Timeline of Earth's Life and Events
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Questions and Answers

What is the earliest known form of life on Earth?

Prokaryotes

What type of organisms are responsible for photosynthesis and are known as blue-green algae?

Cyanobacteria

What era is known as the "age of reptiles"?

Mesozoic Era

What is the name of the theory that proposes life originated from non-living materials?

<p>Abiogenesis theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of life?

<p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of changing the DNA in living organisms to create something new?

<p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the scientist who proposed the theory of acquired traits and the theory of use and disuse?

<p>Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the scientist who proposed the theory of natural selection and struggle for existence?

<p>Charles Darwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the branch of biology that deals with the study of the relationships of interaction and interdependence between living things and their environment?

<p>Ecology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a biotic factor in an ecosystem?

<p>Plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit?

<p>Mutualism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected?

<p>Commensalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest known evidence for life on Earth?

<p>Stromatolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first prokaryotic cells on Earth were photosynthetic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the era that is known as the "Age of Reptiles"?

<p>Mesozoic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the theory that states that life originated from non-living materials?

<p>Abiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scientists conducted an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation?

<p>Louis Pasteur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a body system and an ecosystem?

<p>A body system is a group of organs that interact to perform a specific function, while an ecosystem is made up of all living organisms and the nonliving components in a particular environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of asexual reproduction?

<p>Conjugation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In asexual reproduction, offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process that involves changing the DNA of organisms to create something new?

<p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of changing the DNA of organisms to create something new?

<p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of genetic engineering is often used to create new organisms with desirable characteristics for agriculture.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each body system with its primary function:

<p>Circulatory = transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products Digestive = breaks down food into simpler nutrients for absorption Respiratory = exchanges gases between the blood and the environment Urinary/Excretory = filters waste products, toxins, excess water, and nutrients Muscular/Skeletal = provides structure and movement Nervous = controls and regulates bodily functions Reproductive/Endocrine = produces hormones and reproductive cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary idea behind Thomas Malthus's theory of population growth?

<p>Thomas Malthus argued that human populations tend to grow geometrically, while resources increase only arithmetically. This means that populations will eventually outstrip available resources, leading to competition and struggle for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of natural selection at the same time as Charles Darwin.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of evolution?

<p>Lamarckian inheritance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "gene flow" refer to in evolutionary biology?

<p>Gene flow is the movement of genes from one population to another. It can occur through migration, dispersal, or other forms of gene exchange between groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of embryos called?

<p>Embryology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mutations are always beneficial to an organism's survival.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous structures?

<p>Homologous structures are those that share a common ancestry and have similar structures, despite possibly having different functions. This similarity reflects shared evolutionary origins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a vestigial structure in humans.

<p>The appendix is a vestigial structure in humans. While its function is debated, it is thought to possibly play a role in the immune system or host digestion, but it is not essential for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the scientific naming system that assigns two names, genus and species, to an organism?

<p>Binomial nomenclature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taxonomy is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms, as well as their classification.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phylogeny?

<p>Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. It represents the evolutionary relationships among organisms and traces their descent from common ancestors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the branch of biology that focuses on the interactions between organisms and their environment?

<p>Ecology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecological terms with their definitions:

<p>Habitat = the place or type of environment in which an organism lives Niche = the role an organism plays in its environment Symbiosis = a close and often long-term interaction between two different species Mutualism = both species benefit from the interaction Commensalism = one species benefits while the other is unaffected Parasitism = one species benefits at the expense of the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a community in ecological terms?

<p>A community is a group of different species of organisms that live together in a particular area and interact with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Abiogenesis Theory

The idea that life can originate from non-living matter.

Biogenesis Theory

The belief that life arises from pre-existing life.

Paleontologist

A scientist who studies fossils to understand the history of life on Earth.

Prokaryotic Cell

A cell without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria, archaea).

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Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria (blue-green algae).

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Fossil

Preserved remains or traces of a past organism.

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Binary Fission

A type of asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two daughter cells.

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Budding

Asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from a small outgrowth (bud) of the parent.

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Fragmentation

Asexual reproduction where a parent organism breaks into fragments, each capable of developing into a new organism.

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Parthenogenesis

Asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an unfertilized egg.

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Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction from a single parent, creating offspring genetically similar to the parent.

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Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving two parents, creating offspring with a mix of genetic material.

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Oviparous

Laying eggs.

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Viviparous

Giving birth to live young.

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Genetics

The study of heredity and variation in organisms.

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Genetic Engineering

Altering an organism's DNA to create a new trait or characteristic.

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Selective Breeding

Using human intervention to select desirable traits in organisms.

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Hybridization

Crossbreeding of organisms with different traits.

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Inbreeding

Breeding organisms with similar genes to maintain traits.

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Cloning

Creating a genetically identical copy of an organism.

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Gene Splicing

Transferring DNA from one organism to another.

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Natural Selection

Organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing their traits on to offspring.

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Genetic Drift

Change in a population's gene pool due to chance events.

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Mutation

Random changes in the genetic material of an organism.

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Earth's Age

The estimated time since Earth's formation, around 4.5 billion years.

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Creation Theory

The belief that life was created by a divine being.

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Microfossil

A fossilized microscopic organism.

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Unicellular Organism

A single-celled organism.

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Multicellular Organism

An organism composed of many cells.

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What was Francesco Redi's experiment?

Redi's experiment aimed to disprove spontaneous generation by showing that maggots only appeared on meat when flies were present.

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What was John Needham's experiment?

Needham's experiment seemed to support spontaneous generation, but he had flaws in his methodology.

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What was Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment?

