Lesson 1: Concept of Man PDF

# LESSON 1: CONCEPT OF MAN ## MAN * A product of "discursive formations" and of "sociopolitical contingencies" of the various epochs of human history. * Concept of man is beyond grammar and logic. * Man is an invention of society, in the same way that being is an invention of metaphysics. ## H...

# LESSON 1: CONCEPT OF MAN ## MAN * A product of "discursive formations" and of "sociopolitical contingencies" of the various epochs of human history. * Concept of man is beyond grammar and logic. * Man is an invention of society, in the same way that being is an invention of metaphysics. ## HUMAN BEING 1. A creature of species of homo sapiens. 2. Meaning remains static. 3. Perspective can be explained in a scientific sense. 4. Used as a noun phrase. ## BEING HUMAN * Having feelings around you and displaying human qualities. * It can vary from one person to another. (Example: One might think that being human means showing humane qualities like kindness, empathy and generosity. Another thing that being human is the ability to choose between right and wrong while thinking that being human is displaying all natural characteristics like anger, pity, jealousy, love.) * Being human: 1. Displaying all natural human characteristics. 2. Meaning varies according to different factors like one's religion, ethnicity and education. 3. Perspective can be explained in a philosophical, religious sense. 4. Used as a verbal phrase. ## 4 MAJOR ATTRIBUTES OF HUMAN BEING 1. **CAPACITY TO THINK OR CONCEPTUALIZE ON THE ABSTRACT LEVEL** * Before we act or do things we are thinking. * If we see something, our brains are processing the things we see before we can conclude something. * We do not do things out of the blue. * It is a result of our decision because we have the capacity to think. 2. **FAMILY FORMATION** * Families are the core unit in which people are supported and cared for and social values are developed. * Family is defined as a socially recognized group (usually joined by blood, marriage, cohabitation or adaptation) that forms an emotional connection and serves as an economic unit of society. * **2 TYPES OF FAMILY:** * **FAMILY OF ORIENTATION** - Family in which a person is born to. * **FAMILY OF PROCREATION** - Formed through marriage. 3. **TENDENCY TO SEEK AND MAINTAIN A TERRITORY** * **Social behavior to maintain a territory.** * **SOVEREIGNTY:** * Entails hierarchy within the state, as well as external autonomy for states. * In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the person, body or institution that has the ultimate authority over other people in order to establish a law or change in existing law. * International law, sovereignty is exercise of power by a state. 4. **ABILITY TO USE VERBAL SYMBOLS AS LANGUAGE, A MEANS OF DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING CULTURE.** * The world is full of communication. Specifically, human language is unique on the planet because it has the qualities of generativity, recursion and displacement. * Human communication consists of both signs and symbols. * **Symbols** are sounds, gestures and material objects or written words that have specific meaning to a group of people. * Human language is **generative** - it can communicate an infinite number of ideas from a finite number of parts. This is because it is combinatorial: Words can be combined in different orders to create different larger meanings of a sentence. * Human language is **recursive** - It can build upon itself without limits. This means that we can put words, phrases and sentences inside of ourselves without limits. (For example, we can say the sentence “Patient B has hypertension” but we can also put that sentence inside of a sentence: “Doctor J diagnosed that patient B has hypertension” then we can put that sentence inside of another sentence: “With the recent test results conducted, Doctor J diagnosed that patient B has Hypertension”. And on and on forever. Obviously, the recursive abilities of language are constrained by the limits of time and memory. But in theory, because units of human language have the ability to be self-containing, we could have infinite sentences.) * Human language uses **displacement** - through the power of language, we can refer to things that are not present spatially or temporally. Displacement allows us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. Like