Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Notes PDF

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ○​ The nature o...

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ○​ The nature of man PHILOSOPHY AND MAN ​ What is man? (qualifications) ​ Who is man? (identity) ​ Philosophy ○​ And the condition of being human ○​ Philo (love) and sophia (wisdom) ​ What is the state or condition of being human? ○​ Lovers of wisdom ​ Why does man exist? ○​ The acquisition of truth, it is the search for meaning ​ How does man exist? (in what manner) THE CAUSE OF PHILOSOPHY MAN IN THE CONTEXT OF HIS NATURE ​ “Philosophy starts with wonder” - Socrates ○​ More time for discourse, asking questions ​ Is man a finished product? ○​ questioning = philosophizing ​ Is it enough that one is born human? ​ Since philosophy takes wonder or questions as its cause, it ​ If indeed, man has a nature, what is this nature? leaves to the one who questions the answer to his ​ What is man? questions ​ What qualifies as a man? ○​ ancient greeks: what is the composition of the ​ Who is man? universe? ○​ most common yet one of the most difficult questions ​ In philosophy, what matters is the question itself, this is because answers can become questions themselves ​ Views related to the issue of human nature ​ In philosophy, only correct questions should come to the ○​ Encyclopedic view fore since philosophy considers correct questions as more ​ Maintains that the nature of man is important than correct answer because the latter are just good consequences of the former ○​ Economic view ​ Not all statements that end with a question mark are ​ Sees man as one who is destined to be questions (rhetorical questions) happy in the context of material abundance ​ A correct question is that which hits the target or that which is sensible ​ Industrial Revolution ​ It has a direction which is rooted in reality that serves as ​ We need material abundance to be the point of interest in the discussion able to be happy ​ By wondering and eventually positing correct questions, ​ man is destined to be happy the application of philosophy surfaces. ​ man must be get what he needs and wants to be happy ​ When questions arise, reasoning through experience, reflection, intuition, etc. start to work ​ Scholastic Philosophy ​ The reasoning activity will lead to critical thinking ○​ man is destined to live in 2 worlds: the spiritual and physical/material world ​ The spark of wonder is the dynamic force that leads to the progressive motion of the act of philosophizing ○​ heavily influenced by the church ​ Thus, philosophy begins when the mind seeks to know ○​ Theology and Philosophy were intertwined, and understand the whys and hows of what it that’s why most of the thinkers are Church people such as Augustine ○​ Spiritual - end of the union with the divine THE MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY OF MAN ○​ life on earth is the preparation for the life after (eternal life) ​ Deals with man, human person ​ Karl Popper ​ It is a desire to know who and what ○​ Man lives in 3 worlds ○​ what he is made of ​ Physical world (bodily existence) ​ The space that we occupy THE PROBLEMS IN PHILOSOPHY OF MAN ​ Ex. we sit on a chair for an exam ​ Two main problems: PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 1  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ​ Internal world (locus of ideas, ○​ Refers to the body, substance, constitution, or thoughts and emotions) stuff of man ​ imagination, formation of ○​ basic substance of man ideas ​ muscle, skin, fats, bones ​ Ex. We think of answers for ○​ If its hungry, you feed it; if its tired, you let is rest the test ○​ Secondarily (accidents = characteristics), refers ​ Social world (man’s social relations) to bodily structure, color, etc. which are ​ where you engage yourself conditioned by culture and environment with other human beings ​ In some cultures, beauty standards are ​ man is a social being, cannot to be thinner/thicker so people there but relate with others. would have those kinds of bodies; ​ Ex. We tend to look at the ​ Living in a certain environment would answers of others when we lead to having darker skin cannot think of an answer (environment) on our own. ○​ When the human bodily substance is animated (given soul; anima = soul) right at conception, it MEANING OF HUMAN NATURE (CON’T) assumes the potentiality to grow and develop into a living human flesh, thus capable of sensation ​ ”Vir” - man (Romans), virtuous - state of being man ​ “Natura” - that which lets something originate from itself ​ So there is debate: are fetuses alive in the womb or when they are born; do ○​ it flows from one being naturally they feel pain na ​ “Nasci” - to be born, to originate (from man) ​ intrisic to human ○​ In this way, we can claim universality and staticity of human nature in the somatic level ​ Classical understanding of nature: ultimate principle of operation of a given reality ​ If you get cut by glass, you bleed ○​ “ultimate” = basic ​ If you get punched, you will feel pain ○​ “given reality” = being ​ These are universal experiences that all people experience ○​ basic operation of a being ○​ It makes what a being it is, what makes man ​ all beings have skin man ​ all beings have organs ​ Agere sequitur esse (action follows being) ○​ In the somatic level, the realities in the flesh of one human body is true to all ○​ A man acting like a simply following his nature as person ​ If a virus affects one person’s lungs, then if affected, would also the affect ○​ act out the expectations of nature of being another’s lungs ○​ your actions reflect who you are, your nature. ○​ if a person is forced to do an act, he does not ​ Behavioural have the intention of doing the act, thus it is not ○​ Refers to the mode of acting of every man the action of the being. ○​ Every man, irrespective of culture, religion, race, has a behavior distinctively unique from other ​ Any being intrinsically acts and its action is always determined by its nature or the kind of being that it is grades of being ○​ If a horse gallops, then it’s a horse, a horse ​ different from lower forms of life cannot talk, a man cannot gallop ​ Excitement: iba ineexpress ng man sa mga hayop ○​ nature of a pen - to write ○​ nature of an eraser - to erase ​ Hungry: we do not just eat in the middle of the class. We are ○​ nature of a student - to learn conditioned to