Untitled Document - Biology Notes PDF

**[TIMELINE OF EVENTS ]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. **[LESSON 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF LIFE]** **EARTH\'S AGE-** 4.5 billion yrs old ***Theories on the origin of life*** **-creation theory** the concept of divine creation is that all life forms existing today...

**[TIMELINE OF EVENTS ]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. **[LESSON 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF LIFE]** **EARTH\'S AGE-** 4.5 billion yrs old ***Theories on the origin of life*** **-creation theory** the concept of divine creation is that all life forms existing today have been created by a supreme being. **-abiogenesis theory** also known as spontaneous generation is the idea that life could appear from a non - living material -**biogenesis theory** believes that life originated from pre-existing life °fossils(microfossils) were announced to have been discovered in hydrothermal vent precipitates. ° prokaryotic - cells that do not have nucleus (bacteria and archaea) °cyanobacteria (blue green algae) conducted photosynthesis using sunlight, oxygen and carbon dioxide °unicellular organism - multicellular organisms ***life of a paleontologist*** A paleontologist is a scientist who studies the fossilized remain of all kinds of organisms, and is interested in knowing the history of organic life on earth **[LESSON 2: THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST LIFE FORMS]** A. B. C. D. Aristotle, a greek philosopher believe that with favourable environment and force of natural life can come from nonliving materials 1886- Francesco Redi. conducted an experiment that challenge the idea of spontaneous generation 1748- John Needham a priest and biologist challenge Redi\'s experiment 1767-lazzaro spallanzani conducted an experiment to verify Needham\'s set up **[UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY ]** **BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM-** Living things works as a system at the same time and they cannot be separated a non living things since they are both operating as a system [system] - organized group of interacting parts [a body system-] includes organs that interact [an ecosystem -] includes all living and nonliving things that interact **CELLS-** Cells are the basic unit of life nerve cell/red blood cells **INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT-** Living things cannot live alone **ENERGY AND LIFE-** living organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities -light energy and convert as chemical energy [(Autotrophs)] -chemical energy stored in molecules [(heterotrophs)] **FORM AND FUNCTION -** Organisms structure fits with its function **REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE -** traits of parents are being passed from one generation to another. **REGULATION-** Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environment [homeostasis -] the maintenance of constant internal conditions **ADAPTATION-** Living organisms surve depending on how one will adopt to its changing environment **EVOLUTION -** The change in living things over time **BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY -**The field of science is changing the lives of all organisms through research **[LESSON 3 ]** **ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION** The formation of new individuals from the cells of a single parent. It does not involve the union of gametes and it does not change the number of chromosomes present \>the resulting offspring is similar or identical to the parent (clone) and without the need for a mate, they are able to reproduce **FRAGMENTATION** A type of reproduction or cloning where one organisms is divided into minor fragments -happens when a single parent breaks into fragments that give rise to new individuals **BINARY FISSION** Separation of the parent cell into new daughter cells. [types of binary fission ] -longitudinal -transverse -irregular **BUDDING** a new organism is developed from a small part of the parents body **PARTHENOGENESIS** A form of asexual reproduction by self-impregnation resulting in the production of a zygote from an unfertilized egg. **SEXUAL REPRODUCTION** The perpetuation of new organisms from two organisms with the use of gametes **Oviparous vs. Viviparous** ovi- Egg laying vivi- gives birth **[LESSON 4 ]** **GENETICS** **-**A branch of biology that deals with the heredity and variation of organisms \- the basic unit of life **ENGINEERING** The branch if science and technology **GENETIC ENGINEERING** The process of changing the Dna in living organisms to create something new.. **[GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES]** **SELECTIVE BREEDING** also known as artificial selection, this is a process used by human to develop new organisms with desirable characteristics **HYBRIDIZATION** When two individuals with unlike characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both organisms **INBREEDING** a technique of breeding organism that are genetically similar to maintain desired traits **CLONING** A technique of creating organisms that is an exact genetic copy of another **GENE SPLICING** A technique where Dna is cut out of one organisms and put into another organism **GEL ELECTROPHORESIS** A Technique used to compare DNA from two or more organisms **RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY** The