fairies, Santa clauses, superman. Displacement is the ability to refer to things that are not physically present. Even though your mom is not with you, you can talk about your mom. * Human language is **modality-independent** - it is possible to use the features of displacement, generativity and recursion across multiple modes. Speaking is the auditory form of language, but writing and sign language are visual forms. There are also tactile forms like braille. ## 2 APPROACHES IN STUDYING MAN ### ATOMISTIC APPROACH * View man as an organism only and composed of different organ systems, each system composed of organs made up of tissue cells – body structures only. ### HOLISTIC APPROACH * Traces pattern of man's relationship with other beings in the supra system of society. * Viewing man as an organism with interrelated parts functioning to produce a behaviour which is acceptable or unacceptable to him or to the society (ex: Nursing interaction with the patient). * Stimuli in the environment provide forces to enable man to demonstrate. Consciously or unconsciously. The nature of his responses and the quality of his relationship with his environment. ## MAN AS A BIOLOGICAL BEING * Man responds to environmental stimuli as a particular unit. ### THE SUBORDINATE SYSTEM OF MAN * Cells, organs and the organ system of man within the individual. (Important in carrying out daily activities which are vital to survival.) ### SUPERORDINATE SYSTEM OF A MAN * Family, community and society. (Consists of bigger units of man like family, community and society. This provides man with the necessary framework of relationships which links him to the family, community and society. Man's behavior is greatly influenced by his relationships. Therefore, they are just as important as the form and function of the different organ systems which comprise the biological nature of man.) ## LIST OF PEOPLE WHO UNDERSTANDS MAN BETTER 1. Microbiologists - cellular behavior 2. Physiologist - for organ and organ system behavior. 3. Psychologist and sociologist for his relationship with family, community or society. 4. Social scientists - behavior at societal level 5. Anthropologists in the light of more value systems taboos and social intercourse. 6. Public health worker characteristic behavioral patterns towards current and potential health crises. 7. Law enforcing agencies deviant or antisocial behavior. ## ORGANISMIC BEHAVIOR * Man normally responds as a unified whole, not as a series of integrated parts. * Man as a whole is different from and more than the sum of his component parts. * Understanding of organismic behavior is based on two beliefs by byrne and thompson. * Man is superior more than his body part. * Organismic behavior therefore, refers to those observable features and actions that reflect man's functioning as a unified whole within the environment in which he exists. It reflects the dynamic changes that occur in him as a result of alterations he has made or has met in his internal and external environment ## MAN AS A SYSTEM * Functions as a whole by virtue of the interdependence of its parts. A system has common or unifying boundaries with interrelated and interdependent parts. Composed of a subsystem designed to carry out activities necessary for achieving the general purpose of a system. ## 2 TYPES OF SYSTEM 1. **CLOSED SYSTEM** - One that is self-sufficient and totally isolated from other systems. It does not allow outside stimuli (verbal, non-verbal, life threatening, positive or negative) to penetrate its boundaries. 2. **OPEN SYSTEM** * Is one which exchanges matter, energy, or information with the environment surrounding it. It is directly affected by events or changes in other systems. * Views a person as a living behavioral system. It interchanges energy, matter or information among parts of the living organism and between and its environment. * An open system shows observable behavior changes in response to stressors * **Input** = energy (our emotions or feelings). * **Output** = Given out by the system as a result of the input. ## ENERGY-MATTER EXCHANGE OF MAN * As an energy unit, man's energy is not limitless but must be continuously replenished as soon as it is utilized. * When this energy supply is exhausted, man dies. * The input matter results in output matter and man exchange matter with the environment, utilizing energy in the process. ## EXAMPLE * **ENERGY-ENERGY** - A quarrel at bedtime may result in sleepless nights. * **ENERGY-MATTER** - Fear in anticipating a test result in frequent loose stools. * **MATTER-ENERGY** - Inhalation of pathogenic microorganisms produces fever. * **MATTER-MATTER** - Ingestion of histamine rich food produces hives ## MAN AS A PSYCHOSOCIAL BEING * Can make choices and be responsible with those choices. * Can cope with stressful stimuli. ## IRRATIONAL SIDE * May make him commit criminal acts. ## MAN AS A SPIRITUAL BEING * Believes that there's someone greater than him and his universe believes in the great virtues FAITH, HOPE and CHARITY. * **A**. The unity of man in body, mind and spirit. Man as a complex organism has special abilities to transcend the limits of his animal nature. The mind and body form as one - Man. the spiritual being, needs the essential freedom of the human spirit. He struggled to achieve this freedom and illness deprives the patient of his much needed freedom. * **B**. Belief in supreme force - Man, no matter what his religion is, believes that his life is governed by a power greater than he is. * **C**. Motivation to overcome Hardships - **Natural vs Supernatural motivation** * **When there's suffering, it is natural motivation.** It motivates those whom he loves and wishes to protect from pain and suffering. * **Supernatural motivation** happens when one transcends pain and suffering to a higher place in the hope of non material rewards. * **D**. Spiritual Virtues - * **Faith** is the unquestioning belief in someone or in something or the complete trust and confidence or reliance one places in a person or thing. Hope nourishes faith. It is a vital factor in the healthcare setting. Its presence or absence often plays a part in determining the patient's prognosis or illness, state of wellbeing and acceptance of the dying process. Patients who might otherwise have recovered, died simply because they lacked hope. # LESSON 1.2: HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SYSTEM ## HEALTH CARE SYSTEM * Advances in technology * Economics * Women's health * Uneven distribution of services * Access to health insurance * Homeless and the poor * Health insurance portability and accountability act * Demographic changes ## HEALTH SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION * **Health Sector** * Intra-sectoral linkages * **Health-Related Sectors** * Inter-sectoral linkages ## PHILIPPINE HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SYSTEM * **Philippine Healthcare Delivery System** * **National** - Public * **Local** - Public * **Private** - Profit ## DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH * EO 102 S. 1999 * Leadership in health * Enabler and capacity builder * Administrator of specific services ## LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE (RA 7160) * The law mandated devolution of basic services, including health services, to the local government units and the establishment of a local health board in every province or municipality. ## NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE ACT (RA 7875) * Philippine Health insurance corporation (PhilHealth) - A tax-exempt government corporation attached to the DOH for policy coordination and guidance, and aims for universal health coverage of all Filipino citizens. # FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING LEC PRELIMS HAND OUT # BSN 1EI 2022-2023 ## UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE IN THE PHILIPPINES (RA 11223) * This law automatically covers all Filipinos under the national health insurance program of the Philippines or PhilHealth. * Objectives and values: * Universal Health Care (UHC), also referred to as kalusugan pangkalahatan (KP), is the "provision to every Filipino of the highest possible quality of health care that is accessible, efficient, equitably distributed, adequately funded, fairly financed, and appropriately used by an informed and empowered public. # LESSON 1.4: PRINCIPLES OF ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE AND INFECTION CONTROL PROCEDURES ## ASEPSIS * The freedom from disease-causing microorganisms. * **SEPSIS** - The condition in which acute organ dysfunction occurs secondary to infection. * **PATHOGENICITY** - The ability to produce disease. ## INFECTION * Local or systematic. * Acute or Chronic * **Nosocomial Infections** - Classified