behave accordingly, so wait for the proper time to eat. THREEFOLD LEVEL OF HUMAN NATURE ○​ In psychology, behavior is divided into 3 parts ​ Cognitive (knowledge/understanding ​ Human nature can be understood in a three-fold level of things/how we think) ​ Somatic ​ Affective (emotions/how we feel) ○​ Talks about our physical body of man PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 2  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ​ are we carried by our ​ Greece started subjugating other countries in its periphery emotions or are we in ​ As peace hovered over the land, abundance came control of them ​ With material affluence at hand, thinking could find its ​ Psychomotor (action/ how we act) place with ease ​ Attitudinal ○​ Easier now to think ○​ In the here and now; no pattern ​ Athens and Miletus were centers of philosophy ○​ Refers to the mental reaction of every man to a ​ Sparta became the abode of great Greek warriors given stimulus or the positions of every ​ SInce the topographical condition of greece is generally individual concerning his opinion, feeling, or mountainous, trading became the main source of income mood ​ Because of trade, greeks were able to travel far, meet ​ Difference sa behavioral is may new people, encounter new culture and ideas, adopt stimulus and would change for every foreign customs, ideas and brought them back to greece person ​ Trade in agoras or marketplace, exchange of goods but also ideas HUMAN NATURE ACCORDING TO GREEKS ○​ ideas from other lands ○​ greeks were already wealthy, so they afford to travel beyond greece and was able to bring back ​ Ancient Greece with them different cultures. ○​ first philosophers ○​ cosmologists ○​ “what is the basic stuff that the cosmos is made ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS of” ○​ The brown parts is the greek world ​ Thales ○​ The prominent cities are Thebes, Athens, Sparta, ○​ Everything came from water; the basic stuff is Miletus, Troy water ○​ Greece was a mountainous region so their main ○​ Posited that water was the basic stuff that made source of income was trade up the universe because it is present in solids, ​ How did the Ancient Greeks understand the world air, and gases ○​ In general, the ancient Greek philosophers were ○​ His insistence finds evidence in the components cosmologists (giving ideas of what the universe of the human body – somatic level was made of) ​ Anaximenes ○​ For ancient Greeks, man’s place in the cosmos is ○​ Air was the basic stuff vital ○​ Air undergoes through 2 processes ○​ Man and cosmos were reflections of each other ​ Condensation - source of cold ○​ So they considered man as a microcosm; a mini ​ Rarefaction - source of heat cosmo, a world, but small ○​ Heat produces fire, and cold is a solid phase ○​ The same stuff that constitutes the world is the ○​ Connected to man: body is condensed air and same stuff the constitutes man soul is rarefied air (when a person dies rarefied ○​ But whatever this stuff is, remains to be air leaves a person that's why corpse?) perpetual debate among the ancient Greek ​ When person dies, body is cold philosophers because wala na yung soul that gives heat BIRTH OF PHILOSOPHY ​ Heraclitus (540 - 475 BC) ○​ Known for the concept of logos, which explains the existence of things in the world ​ In Ionia, Greece (part of Turkey) ​ Birthing of ideas can only be done in the ambience of ○​ Logos is the blanket principle of change prosperity and peace. ​ Change is possible because of logos ​ surrounded by water, trading post, center of commerce ○​ Fire (because man produces heat) makes up the logos/basic principle of the universe ​ After the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens, Greece gained momentum for peace ○​ Always in constant change ○​ Philosophizing flourished because of the ​ Anaximander (610 - 547 BC) flourishing of peace then became rich PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 3  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ○​ World is constituted of eternal and ○​ his methods got him in trouble as his way of indestructible boundless apeiron questioning exposed the ignorance of the ○​ Apeiron is the source of ceaseless motion that authorities who claim to know everything. produces warmth, cold, earth, air, and fire ​ A teacher ○​ an animal who has evolved from animals of ○​ Sophists: wandering teachers (itinira - another species which are lower than his (he journeying); no specializations but people paid said man came from fish because greece is them to have a discourse surrounded by water) ○​ In contrast, Socrates just did the art of ​ Pythagoras (582 - 507 BC) questioning (he posed a question and other ○​ Everything is measurable and from numbers people answered, then he gives a follow-up). He ○​ dipartite of body and soul did not ask for payment ○​ Human soul is immortal and divine ○​ Usually, the one who answers are exposed to be ○​ As immortal and divine, the soul has fallen and non-thinkers; which kinagalitan ng people imprisoned to the body (body becomes prison of ○​ Socrates said that its ok to admit to not know soul which becomes divine) anything because philosophy starts with ○​ To free the soul, one must undergo wondering and asking before you gain wisdom reincarnation ○​ Sophist teaches what you want to hear ○​ Imprisonment isn't meant to last forever ​ Protagoras (490 - 421 BC) SOCRATIC METHOD ○​ A sophist (travelling philosopher who you pay to tell you things you wanna hear) ​ Socratic method (method of electus, elenctic method, ○​ “ the measure of all things, of all things that are socratic debate) that they are, and of things that are not they are ○​ Starts with two sides with different viewpoints not” to establish the truth ○​ As the measure of everything. man is the ○​ succession of questions until the truth ultimate criterion of truth ○​ got the ire of athenian state because he was making them look like a fraud PRE-SOCRATICS ○​ Aims to expose ignorance ​ Interlocutor gives initial definition of something or gives ​ Socrates (469 - 399 BC) opinion on something ○​ bro had an era of his own(infinite aura in philo) ​ Socrates points out incongruities (evaluates points) ○​ father of western philosophy ​ Attempt to fix incongruities ○​ One of the most prominent Athenian ​ Points made after Socratic Method philosophers ○​ We often don't really know what we think we ​ Everything we know is mostly from his