Spallanzani repeated Needham's experiment but addressed the flaws, showing that life only arose from pre-existing life.

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Biological System

A group of interacting parts that function as a whole.

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Body System

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

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Ecosystem

A community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment.

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Cells are the Basic Unit of Life

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.

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Interaction with the Environment

Living things depend on their environment for survival.

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Energy in Living Organisms

Living things need energy for their metabolic activities.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food from sunlight.

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Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

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Form and Function

The structure of an organism is adapted to its function.

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Reproduction and Inheritance

Traits are passed from parents to offspring.

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Regulation in Living Organisms

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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Adaptation

Changes in an organism's traits that improve its survival in a specific environment.

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Evolution

Change in living organisms over time.

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Biology and Society

Biological research influences and improves human lives.

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What is Thomas Malthus known for?

Malthus theorized that population grows faster than resources, leading to competition and limits on growth.

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Who is considered the 'Father of Taxonomy'?

Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of classifying organisms into hierarchical groups.

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What is Alfred Russel Wallace known for?

Wallace independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, similar to Darwin.

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Study Notes

Timeline of Events

  • 4.6-3.8 BYA: Zircon Crystal: Early Earth was violent, zircon crystals formed.
  • 3.5 BYA: Stromatolites: Life began with prokaryotes in sedimentary rock formations (stromatolites).
  • 3.0 BYA: Cyanobacteria: Earliest photosynthetic organisms, blue-green algae.
  • 2.0 BYA: Eukaryotic Cell: First eukaryotes appeared, multicellular organisms emerged 1.2 billion years ago.
  • 500 MYA: Trilobites: Paleozoic era, trilobites and cephalopods were dominant in oceans, particularly during Cambrian and Ordovician periods.
  • 251-65.5 MYA: Mesozoic Era: Age of reptiles, spanning Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
  • 250 TYA: Homo Erectus: Cenozoic era, recent life, based on paleontological evidence, Homo erectus evolved.

Earth's Age and Concept of Life

  • Earth's age: 4.5 billion years old.
  • Creation theory: Life forms created by a supreme being.
  • Abiogenesis theory (Spontaneous generation): Life could arise from non-living matter.

The Origin of the First Life Forms

  • Francesco Redi's Experiment: Sealed flasks with meat showed no fly eggs or maggots, disproving spontaneous generation of flies.
  • John Needham's Experiment: Heated broth in open flasks produced microorganisms, seeming to support spontaneous generation.
  • Lazzaro Spallanzani's Experiment: Heated broth in sealed flasks showed no microbial growth, contradicting Needham.
  • Louis Pasteur's Experiment: Broth in swan-necked flasks, which allowed air but not dust, showed no microbial growth. This decisively disproved spontaneous generation.

Unifying Themes in Biology

  • Biological System: Organisms operate as integrated systems.
  • Cells: Fundamental units of life.
  • Energy and Life: Living organisms use energy sources for metabolic activities.
  • Form and Function: Structure complements function in organisms.
  • Reproduction and Inheritance: Traits pass from one generation to the next.
  • Regulation: Maintaining internal stability.
  • Adaptation: Adjusting to environmental changes.
  • Evolution: Change in living things over time.

Reproduction

  • Asexual Reproduction: New individuals from a single parent without gamete fusion.
  • Examples include Fragmentation, Binary Fission, Budding, and Parthenogenesis
  • Sexual Reproduction: Passing of genetic material from two parents; involves gamete formation.
  • Oviparous vs. Viviparous: Oviparous - egg laying; Viviparous - live birth.

Genetics

  • Genetics: Study of heredity and variation in organisms.
  • Genetic Engineering: Modifying an organism's DNA.
  • Selective Breeding: Choosing desired traits in organisms.
  • Hybridization: Crossing unlike organisms for improvements.

Organ Systems (Lesson 5)

  • Circulatory: Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes.
  • Digestive: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients.
  • Respiratory: Exchanges gases.
  • Urinary/Excretory: Filters wastes.
  • Muscular/Skeletal: Provides structure and movement.
  • Nervous: Relays signals, controls movement.
  • Reproductive/Endocrine: Reproduction, hormonal regulation.

Evolutionary Mechanisms and Evidence

  • Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of organisms.
  • Fossil Evidence: Remains or traces of past organisms.
  • Biogeography: Geographic distribution of life.
  • Embryology: Study of embryos.
  • Molecular Evidence: Comparison of DNA sequences.
  • Anatomical Evidence: Similarities in body structures.
  • Evolution in Classification: Organised classification of organisms based on phylogenetic relationships.
  • Genetic Drift: Change in a population's gene pool due to random events.
  • Bottleneck Effect: Population reduction leading to changes in allele frequencies.
  • Founder Effect: Small population establishing a new area, altered allele frequencies.
  • Migration/Gene Flow: Exchange of genetic material between populations.
  • Mutation: Changes in DNA sequences.
  • Natural Selection: Differential survival and reproduction based on traits.
  • Nonrandom Mating: Selection of mates based on traits.
  • Lamarckian vs Darwinian Evolution: Lamarck - acquired characteristics passed to offspring; Darwin - natural selection.

Ecology and Community Interactions

  • Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
  • Biotic and abiotic Factors: Living and non-living elements in an ecosystem.
  • Habitat and Niche: An organism's place to live and role in its habitat.
  • Symbiosis: Interactions between organisms, including mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.

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Description

Explore the major events in Earth's history from the formation of zircon crystals to the evolution of Homo erectus. This quiz covers key milestones in the development of life and the different eras of Earth's timeline. Test your knowledge on the origins of life and the theories surrounding it.

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