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What is the earliest known form of life on Earth?
What is the earliest known form of life on Earth?
Prokaryotes
What type of organisms are responsible for photosynthesis and are known as blue-green algae?
What type of organisms are responsible for photosynthesis and are known as blue-green algae?
Cyanobacteria
What era is known as the "age of reptiles"?
What era is known as the "age of reptiles"?
Mesozoic Era
What is the name of the theory that proposes life originated from non-living materials?
What is the name of the theory that proposes life originated from non-living materials?
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What is the basic unit of life?
What is the basic unit of life?
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What is the process of changing the DNA in living organisms to create something new?
What is the process of changing the DNA in living organisms to create something new?
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What is the name of the scientist who proposed the theory of acquired traits and the theory of use and disuse?
What is the name of the scientist who proposed the theory of acquired traits and the theory of use and disuse?
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What is the name of the scientist who proposed the theory of natural selection and struggle for existence?
What is the name of the scientist who proposed the theory of natural selection and struggle for existence?
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What is the name of the branch of biology that deals with the study of the relationships of interaction and interdependence between living things and their environment?
What is the name of the branch of biology that deals with the study of the relationships of interaction and interdependence between living things and their environment?
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Which of the following is an example of a biotic factor in an ecosystem?
Which of the following is an example of a biotic factor in an ecosystem?
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Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit?
Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit?
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Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected?
Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected?
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What is the earliest known evidence for life on Earth?
What is the earliest known evidence for life on Earth?
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The first prokaryotic cells on Earth were photosynthetic.
The first prokaryotic cells on Earth were photosynthetic.
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What is the name of the era that is known as the "Age of Reptiles"?
What is the name of the era that is known as the "Age of Reptiles"?
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What is the name of the theory that states that life originated from non-living materials?
What is the name of the theory that states that life originated from non-living materials?
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Which of the following scientists conducted an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation?
Which of the following scientists conducted an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation?
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What is the difference between a body system and an ecosystem?
What is the difference between a body system and an ecosystem?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of asexual reproduction?
Which of the following is NOT a type of asexual reproduction?
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In asexual reproduction, offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
In asexual reproduction, offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
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What is the term for the process that involves changing the DNA of organisms to create something new?
What is the term for the process that involves changing the DNA of organisms to create something new?
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What is the process of changing the DNA of organisms to create something new?
What is the process of changing the DNA of organisms to create something new?
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The process of genetic engineering is often used to create new organisms with desirable characteristics for agriculture.
The process of genetic engineering is often used to create new organisms with desirable characteristics for agriculture.
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Match each body system with its primary function:
Match each body system with its primary function:
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What is the primary idea behind Thomas Malthus's theory of population growth?
What is the primary idea behind Thomas Malthus's theory of population growth?
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Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of natural selection at the same time as Charles Darwin.
Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of natural selection at the same time as Charles Darwin.
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of evolution?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of evolution?
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What does the term "gene flow" refer to in evolutionary biology?
What does the term "gene flow" refer to in evolutionary biology?
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What is the study of embryos called?
What is the study of embryos called?
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Mutations are always beneficial to an organism's survival.
Mutations are always beneficial to an organism's survival.
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What are homologous structures?
What are homologous structures?
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Give an example of a vestigial structure in humans.
Give an example of a vestigial structure in humans.
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What is the term for the scientific naming system that assigns two names, genus and species, to an organism?
What is the term for the scientific naming system that assigns two names, genus and species, to an organism?
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Taxonomy is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms, as well as their classification.
Taxonomy is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms, as well as their classification.
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What is phylogeny?
What is phylogeny?
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What is the branch of biology that focuses on the interactions between organisms and their environment?
What is the branch of biology that focuses on the interactions between organisms and their environment?
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Match the following ecological terms with their definitions:
Match the following ecological terms with their definitions:
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What is a community in ecological terms?
What is a community in ecological terms?
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Study Notes
Timeline of Events
- 4.6-3.8 BYA: Zircon Crystal: Early Earth was violent, zircon crystals formed.
- 3.5 BYA: Stromatolites: Life began with prokaryotes in sedimentary rock formations (stromatolites).