know students that wrote about him ○​ We start to understand what something is not because he didn't write he just talked (apophatic) ​ athens - democracy ​ Truths (Justice, Goodness, Truth) ○​ He was a manual laborer from working class ​ Socrates: “I know that I know nothing” family ○​ to acknowledge your ignorance is the start of ○​ at age 70, he was Charged with: wisdom ​ impiety - not believing in the gods ○​ In the assertion that u don’t know anything, you ​ corrupting the minds of the youth are more open to gaining more knowledge ○​ Sentenced to death by the Athenian State by ​ Sophists go through different towns drinking hemlock (poison) and claim to be masters of knowledge ​ He corrupted the minds of the youth ​ It is wrong because no one can be a because he questioned a lot master ○​ His students told him to escape but he said he ○​ This paradox moves from knowing as a theory or should be a good example of the State definition to knowing about how to inquire into ○​ he is a (smthing) - walks as he teaches knowing ○​ his way of questioning - socratic methods ​ how do we know that we know? PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 4  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ○​ Believed that philosophy was too easily ○​ Think - make ideas, decisions, uses cognitive misunderstood to survive except in direct faculty, rational conversation ○​ Will - bring into action ​ thats why he did not write anything ​ Puts more emphasis on the attitudinal level (reaction to ○​ I know > Do I really know things external stimuli) of human nature since he gives more ○​ Written work would be easily misunderstood value to the human soul and not the body (devoid of ○​ Central in his life was his relations with the flesh) sophists ​ Soul should be nurtured properly through the acquisition ​ fraud of knowledge, wisdom, and virtue (cultivate the soul) ​ they tell you what you want to hear ○​ Knowledge - ideas ​ William Guthrie ○​ Wisdom - action, praxis, carry out thought ○​ he did not leave any written works. most of ○​ virtue: repeated good actions, manliness, what we know are reconstructions of his courage peers/students ​ Man should discover the truth, about good life, for it is in ○​ The more pieces that we can piece together, the knowing the good life that man can act correctly better, but we can never know how many pieces ○​ truth will lead to the good life have disappeared and cannot even be ○​ everyone wants something good considered ○​ Ex. good: 100 sa exam; you will do everything u ○​ 4 students wrote about him but they wrote in can to achieve that good different ways ○​ Good life will lead man to act correctly, act ​ Plato put words in Socrates mouth toward acquisition of good ​ Another wrote about him in a comedic ​ Man’s attitude towards life should be geared towards way knowledge, knowledge of the good life so that he can properly translate such knowledge into really living a good ANCIENT ATHENS life. ​ Knowledge and virtue (arete) are not distinct from each other ​ Secular - no religion, all religion is welcome ​ Cosmopolitan - many cultures bc it was a trading hub ○​ arete (Greek) -> virtue or skill ​ Form of government - Democracy because it was inclusive ​ Knowledge of the good is not an end in itself but praxis will lead to wisdom ​ Tolerated inquiry - agora, exchange of ideas, promoted inquiry ○​ Praxis - knowledge and practice, putting into action of what you know ​ Greek city most open to innovation ○​ did not stop pursuit of knowledge ○​ knowing good + acting good = wisdom (praxis) ​ With its golden age, athens wondered how to use ​ “He who is wise is a man who has disciplined his soul to inquiry/philosophy reason in human affairs know what is right and does what he knows to be right in the actual situation” ○​ Should reason serve to fulfill desire or should desire serve reason? ○​ Question: is knowing doing? Does one really do what he knows? ​ For Sophists and Socrates, they both agreed that man is driven by desire for happiness ○​ knowing is not doing; knowing ends in the mind ○​ Sophists: a being in the moment, here and now; ​ These two were centered on the concept of aletheia satisfied today but needs for more satisfaction in (truth) the next moment ​ During socratic and post-socratic, ideas regarding art and knowing the truth (techne-poiesis) and knowing the ​ fulfill your desires now as we die tomorrow truth-way of living (phronesis-praxis) were parts of the epistemological and moral lives of the greeks ○​ Socrates: in need of continual validation ​ man is continually developing ○​ Techne-poiesis is the art of knowing the truth (the truth about the good life) ○​ Phronesis-praxis is the IDEA OF MAN ​ Hence, man’s nature is to know the truth about the good life ​ man is a being who thinks and wills ​ Socrates: knowing what is right is doing what is right PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 5  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ​ If one fails to do that which one knows about then the ○​ When democracy came back, Socrates was person who claims to know does not know what he claims condemned to death to know ○​ “Anyone could be a leader by majority of vote ○​ Ethical idealism - Socrates believes that people even if no qualifications” are angels; man is good ○​ Education continued until adulthood ○​ Socrates sees people as angels because he ○​ He did not like politics because people were thinks no people does evil willfully voted to lead because they were popular. None ○​ evil acts are results of ignorance of them were really fit to lead, competent. ○​ Those evil are ignorant and are lost soul ​ Founded a school called Academy in honor of the Greek ​ Condemn those who fail to link “doing what is right” with hero Academus “knowing what is right” ​ Legally, the school was a corporate body organized for the ​ For socrates, these people are lost souls who are ignorant worship of the Muses (goddesses). The headmaster was of their evil acts elected for life by a majority vote of the members ​ “No one does evil wilfully” ​ Most scholars infer, mainly from Plato’s writings, that ​ It is ignorance of the knowledge of right instruction originally included math, dialectics (Socrates), ​ Socrates insists that all sorts of evil or all kinds of evil acts natural science, and preparation for statesmanship are circumstantial (not intended but accidental) (Plato) ​ Man does evil only accidentally