joining together of DNA molecules from two different species **[LESSON 5 ]** **CIRCULATORY -** transport nutrients, gases, hormone and wastes throughout the body (heart,blood vessels and blood) **DIGESTIVE -** converts air, food and water into building materials for living tissue. it breakdown food, absorb nutrients and eliminate waste (basta sa bibig hanggang tyan) **RESPIRATORY -** Provides oxygen and gas exchange between the blood and the environment **URINARY/EXCRETORY -** Filters wastes, toxins, excess water and nutrients from the circulatory system **MUSCULAR/SKELETAL-** Provides structure and mobility, and even controls the movement of materials through some organs. **NERVOUS-** Relay electrical signal, direct behavior and movement and helps control physiological processes **REPRODUCTIVE/ENDOCRINE -** Manufactures cells that create and support new life. Regulate hormones and relays chemical messages throughout the body **[LESSON 6]** **THOMAS MALTHUS** english economist and demographer believed that population grow geometrically while resources slowly increase or not at all **CAROLUS LINNAEUS** swedish naturalist and explorer [Father of taxonomy ] **ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE** british humanist, naturalist geographer and social eritic realized that species evolved because fittest individuals survived and reproduced passing their advantageous characters **JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK** [Propsed the theory of inheritance of acquired traits and Theory of use and disuse] define evolution as process of increasing complexity ***[MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION ]*** **GENETIC DRIFT** **-**a change in the gene pool of a population due to a chance of event [bottleneck effect] takes place when population decreases due to various environmental factors [founder effect] happens when a small population of organisms separates from the larger group to invade new area **MIGRATION/GENE FLOW** described as the movement of genes from one population to another. [gene flow] is the exchange of genes between two population **MUTATION** occur when there\'s a change in the genetic makeup caused by the environmental stressors **NATURAL SELECTION** Explains the difference i survival of individual and reproduce in a particular environment **NONRANDOM MATING** increase the frequency of animal with desirable traits. ***LAMARCKIAN VS. DARWINIAN EVOLUTION*** Lamarck-organisms change during their lifetime to survive then pass these changes to their offspring. Darwin- Involved natural selection and struggle for existence **[LESSON 7]** ***[PIECES OF EVIDENCE THAT EVOLUTION OCCUR IN NATURE]*** **FOSSILS-** the remains or a piece of evidence of a living thing. *fossil reconstruction* **BIOGEOGRAPHY** The study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals and other form of life **EMBRYOLOGY** the study of embryos **MOLECULAR EVIDENCE** Organisms of the same group should have the same DNA sequence for a specific protein structure **ANATOMICAL EVIDENCE** Comparative Anatomy- the comparative study of the body structures of different species of animals in order to understand the adaptive changes they have undergone *[homologous structure]* similar physical features in organisms that shares a common ancestor *[analogous structures ]* similar features in organisms that do not share a common ancestor *[vertigial structure ]* these are the structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor **[HOW EVOLUTION IS USED IN THE SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION ]** **TAXONOMY** all organisms are classified by a hierarchy **BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE** refers to how organisms are scientifically named [NARRA -] ptero carpus indicus [CROCODILE -] Crocodylus mindorensis [20 PESOS] paradoxurus hermaphroditus [50 PESOS caranx ignobilis] [100 PESOS rhincodon typud] [200 PESOS tarsius syrichta] [1 ] **PHYLOGENY** Refers to the evolutionary history of organisms [branch point -] the point where split occurs [basal taxon -] lineage that evolved early from the root [sister taxa-] point of two lineage stem from the same branch [polytomy-] branch with more than two lineage [root-] indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree [monophyletic] - clade, shows common ancestor [paraphyletic] - recent common ancestor but not all descendants are included [polyphyletic]- includes recent common ancestor are not included only distant relative [soft polytomy]- more than two descendants **[LESSON 8]** **ECOLOGY** The branch of biology that deals with study of these relationships of interaction and interdependence between living things and their environment. [ECOLOGIST] - the one who studies ecology *BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS* [LIVING THINGS ] plants animals microorganisms [NONLIVING THINGS ] water air light different types of organisms that interact with one another in a given area forms a [community ] [habitat -] the place or type of environment in which an organism lives [niche-] the capacity of life form or the role it plays in the habitat [symbiosis]- interaction between two organisms of various species in which at any rate benefits [mutualism -] harmonious relationship where in two life forms benefit [commensalism-] symbiotic relationship in which one organisms benefit and the other is unaffected [paratism-] one organisms benefits and one is dont