as infections that originate in the hospital. ## SIGNS OF LOCALIZED INFECTION # LESSON 2: THE NURSING PROCESS ## OVERVIEW * Critical thinking and Clinical Reasoning. ## THE NURSING PROCESS * **A**ssessment * **D**iagnosis * **P**lanning * **I**mplementation * **E**valuation ## ASSESSMENT * Systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation, interpretation and documentation of data. * Carried out during all the phases of the nursing process. ## 4 TYPES OF ASSESSMENT * **INITIAL** - Upon admission. To establish database * **PROBLEM FOCUSED** - Ongoing process. To monitor, identify specific or overlooked problem * **EMERGENCY** - Emergency/crisis situation. To identify life-threatening problems * **TIME-LAPSED** - Several months after initial assessment. To compare client's status over a period of time ## ACTIVITIES DURING ASSESSMENT * Data collection * Validation of Data * Organization of Data * Documentation of Data ## COMPONENTS OF A NURSING HISTORY * Biographic Data * Chief Complaint or reason for visit * History of present illness * Past History * Family history of illness * Lifestyle * Social Data * Psychological Data * Patterns of health care. ## TYPES OF DATA * **SLEEP-REST PATTERN** * **SELF-PERCEPTION PATTERN** * **ROLE RELATIONSHIP PATTERN** * **SEXUALITY-REPRODUCTIVE PATTERN** * **COPING-STRESS TOLERANCE PATTERN** * **VALUE BELIEF PATTERN** * **CONCEPTUAL MODELS/FRAMEWORKS (BODY SYSTEMS MODEL)** * Integumentary system * Respiratory system * Cardiovascular system * Nervous system * Musculoskeletal system * Gastrointestinal system * Genitourinary system * Reproductive system * Immune system. ## DATA DOCUMENTATION * Basis for determining quality of care and should include appropriate data to support identified problems. ## DATA INTERPRETATION ## DATA VALIDATION * Data are validated whether complere and accurate. ## DATA ORGANIZATION * Nurses organize and cluster the information together in order to identify areas of strength and weaknesses. ## DATA ORGANIZATION * **Conceptual Models/Frameworks** * Gordon's functional health pattern * Orem's self-care model * Roy's adaptation model * Body systems model ## CONCEPTUAL MODELS/FRAMEWORKS (GORDON) * **HEALTH PERCEPTION** * **NUTRITIONAL-METABOLIC PATTERN** * **ELIMINATION PATTERN** * **ACTIVITY-EXERCISE PATTERN** * **COGNITIVE PERCEPTUAL PATTERN** ## DIAGNOSIS ## NURSING DIAGNOSIS COMPONENT * Diagnostic label + etiology ## NURSING DIAGNOSIS * Refers to client's responses to a disease process. * Vary among individuals * Changes as the client's response changes. ## NURSING DIAGNOSIS * **Human responses to a disease process** ## MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS * Refers to disease process * Fairly uniform in all patients * Remains the same for as long as the disease process is present. ## COLLABORATIVE PROBLEM * Potential problems that may arise out of a disease ## Defining characteristics (Cluster of signs and symptoms): * As evidence by/as manifested by ## ACCEPTABLE QUANTIFIERS TO A DIAGNOSTIC LABEL * **Deficient** - inadequate in amount, quality, or degree; not sufficient; incomplete * Example: Deficient Knowledge (Medication Administration) * **Impaired** - made worse, weakened, damaged, reduced, deteriorated. * Example: Impaired Verbal Communication. * **Decreased** - lesser in size, amount or degree. * Example: Decreased Cardiac Output. * **Ineffective** - not producing the desired effect. * Example: Ineffective Airway Clearance * **Compromised** - to make vulnerable to threat. * Example: Compromised Family Coping ## FORMULATING DIAGNOSTIC STATEMENT * **BASIC TWO PART DIAGNOSTIC STATEMENT** * Problem + Etiology * **BASIC THREE PART DIAGNOSTIC STATEMENT** * Problem + Etiology + Signs and Symptoms * **ONE-PART STATEMENT** * Wellness/syndrome diagnosis, composed of NANDA/problem label only. * **COLLABORATIVE PROBLEM** * Should begin with potential complications of... ## BASIC TWO PART DIAGNOSTIC STATEMENT * **Problem** - Constipation * **Related to** - Prolonged laxative use ## BASIC THREE PART DIAGNOSTIC STATEMENT * **Problem** - Constipat * **Related to** - Prolonge * **Etiology** - As manifest * **Signs and symptoms** - Hypoactiv ## TAXONOMY PATTERNS ### HEALTH PROMOTION * Health awareness * Health Management ### NUTRITION * Ingestion * Digestion * Absorption # PLANNING * The nurse and client develop client goals/desired outcomes and nursing