due to ignorance ○​ Influenced by previous philosophers ​ For Socrates, one is ignorant if one fails to do that which ​ The Academy continued until 529 CE, when the emperor he claims to know about Justinian closed it, together with other nonchristian ​ For socrates, people who do wrong are just lost souls schools in roman empire ○​ he considered that all non christian schools are PLATO threats ​ Considered as the founder of Idealism ​ Born in 422-347 BC ○​ Ideal = Perfection ​ Came from a wealthy and famous Athenian political ​ He fashioned his philosophy in a metaphysical (beyond family the perception of the senses) foundation by weaving his thoughts on the kinds of world, viz., ideal world ​ Through his father, Ariston, traces his lineage traces back to Codrus, the last king of athens (royal line) (noumenon, platonic = perfection, constant state of perfection) and the phenomenal world (phenomenon = ​ His mother’s, Perictione, lineage included Solon (lawmaker) who created most of the laws and physical world, becoming & changing, changing toward perfection) physical world is an imperfect reflection of the institutions for the Athenian democratic state (government line) platonic world, wherein the physical world is a less “real” version of reality or the platonic world ​ Plato pointing into the heavens, pointing to the world of thorns ​ For Plato, the Ideal World is the world of ideas. This does not mean the image in our head, but the ideal forms ​ Ancient biographers tell us that Plato traveled to Egypt and Italy, studied mathematics and religion, and followed ○​ World of forms = world of ideas the teachings of Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Pythagoras ​ The ideal forms connote perfection ○​ Travelled outside greece, foreign influence, bring ​ The ideas in noumenon gives idea on things in back ideas phenomenon; when at the body, we have to relearn what we know ○​ Heraclitus - constant flux/change, fire ​ Plato - Physical world is becoming ​ The phenomenal world is a world of becoming, a world of towards perfection constant change towards perfection ​ He rejected the public life he was groomed for him ​ Physical world (phenomenon) is a reflection of the Platonic world (noumenon) - Poor copy of a copy; ○​ he was groomed to become a political figure, but instead became a teacher everything perfect is in platonic ​ His social class was expected to serve in the army ​ Since we life in the Phenomenal World, our only access to the Ideal World is through our intellect which enables us ​ The restored democracy restored his interest in politics but soon soured when Socrates was tried and executed to reach reasonable conclusions ​ (Plato rejected democracy) ○​ Using our faculties we can access the platonic world PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 6  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ​ By arguing that the ideal world is the real world, Plato that changes is its accidence of color, it does not mean that the Phenomenal world is not real, for still has it’s essence plato, it is only less real inasmuch as it is bereft of eternity ○​ The term “Cat” = noumenon because ○​ Art is a copy of a copy, cannot get anything from it cannot be changed, perfect it ○​ The Cats outside = phenomenon ​ Eternal and immutable (unchanging) can be found in the Platonic world PLATO’S IDEAL STATE ​ Phenomenal world is just a poor reflection of the Platonic world ​ Plato wrote the The Republic ​ We already have an idea of what an ideal desk is, the ​ Disparaged athenian state phenomenon is just a reflection of what we know ​ Theory of Ideal State ​ The soul is from the world of perfection amd is pre ○​ Guardians (men and women are allowed as long existing; since it is from the ideal world, it knows as they have mental aptitude/capacity) rational everything, it knows perfection. ​ Philosopher Kings ​ When the soul enters the body it forgets because the ​ Those who transcended their personal physical body limits the soul; it gets confused because of needs the particular things or distractions it experiences. Ex. The ​ Self-less people, they put needs over soul knows what a chair is but the body experiences themselves, for the common good different kinds of chairs because of its different accidents. ​ Everyone is held common between Guardians ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE ​ It is the state who tells them to do things ​ Stories of Plato ​ endowed with great knowledge ​ There are people in a cave facing the wall of the cave ​ Rule with their intellect ​ There is sunlight at back ​ Mandated when to procreate ​ From the moment they were born, they were already ​ Their children are reared by the chained to the wall community - common parents ​ Since they are facing the wall, the shadow casted they thought was real ​ One person was able to free himself, and he saw that these shadows were cast by something that was real ​ The shadows is something that came from something real ​ The guy informed the people that what they were not seeing is unreal ​ People who were left behind said your mind is getting loose ​ These shadows is what are real ​ They ganged up on the man who was able to free himself ​ Plato’s Theory ​ What we are seeing now, these are just reflections, because there is something real outside ​ These are shadows of something real that are perfect outside ​ In theology, the real is up in the Heavens ○​ Soldiers (heart of bronze, they protect the state) ​ Augustine borrowed from Plato spiritual ​ In linguistics, we have ideas, we name terms, we ​ Defend the state put limits on an object or being ​ Strength, stamina, and courage to ○​ Cat is still a cat (it is immaterial as a defend the state from external threats term - not touchable) the only thing PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 7  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ○​ Workers (craftsmen or tradespeople, people ​ Because a soul using a body, the 3 parts of the soul each who work with their hands, they are allowed to has its locus in the body/corpus all properties) appetitive ​ Appetitive (abdomen and genitals) drives man to ​ Provide for the state’s basic needs experience physical wants, basic needs of man (thirst, ​ Guardians don’t own anything because they are equal, hunger). Found in belly/genitals their offspring is nurtured by the community (social ​ Spiritual part (chest) makes man