tax colonists due to their defending them in the French and Indian War
- Colonists disliked British interference.
- War broke out between the thirteen colonies and Britain.
- Thirteen colonies successfully revolted and established the United States of America.
Enlightenment
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Enlightenment thinkers in Europe argued for natural rights.
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John Locke was a prominent Enlightenment thinker who advocated for the rights to life, liberty, and property.
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Governments are formed to protect people's rights to life, liberty, and property.
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People form a contract with governments (Social Contract).
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Thomas Paine's pamphlet "Common Sense" persuaded colonists to be independent.
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Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
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The king violated these rights and the colonists intended to create a new nation.
Conflicts with England
- Proclamation of 1763: Colonists were prohibited from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
- New taxes were levied on legal documents (Stamp Act), tea and sugar (colonists didn't have representation in the Parliament)
- Colonists reacted with boycotts, protests demonstrations.
Colonists' Reactions
- The Boston Massacre: British soldiers fired on colonists, resulting in several deaths.
- The Boston Tea Party: Colonists reacted against tea taxes by dumping tea in Boston Harbor.
- First Continental Congress: Representatives from 12 of 13 colonies protested the king's actions, concerning Boston Harbor.
- Fighting broke out in Lexington and Concord and between colonists and British soldiers.
Support of the Revolution
- Colonists were not unanimous in their support for the Revolution
- Patriots desired complete independence from England
- Tories (Loyalists) remained loyal to Britain.
- Neutrals tried to remain neutral during the war.
Winning the American Revolution
- British General Cornwallis surrendered after losing the Battle of Yorktown.
- Reasons why the colonists won were British fatigue, French help, and strategic leadership.
Early Republic and the Constitution - VUS.5
- Following the Revolution, Americans created an independent nation with a Republican form of government.
- The first governing document was the Articles of Confederation, which were later replaced by the Constitution
- The Articles of Confederation resulted in a weak national government.
- Delegates convened in Philadelphia to create a new form of national government.
Leaders of the Constitutional Convention
- George Washington was the chairman of the convention.
- James Madison was nicknamed "Father of the Constitution" due to his work on the Virginia Plan.
- Madison's Virginia Plan proposed a federal government with three separate branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.
- The Bill of Rights was written partly by Madison building off ideas from earlier Virginia laws.
Constitutional Compromises
- Federal Supremacy Clause: Federal laws are supreme, but states retain significant governing power.
- Bicameral Congress: The Senate has equal representation for states, and the House of Representatives is based on population.
- Three-Fifths Compromise: Slaves were counted as 3/5 of a person for determining representation in the House of Representatives.
Support for the Constitution
- Federalists favored a strong national government.
- Anti-Federalists opposed a strong national government and worried about protecting individual rights.
- The Constitution was ratified, but compromises were made so the Anti-Federalists agreed to the Constitution, resulting in the Bill of Rights being added.
Writing the Bill of Rights
- James Madison wrote the Bill of Rights based on earlier Virginia laws.
- Key document inspirations include George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights and Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.
Bill of Rights
- Key freedoms are protected such as press, assembly, petition, speech, religion, no unwarranted searches and trial by jury of accused crimes.
Early National Period to the Civil War - VUS.6
- The First Presidents under the New Constitution.
- Four of the first five presidents were from Virginia.
- The early national period or era saw the growth in power of the National Government.
- Political parties developed, including the Federalists (led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton) and the Democratic-Republicans(led by Thomas Jefferson).
Political Parties and The Presidency
- Federalists supported a strong national government, manufacturing, and commerce.
- Democratic Republicans favored a weaker central government, agriculture and state's rights.
- The transfer of power from federalists to Democratic Republicans marked an important political shift.
- The Louisiana Purchase during the Jefferson presidency doubled the size of the U.S.
Federal Power
- The power of the federal government increased due to Supreme Court rulings under John Marshall.
- The Supreme Court validated its power to declare laws unconstitutional.
The War of 1812
- The War of 1812 involved the U.S. and England.
- President Madison thought Britain tried to strangle U.S. trade.
- The U.S. won the war and gained independence.
The Monroe Presidency
- The federal government expanded due to Court cases.
- President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, warning European powers to stay out of the Americas.
Westward Expansion
- Americans expanded westward due to Manifest Destiny, the belief that it was God's will for the U.S. to control territory between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
- Technological advancements like new trails and canals facilitated expansion.
Expansion into the Southwest
- Texas became an independent nation before becoming a U.S. territory.
- The Mexican-American War led to the U.S. acquiring vast southwestern territories.
- The war was triggered by U.S. desires for land and Mexico's objections to Texas's independence.
American Indians
- American Indians faced forced relocation to reservations as settlers moved west.
- The Trail of Tears is a notable example of forced relocation and hardship.
Age of Jackson
- Andrew Jackson's presidency represented the "Age of the Common Man."
- Jackson was a successful military figure and the first president from Tennessee.
- Jackson's administration employed the spoils system and led to the closing of the Bank of the United States.
Indian Removal Act
- Jackson forcibly removed Native Americans from their lands under the Indian Removal Act.
The Nation Divides
- The 1800s observed the growing division between the North and South, mostly because of economic differences related to the presence of slavery.
- Economic differences existed between the two sections of the U.S.
Slavery Divides
- The North was an industrial area.
- The South was agricultural, relied heavily on slave labor, and thus defended slavery.
- Abolitionist movements grew in the North.
- Religious leaders voiced opposition to slavery in the North.
- Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" made the abolitionist movement more popular.
Compromises and Crisis
- Various compromises were made in an effort to peacefully settle the conflicts over slavery, but they did not ultimately stop the growing conflict.
- Key compromises were the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.
- The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise line and caused bloody conflicts between supporters of and opponents of slavery.
Northern Anger
- The Dred Scott ruling and the Fugitive Slave Act angered Northern states.
- The Supreme Court ruled slaves were property and not citizens in the Dred Scott case.
- Fugitive Slave Law mandated the return of escaped slaves to the south.
Southern Fears
- Southern states felt they could no longer remain in the Union with the growing opposition to slavery.
- Southern states feared rebellions.
- Southerners feared the growing strength of the abolitionist movements as well as the election of Abraham Lincoln.
- Southern states' belief in secession, their ability to leave the U.S., grew stronger
The Civil War - VUS.7
- Abraham Lincoln was elected president and fought to preserve the Union and end slavery.
- Southern states seceded, forming their own government.
- The Civil War, resulting from the conflict surrounding slavery, began at Fort Sumter.
- Lincoln proclaimed the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves within the rebelling states during the war.
- Key turning point battle was Gettysburg and the war concluded with Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox.
Results of the Civil War
- Southern states anger towards African Americans increased
- Southern States were readmitted to the Union.
- The views on how to manage the South varied with President Lincoln not wanting to punish the south and the Radical Republicans wanting to punish the south.
- Key amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th) were added to the Constitution, abolishing slavery, granting citizenship and ensuring voting rights to formerly enslaved people.
- The Transcontinental Railroad helped to strengthen the west-ward expansion of the country.
Reconstruction
- The Presidential election in 1876 was very contested.
- The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction and allowed Southern Democrats to take power.
- African Americans in the south faced discrimination during the Jim Crow Era.
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Description
This quiz reviews key concepts in US and Virginia history, focusing on early European settlements, including the Puritans and the establishment of Jamestown. It covers the motivations behind these settlements, like religious freedom and economic opportunities. Prepare to test your understanding of the foundational aspects of America's history.