interventions to prevent, reduce, or alleviate client's health problems. # FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING LEC PRELIMS HAND OUT # BSN 1EI 2022-2023 ## SAMPLE * Patient Margaret was admitted to the hospital due to difficulty breathing. She was diagnosed with tuberculosis 2 months ago but did not undergo treatment. The following are the findings of the nursing assessment done: * **CHIEF COMPLAINT:** Difficulty of breathing * **Diagnosis:** Tuberculosis * **Vital signs:** * BP = 130/90mmHg * PR = 122 bpm * RR = 26cpm * Temp = 38.2C * SpO2 = 88% ## GOAL EXPECTED VS OUTCOME * **GOAL:** Broad statement about the desired client's status * **OUTCOME:** (Outcome criteria/Objective) - Specific, observable criteria used to evaluate whether the goals have been met ## EXAMPLE * **GOAL:** Airway patency * **OUTCOME:** Patient will display patent airway with breath sounds clearing and absence of dyspnea and cyanosis within 2-3 weeks of antibiotic treatment ## EXAMPLE * **GOAL:** Self control and reduced anxiety jlevel * **OUTCOME:** After 2 days, patient will: * Verbalize or communicate awareness of feelings and healthy ways to deal with them. * Demonstrate problem-solving skills or behavior s to cope with current situation. * Report the anxiety is managed at able level. * Appear relaxed and sleeping or resting appropriately. ## PURPOSE OF GOAL & OUTCOME * Provide direction for planning nursing interventions. * Serve as criteria for evaluating client progress. * Enable the client and nurse to determine when the problem has been resolved. * Help motivate the client and nurse by providing a sense of achievement. ## COMPONENTS OF GOALS/EXPECTED OUTCOMES * **Subject:** the client, any part or attribute of the client e.g. pulse, blood pressure * **Verb:** an action the client needs to perform e.g. demonstrate, manifest. * **Conditions/Modifiers** - added to the verb to explain circumstances under which the behavior is to be performed. * **Criterion of Desired Performance** - indicates the standard by which a performance is evaluated. ## EXAMPLE * Client drinks 2,500 mL of fluid daily * Client identifies foods high in salt from a prepared list before discharge * Able to enumerate 3 steps in insulin injection ## FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING LEC PRELIMS HAND OUT ## BSN 1EI 2022-2023 ## GUIDELINES * Make sure that it is smart. * **S** - Specific * **M** - Measurable * **A** - Attainable * **R** - Realistic * **T** - Time bound ## COMPOSITION * **Direct care:** intervention performed through interaction with the client. * **Indirect care:** intervention performed away from but on behalf of the client. ## TYPES OF NURSING INTERVENTIONS ### INDEPENDENT * DEFINITION: Activities that nurses are licensed to initiate on the basis of their knowledge and skills. * EXAMPLE: Providing oral care. ### DEPENDENT * DEFINITION: Activities carried out under the physician's orders or supervision, or according to specified routines. * EXAMPLE: Check pulse before and after ambulation: Defer ambulation if pulse > 110 ## INTERVENTIONS * **Observations** * Assessments made to determine whether a complication is developing as well as observation of the client’s response to nursing and other therapies. # FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING LEC PRELIMS HAND OUT # BSN 1EI 2022-2023 ## INTERVENTIONS * **Prevention interventions** * prescribe the care needed to avoid complications or reduce risk factors. * **Treatment** * Teaching, referrals, physical care and other care needed for an actual nursing diagnosis. * **Health promotion interventions** * appropriate when the client has no health problems or when the nurse makes a wellness nursing diagnosis. ## IMPLEMENTATION * Carrying out the planned nursing interventions. * Implementing skills: * **Cognitive (Intellectual).** * **Interpersonal.** ## ACTIVITIES * Collect data related to expected outcomes * Compare data with outcomes * Related nursing activities to outcomes * Draw conclusions about problem status * Continuing, modifying, or terminating ## COMPONENT OF EVALUATION STATEMENT * **Conclusion** - a statement that the goal/expected outcome has been: * Met * Partially Met * Not Met * **Supporting data** - list of client responses that support the conclusion. * **Ex: Goal met** * Respiration rate 16 cpm, SpO2= 98%, negative abnormal lung sounds upon auscultation.