assert, experience, mobility) honor, and victory. found in the heart. Can cause minor to ○​ Guardian offsprings are not guardians at birth major damage to vehicles and buildings, ○​ They must be tested ​ Rational part (head) of the soul allows a man to think. ○​ That’s why workers are able to go to guardians This is the most important and highest part of the soul. ​ Thought that democracy became a popularity contest For Plato, this is what distinguishes man from. Rational ​ Only the philosopher kings are able to become rulers part of the soul is immortal. found in the head/mind because they use their reason, logical, good for everyone ○​ controls the appetite and the spirit ​ Community takes care of the children of the guardians ○​ Longs for truth and wisdom ​ If worker passes the test, then he can become a ○​ Sloth - destroys wisdom when to lazy to learn guardian/king ​ Children born will be tested -> promoted/demoted NATURE OF MAN ​ Marble Statue ○​ Potentiality - able to break ○​ Actuality - becomes a statue, actualized to become a statue ​ Plato posits that the nature of man lies in the metaphysical (beyond the physical) dichotomy (division) between body and soul ​ In pursuing Plato’s idea of reality, it is clear that he has ​ Guardian - rational, thinking, has to control emotion and assigned the human body to the Phenomenal world , the desire soul is in the Noumenon/Platonic world ​ Soldiers - emotion makes them assertive, heart of bronze - ​ Soul is temporarily incarcerated courage, protect the state to bring honor and victory ​ Like the contrary quality ​ Workers - desire, provides basic needs ​ The body (flesh) is material. The soul is immaterial/immortal ARISTOTLE ○​ Material - touchable ○​ Immaterial - untouchable ​ 335-263 BC ​ Plato also contends that the soul is a substance because it ​ School of Athens - Agora exists and can exist independently of the body; it is ○​ Plato pointing up because reality is up there temporarily incarcerated in the body ○​ Socrates pointing down because reality is here ○​ the soul is imprisoned by the body and forgets ​ Born during Macedonian Empire what it knows from the platonic world. ​ Became a tutor at the age of 28 to the young Alexander Remembers them by learning the Great ○​ Materiality of the body limits itself ​ Plato = Academy, Aristotle has Lyceum ​ Plato posited that the soul existed prior to the body ○​ Peripatetic school (conception/conceive) ​ They philosophize while walking ○​ Upon conception, soul falls into body ​ The soul actualizes the body, the body is potency, HUMAN PERSON AS A HYLOMORPHIC BEING potential to become a body ​ In Plato’s view, the soul has 3 parts or power: rational ​ The emphasis of Plato on human nature in the light of (head), appetitive (abdomen, genitals), and spiritual reason paves the way to well-acclaimed thesis of Aristotle: (chest) a rational animal (animal rationale) PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 8  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ​ Unlike his master, Aristotle maintains that there is no ​ Rational is the highest dichotomy (division) between man’s body and soul ​ The kinds of soul: vegetative, sensitive and rational ○​ Body and soul are in a state of unity = human ○​ Vegetative person ​ Self-nourishment ○​ Man’s body and soul are substantially united ​ Reproduction ○​ There is no soulless body and bodiless soul ​ Growth/augmentation ​ Man’s body is Matter (hyle), his soul is form (morphos) to ○​ Sensitive the body ​ Capable of feelings ○​ Matter - physical world in Plato’s world ​ Capable of mobility/moving ○​ Form - ideal world in Plato’s world ○​ Rational ○​ Matter and Form together in Aristotle’s world ​ Capable of thinking, reasoning and will ​ Thus the Doctrine of Hylomorphism was formed ​ Can think of previous actions or ​ Matter is the a physical body perceptible to the senses actions we are about to take perceived by 5 senses (means noticeable and perceived by ​ Capable of doing all the parts plants the senses) and animals can do ​ Form is the essence, gives meaning or only the accidents or the characteristics changed but not the essence. FACULTIES ​ Matter and Form are both in the physical world now ​ However if you die there will be no longer have a form ​ a rational animal ​ All corporeal beings are made up of matter and form ​ Vegetative faculty ​ Corporeal beings (something that has a body) are of two ○​ The vital faculty kinds: animate (moving) and inanimate (non-living) ○​ Includes the operations of nutrition, ○​ Living beings have a soul (form) while non-living augmentation and reproduction beings only have a form ​ Sentient faculty ○​ Plants and animals have souls as their principles ○​ Senses of their lives ​ Material (perceive materiality) ○​ In man, the soul is called the spirit cognitive faculty ​ The soul is the principle of life, it ○​ Two types causes the body to live ​ (five senses) ​ The body is matter to the soul and the ​ Internal (imagination, memory, soul from the body common sense) ​ Body and soul, therefore, are ○​ Appetites - the natural inclination towards the inseparable good ​ They constitute man as a whole ​ If you are tired, you have inclination to ​ For Aristotle, the soul does not have parts but have types sleep ​ Rational faculty ○​ The faculty that differentiates a human from other corporeal being ○​ Two rational faculties ○​ Intellect ​ Spiritual (immaterial) cognitive faculty of man (it's all in the head, the form) ​ Enables man to know the objects that are spiritual, immaterial, abstract, and universal ​ It does not depend on the body organs ​ Sentient = Sensitive for existence and operations ○​ The powers of the vegetative and sensitive soul ​ However, it relies on the senses to is subsumed by the rational soul have knowledge ​ If the soul however, is the principle of life, the problem is ​ Senses sense heat from fire that not all bodies are human bodies. PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 9  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ​ Nothing is in the mind unless it first ​ It can only sense tangible things passes through the senses (non est in ​ senses intellectu quod non prius in sensu) ​ The five senses (touch, taste, ​ You cannot do anything sight, hearing, smell) unless you haven’t ​ Internal senses perceived/sensed it but not ​ Common sense all the time ○​ Central sense ​ It is through the process of abstraction ○​ It receives, that the