- 3.0 BYA: Cyanobacteria: Earliest photosynthetic organisms, blue-green algae.
- 2.0 BYA: Eukaryotic Cell: First eukaryotes appeared, multicellular organisms emerged 1.2 billion years ago.
- 500 MYA: Trilobites: Paleozoic era, trilobites and cephalopods were dominant in oceans, particularly during Cambrian and Ordovician periods.
- 251-65.5 MYA: Mesozoic Era: Age of reptiles, spanning Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
- 250 TYA: Homo Erectus: Cenozoic era, recent life, based on paleontological evidence, Homo erectus evolved.
Earth's Age and Concept of Life
- Earth's age: 4.5 billion years old.
- Creation theory: Life forms created by a supreme being.
- Abiogenesis theory (Spontaneous generation): Life could arise from non-living matter.
The Origin of the First Life Forms
- Francesco Redi's Experiment: Sealed flasks with meat showed no fly eggs or maggots, disproving spontaneous generation of flies.
- John Needham's Experiment: Heated broth in open flasks produced microorganisms, seeming to support spontaneous generation.
- Lazzaro Spallanzani's Experiment: Heated broth in sealed flasks showed no microbial growth, contradicting Needham.
- Louis Pasteur's Experiment: Broth in swan-necked flasks, which allowed air but not dust, showed no microbial growth. This decisively disproved spontaneous generation.
Unifying Themes in Biology
- Biological System: Organisms operate as integrated systems.
- Cells: Fundamental units of life.
- Energy and Life: Living organisms use energy sources for metabolic activities.
- Form and Function: Structure complements function in organisms.
- Reproduction and Inheritance: Traits pass from one generation to the next.
- Regulation: Maintaining internal stability.
- Adaptation: Adjusting to environmental changes.
- Evolution: Change in living things over time.
Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction: New individuals from a single parent without gamete fusion.
- Examples include Fragmentation, Binary Fission, Budding, and Parthenogenesis
- Sexual Reproduction: Passing of genetic material from two parents; involves gamete formation.
- Oviparous vs. Viviparous: Oviparous - egg laying; Viviparous - live birth.
Genetics
- Genetics: Study of heredity and variation in organisms.
- Genetic Engineering: Modifying an organism's DNA.
- Selective Breeding: Choosing desired traits in organisms.
- Hybridization: Crossing unlike organisms for improvements.
Organ Systems (Lesson 5)
- Circulatory: Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes.
- Digestive: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients.
- Respiratory: Exchanges gases.
- Urinary/Excretory: Filters wastes.
- Muscular/Skeletal: Provides structure and movement.
- Nervous: Relays signals, controls movement.
- Reproductive/Endocrine: Reproduction, hormonal regulation.
Evolutionary Mechanisms and Evidence
- Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of organisms.
- Fossil Evidence: Remains or traces of past organisms.
- Biogeography: Geographic distribution of life.
- Embryology: Study of embryos.
- Molecular Evidence: Comparison of DNA sequences.
- Anatomical Evidence: Similarities in body structures.
- Evolution in Classification: Organised classification of organisms based on phylogenetic relationships.
- Genetic Drift: Change in a population's gene pool due to random events.
- Bottleneck Effect: Population reduction leading to changes in allele frequencies.
- Founder Effect: Small population establishing a new area, altered allele frequencies.
- Migration/Gene Flow: Exchange of genetic material between populations.
- Mutation: Changes in DNA sequences.
- Natural Selection: Differential survival and reproduction based on traits.
- Nonrandom Mating: Selection of mates based on traits.
- Lamarckian vs Darwinian Evolution: Lamarck - acquired characteristics passed to offspring; Darwin - natural selection.
Ecology and Community Interactions
- Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
- Biotic and abiotic Factors: Living and non-living elements in an ecosystem.
- Habitat and Niche: An organism's place to live and role in its habitat.
- Symbiosis: Interactions between organisms, including mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.
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Description
Explore the major events in Earth's history from the formation of zircon crystals to the evolution of Homo erectus. This quiz covers key milestones in the development of life and the different eras of Earth's timeline. Test your knowledge on the origins of life and the theories surrounding it.