intellect could form a mental distinguishes and image from a material object relates different ​ Getting the accidents to stimuli and understand and process sensations what it is received by the ​ Once we perceive senses something, we strip off ○​ Regulates all the every accident until the senses essence is left, producing the ​ Imagination idea of the object which is ○​ Sense that forms in universal the mind the ​ The mental product is called idea image of an object ​ Three operations without actual or ​ Simple apprehension concrete reference ​ Judgment time ​ Reasoning ○​ It can be real or ○​ Will not, exist or not ​ Faculty of volition, choice existing ​ Inclines man toward a rational good or ○​ Usually future away from a rational evil imagining ​ Blind faculty, because it needs the ​ Forming images of objects intellect, it only acts after the intellect ​ Reproducing the image ​ It cannot make choices on its own ​ Synthesizing or combining ​ It acts on the recommendation of and images to product new ones judgment of the action ○​ Memory ​ Aristotle maintains that the will of ​ Sense that form the images of the past free from any form of restraints or experiences, events or objects control perceived in the past ​ Two kinds of freedom: ​ Two functions: ​ Freedom of exercise ​ Recall - Helps remember or put into ○​ To do or not do, one’s present awareness of an object, act or no to act event, or situation that was ​ Freedom of specification experienced or received in the past ○​ Freedom to ​ Recognition - Enables one to be aware choose from of an object, or situation, now present different to the senses which was experienced alternative or or perceived in the past courses of action (options) ○​ Sense EMOTIONS OR SENTIENT APPETITE ​ The material cognitive faculty ​ Dependent on the bodily organs PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 10  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ​ Natural inclination toward a sensitive good and moves away from sensient evil ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO ​ Concupiscible appetite - mild reaction, seek good avoid evil ​ WHAT IS MAN MADE FOR ○​ Love - inclination toward something ​ Born in Tagaste, Numidia (North Africa) in 354 AD apprehended good ​ His father was non-christian but his mother was a devout ○​ Hatred - inclination toward some apprehended obe (Saint Monica) evil ​ At the age of 16, he began the study of rhetoric in ○​ Desire - inclination toward good which is at the Carthage moment possible to attain ​ He became a bishop of Hippo ○​ Aversion - inclination to move away from evil ​ Though his mother instilled in him traditions of Christian that is absent but possible to happen thought and behavior, he threw off this religious faith and ○​ Joy/Happiness - taking comfort of something morality, taking at this time a mistress by whom he had a good that is apprehended or possessed son, and with whom he lived for a decade ○​ Sadness - sorrow caused by the possession of ​ At the same time, his thirst for knowledge impelled him to evil rigorous study, and he became a successful student of ​ Irascible appetite - emergency emotion, objects difficult to rhetoric attain or avoid ​ At age 19, he read the Hortensius of Cicero which was an ○​ Hope - inclination toward something good as exhortation to achieve philosophical wisdom difficult but possible to attain ​ The words of Cicero kindled his passion for learning, but ○​ Despair - inclination to move away from he was left with the problem of where to find his something good perceived as difficult and intellectual certainty impossible to attain ​ His Christian ideas seem unsatisfactory to him, he was ○​ Courage - inclination toward something evil perplexed with by the ever-present problem of moral evil perceived as imminent but possible to overcome ​ “Is it possible for evil to arise out of the world ○​ Fear - inclination to move away from something ​ “How can we explain the existence of evil in human evil perceived as grave, impossible to overcome experience “ ○​ Anger - vehement inclination to fight and inflict ​ The Christians said that God is the creator of all things and harm upon an object perceived as evil, has also that God is good violence compared to fear ​ How is it possible for evil to arise out of a world that a perfectly good God had created? THEORY OF FOUR CAUSES ​ Manichaens ○​ Because Augustine could find no answers in the ​ Material cause Christianity he learned as youth, he turned in ○​ What is it made of Manichians because christian was just blooming ○​ That out of which it is made ○​ Manichaeans were sympathetic to much of ​ Efficient cause Christianity but rejected the basic monotheism ○​ The source of the object’s principle of the Old Testament and with it the ○​ Who made it ○​ The Manichaeans taught dualism (Two Gods: ○​ What brought it to existence Good and Evil God) ○​ The primary source of the change or rest ○​ There were 2 basic principles in the universe: ​ Formal cause the principle of light ot goodness, and the ○​ Function principle of darkness or evil ○​ Form and shape ○​ These 2 principles to be equally eternal, but ○​ The account of what-it-is-to-be eternally in conflict with each other ​ Final cause ○​ This conflict, they believed, ○​ Goal ○​ At first, this theory of dualism seemed to ○​ What is it used for provide the perfect answer to the problem of ○​ The end for the sake of which a thing is done evil: it overcame the contradiction between the presence of evil in a world created by a good PHILOSOPHERS (THEOCENTRIC) God PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 11  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ○​ Augustine could now attribute his sensual ○​ For Augustine, true philosophy was desires to the external power of darkness inconceivable without joining of faith and ○​ He had an excuse to blame his doings to the reason good and evil ○​ Wisdom is Christian wisdom. We cannot come ○​ Although this dualism seemed to solve the into true philosophy or wisdom without contradiction of evil in a God-created world, it Christianity and wisdom (Wisdom is knowing raised new problems the truth, thus God is truth, the source of truth) ○​ For one thing, how would we explain why there ○​ There could be no distinction between theology are 2 conflicting principles in nature? and philosophy ○​ If no convincing reason could be given, is it ○​ One cannot properly philosophize until the intellectual human will is transformed, that clear thinking is ○​ Far more serious was his awareness that it did possible only the influence under God not help to solve hid moral turmoil to say that it was all engendered by some external force AUGUSTINE’S CONCEPTION OF MAN ​ Skepticism ○​ He felt out of love for the school of thought ​ The Soul as a Created Being ○​ Afterward, he was attracted to Skepticism, ○​ Like most ancient philosophers, Augustine thinks though at the same time he retained some belief that the human being is composed of body and in God soul ○​ He maintained a materialistic view of things and ○​ The soul is the life-giving elements and the on this account doubted the existence of center of consciousness, perception and immaterial substances and the immortality of thought the soul ○​ The rational soul should control sensual desires ○​ Only perceivable is existing and passions; it can become wise if it turns to ​ Met St. Ambrose God, who is at the same time the Supreme ○​ Hoping for a more effective career in rhetoric, Being and the Supreme Good Augustine left Africa For Rome and shortly ​ In his Manichean phase, he conceived both God and the moved to Milan, where he became a professor if soul as material entities, soul is in fact a portion of God rhetoric in 384 that had fallen in the corporeal world where it remained a ○​ Augustine returned to Christian faith foreigner, even to its own body ○​ He was profoundly influenced by Ambrose, who ​ After his Platonist readings, he replaced his view of the was the bishop of Milan. From Ambrose, soul Augustine earned a greater appreciation of ○​ The soul which is mutable in time but Christianity immutable in space, occupies a middle position ○​ He took interest in another woman and left his between God, who is totally unchangeable child in Africa immaterial, and is our access to God ○​ In Milan, Augustine faced Neoplatonism which ○​ The soul is of divine origin and even god-life held that: ​ It is not divine itself but created by ​ The immortal world is totally separate God from the material one ○​ The “greatness” of the soul does not refer to ​ People possess a spiritual sense that spatial extension but to its vivifying, perceptive, enables themes to know God and the rational and contemplative powers that enable immaterial world ○​ It is natural and even desirable for a soul to ​ The conception that evil is not a govern a body, but he nevertheless remains positive reality but the matter of convinced that soul is an incorporeal and privation-i.e.,the absence good immortal substance that can, in principle exist independently of a body ○​ In the Soliloquia that soul is immortal because of the inalienable cause presence of God ○​ In 386, he abandoned his profession of rhetoric ​ How soul, being immortal, immaterial and ontologically superior to body, came to be incorporated in three options PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 12  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ○​ Creationism ​ Together, Saint Albert and Thomas would successfully ​ God creates a new soul for every introduce Aristotle to the medieval Church, which had newborn body been steeped in Platonism ○​ Traducianism ​ He held two professorships at Paris and Viterbo, Rome ○​ Preexistence ​ Aquinas’ famous works are: ○​ Summa Theologiae HUMAN MIND AS IMAGE OF GOD ​ He did not finished because all he wrote was wrong ​ Augustine follows a long-standing Jewish and Patristic ​ He wrote all on scribes tradition, familiar to him from Ambrose ○​ Summa contra Gentiles ​ Human being as an image of God referred not to living body but what is specifically human, the inner man AQUINAS’ CONCEPTION OF MAN ​ Three elements discerning our cognitive acts from sense perception ​ substantially united body and soul (same as Aristotle) ○​ An object that is either external to the mind or ​ the point of convergence between the corporeal and internal to it, in which case it is an spiritual substances ○​ Something ​ For Aquinas, an embodied soul, not a soul using a body ○​ Something ​ The human body is perfect but in some respect, it must be ​ The last element ensures the active character of united to something else that will enable it to perform its perception and intellectual but also gives weight intrinsic function as a human body ​ Mind is created in the image of God, not because it is ○​ Body has potency, where body must be united capable of self-knowledge, because of its potency to be with something– the soul wise and potency to know the truth which is God ​ As animation (ensoulment) happens, the two become one ○​ The mind needs the body to have images and ​ As animation occurs, life instantly comes to the fore senses ○​ Church believes until now of this, where life comes from conception THOMAS AQUINAS ​ Human life is understood in Aquinas’ doctrine of participation ​ The soul is the image of God ​ Through participation, God allows human life to partake in the celebration of existence ​ Italian Catholic priest in the 13th century ​ Born to a noble family, he began his education at the ○​ God as inasmuch as he is the author of life, also famous Benedictine Abbey at Monte Cassino, near Rome, has the power to end it– annihilation at the age of five ​ For Aquinas, it is God alone who has the exclusive power to annihilate life ○​ Family wanted him to be an “Abbot” ​ He was sent to Naples to complete his studies, then he ​ The soul is a substance because it exists by itself first attracted to Aristotle’s philosophy ○​ It is incorporeal and spiritual ​ Thomas made his clear intention to join the Order of ○​ It is a substance because it acts, will, thinks, Preachers, a recently established fraternity of mendicants knows who devoted themselves to study and preaching the ○​ The soul’s possession of will and intellect Gospel (higher power) is intrinsic to it ​ For the young aristocrat to join such an order, as opposed ○​ The soul, however, is united with the body for its to be prominent Benedictines was an outright scandal to lower activity such as sensation the family from Aquino ○​ A soul cannot have perception in the absence of a body ○​ His brother kidnapped him and prisoned him in the castle to dissuade him from joining by giving ​ Aquinas maintains that although body and soul are united, a prostitute each has its substantial identity ​ He want on and studied in Paris and Cologne ​ Aquinas was under the mentorship of St. Albert the Great, the greatest scientist of the Middle Ages ​ The soul and body becomes substance only in terms of participation (participation of God) PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 13  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ○​ God is the only substance, the only ​ MIND IS THE IMAGE OF GOD IN MAN self-subsisting being ​ As long as there is a human body, there is also a soul THOMAS AQUINAS (except in death) ​ Summary ​ Followed Aristotle’s notion of man (he views human as ○​ substantially body and soul rational animals, capable of reasoning and moral ○​ The soul is the first principle action of the deliberation) human body (it gives life to the body) ​ He described the human person as a concrete (something ○​ The soul requires the body as the material you can perceive with your senses), existing human medium for its operations individual (exist right in front of you) ○​ The soul has operative functions (intellect and ​ A human person is a spiritual being because he is rational will - higher powers) based and corporeal being ○​ At death, intellect and will remain in the soul ○​ It is the rational soul that is the very basis of his which is immortal, simple and incorruptible spiritual capacity or faculties intelligence and will MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY (THEOCENTRIC) ​ Although the human person is composed of both body and soul, it is the spirit that affords him dignity AUGUSTINE ​ It is the spiritual component of the person that is made after God’s image ​ Always has a flaming heart ​ SOUL/SPIRIT IS THE IMAGE OF GOD IN MAN ​ My heart is restless unless I seek the truth ​ Influenced by Plato MODERN PHILOSOPHY (CERTITUDE) ​ The world was created by God the Supreme Being out of nothing and through his free act ​ A period in Western European philosophy spanning the ​ The human soul is spiritual (immaterial, no corpus/body), 17th and 18th centuries simple (no parts), and immortal (cause it’s ​ Most historians see the period as beginning with the 1641 immaterial/incorruptible) publications of Rene Descartes’ Meditationes de Prima ​ The soul has three functions: being (to exist or the Philosophiae (Meditations on First Philosophy) and ending appetitive, basic/simple), understanding (rational), and with the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, published loving (spiritual, emotion showing of care just like the in the 1780’s spirit) ​ During the Middle Ages, philosophy was the handmaiden ​ The three functions correspond to three faculties: of theology (Philosophy was a queen that used to explain memory, intelligence, and will concepts and to establish religion, Christianity), ○​ His heart is restless unless it’s restless in your O ​ Philosophy was doing a task that it had not originally set Lord out to do, i.e., to provide an intellectual and metaphysical ○​ He seeks truth, truth is God foundation for revealed religion (Christianity) ​ The most important among these faculties is the will ○​ Concepts of matter and form since this signifies the most important function of to love ○​ Seen in the Sacraments (Confirmation = Matter ​ But loving is related to understanding is to oil, Form is to words, Soul ​ Because the will is free, the soul tends to be restless ​ People wanted to reclaim the glory of Rome ​ The restlessness prompts the soul to search meaning and ​ The starting point was fixed by the doctrines of Christian truth theology, and the whole cultural almost atmosphere was ​ The search for Truth and meaning ultimate reaches God affected by the predominance of the church who is the Truth himself ​ The queen image is in the center with 7 rays which is the 7 ​ The divine spark in the human race is the source of this foundational liberal arts: restlessness and it will remain in a person until he returns ○​ Rhetoric to God after death ○​ Dialectics ​ The soul never cease to become restless until it finds ○​ Mathematics Truth, so after death ○​ Music ​ In order to return to God, man meets grace when man ○​ Geometry meets God ○​ Astronomy PHILOSOPHY WHY IS THIS SO HI renee RAP 14  INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON PHILOSOPHY SECOND SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 | SIR RAYCO ○​ Grammar reason and faith as natural abilities seen in man, and ​ All of these disciplines emanate from the Queen eventually paved way to new learnings and broadened the (Philosophy/Philosophiae) ideas human has. With that, because of humanism, man is ○​ Under her are philosophers like Socrates and capable to practice in arts, literature, and sciences with Plato the creativity and reasoning they have. These disciplines ​ By the close of the Middle Ages, the medieval marriage became centers of learning in Churches which brought out between philosophy and theology became strained, and the arts seen in its architecture, and scientists who are during the Renaissance, there was a decisive separation also Churchmen. between the two (not a total separation though) ​ ​ knowledge which the modern should turn ○​ Better answers to the questions nature of man THE RENAISSANCE ○​ Questions of how to achieve happiness ○​ Questions of the relationship between man and God ​ Also known as the “rebirth” ​ It was a time of rebirth and renewal; a time of release and ​ It was a foundation not only for culture of scholarship but discovery also encourages an approach to textual interpretation aimed at harmonizing and reconciling different ​ It was the rebirth of classical literature and art of greek and roman art and philosophy philosophical views (they had to bring back all these ancient texts) ​ It was a rebirth of learning in the letters, humanism and philosophy ​ Many of the greek classics made their way to Western Europe as the Greek libraries of the Eastern Roman Empire ​ During this period the natural abilities of the human person to reason independently of faith, was were moved to the west to be kept safe from the re-emphasized advancing Muslim armies ○​ Reason + Faith ​ Scholars began to want to read these classics, likewise those who wanted to study the Scriptures began to see ​ The renaissance marked the age of humanism (focus on human person) the need to study them in original Greek and Hebrew, not Latin ○​ Breakthrough from arts and science ○​ Fall of feudalism and rise of capitalism ​ This period opened up the society to other thoughts suc