Biologist Contributions to Cell Theory PDF

Biologist who contributed to the study of cells 1665 - Robert Hooke One of the scientists who contributed to the cell theory was an English polymath named Robert Hooke. -​ Responsible for coining the term “cell” that is used nowadays. -​ When he was observing pieces of cork under a microscope...

Biologist who contributed to the study of cells 1665 - Robert Hooke One of the scientists who contributed to the cell theory was an English polymath named Robert Hooke. -​ Responsible for coining the term “cell” that is used nowadays. -​ When he was observing pieces of cork under a microscope, he observed small rooms, which he coined as cellula, the Latin word small room. 1680s - Anton van Leeuwenhoek -​ Dutch Microbiologist -​ Regarded as the Father of MIcroscopy due to his observation of living cells. -​ Credited as being the first person to see single-celled organisms under the microscope, which he termed as animalcules. -​ Animalcules became known as bacteria in the 1800s. 1831 - Robert Brown -​ Scottish botanist -​ His contribution to cell theory was his cellular theory of plants. -​ While studying and breeding his plants, Brown noticed ovals inside the plant cells while observing pollen grains fertilizing a plant. -​ He observed that the pollen was moving in and out of the ovals. -​ Eventually became known as the nucleus in plants.​ 1838 - Mathias Schliden -​ German Botanist -​ Was studying plant cells through a microscope. -​ His research was able to contribute to Brown’s cellular theory of plants by proposing that cells are the basic unit of life in plants. 1839 - Theodor Schwann -​ German physiologist, was friends with Schliden who he met through working together in another scientist laboratory. -​ His work focused on studying animal cells under the microscope. -​ Through his research he extended Schlidens’s hypothesis to include animals as well. -​ Proposing that animal tissues are made up of cells 1839 - Rudolf Virchow -​ German physician -​ Saw that diseased cells divide to produce more diseased cells. -​ He opposed the idea of spontaneous generation, where living cells come from nonliving matter. -​ Believed that every living cell originates from another living cell The Domains of life Prokaryotes -​ Bacteria And Archaea -​ Singled celled microorganisms lacking nucleus -​ Simple -​ Unicellular -​ Microscopic -​ No membrane bound -​ Plius, Plasmid, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Cytoplasmic membrane, Cell wall, Capsule, Nucleoid, Flagellum Eukaryote -​ Complex -​ Unicellular or Multicellular -​ Has membrane bound -​ Large (Microscopic or Visible) An organelle is a specialized structure in eukaryotic cells, performing specific functions that contributes to different cell activities. Nucleus -​ Is a membrane bound organelle that contains genetic information of an organism in the form of chromosomes. -​ It regulates cellular functions like growth and repair. -​ Vital for cell division, process in which cells duplicate. Nuclear envelope Separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cytoplasm. Provides structure for the nucleus. Nucleolus Responsible for producing ribosomes. Where the ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed Chromatin Hair-like structure found in the nucleoplasm of a cell. These are loosely coiled chromosomes. Nucleoplasm Plays a vital role in transporting materials necessary for cell metabolism. Helps maintain the structure of the nucleus. Red blood cells are anucleate, cells that lack a nucleus. Provides more space to contain more oxygen carrying hemoglobin and allow it to pass through narrow blood cells. Endoplasmic Reticulum -​ Is a network of tubules and flattened sacs that extends from nuclear membranes throughout cytoplasm. -​ Plays an important role in the transportation of materials in the cell. -​ (ER) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum -​ Is connected to the nuclear membrane and has ribosomes attached to its outer surface. -​ Rough ER is involved in synthesizing proteins. -​ (RER) Ribosome -​ Are small structures that are either attached to the membrane of RER or float freely in the cytoplasm. -​ Ribosomes attached to the RER plays an important role in making proteins that are usually transported out of the cell while free ribosomes make proteins that are used within the cytoplasm. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum -​ Is connected to the RER and does not have ribosomes attached to its membrane. -​ It synthesizes substances such as fats and steroids. -​ Responsible for detoxification(converts harmful substances into harmless substances -​ (SER) Large amounts of ER are found in liver cells and one of its main functions is to detoxify products. Golgi Apparatus -​ Known as Golgi Body -​ Consists of a series of flattened compartments enclosed by membranes -​ Transports packages and chemically modifies substances made by endoplasmic reticulum -​ It uses vesicles to store and transport substances out of the cell Mitochondria -​ (singular: mitochondrion) are energy-gathering organelles that power the cell's biochemical reactions. -​ Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores the chemical energy -​ Heart has a large amount of mitochondria SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES OF AN ANIMAL CELL Vacuoles -​ Is a fluid-filled sac enclosed by a partially permeable membrane -​ Stores food, water and chemicals for the cell -​ Contains numerous vacuoles Lysosomes -​ Are specialized vacuoles containing hydrolytic enzymes. -​ Used to digest worn out cell parts and macromolecules (lipids,carbohydrates and proteins) Centrioles -​ Are paired barrel-shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm. -​ A key role in organizing microtubules that serves as its framework -​ Important in cell division because it produces spindle fibers and it helps divide chromosomes equally. Cytoskeleton -​ Maintains the shape of the cell. -​ Cytoskeleton filaments such as Cilia and Flagella, facilitate cell movement. -​ Cilia - short hairlike structures that enable a rapid rotational movement. -​ Flagella - are long hair-like structures that enable slow wave-like movements. SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES OF A PLANT CELL Cell wall -​ Is fully permeable -​ Made of cellulose fibers which makes it stiff and strong. -​ Serves as the skeletal framework of the cell Chloroplast -​ Contains green pigment called Chlorophyll. -​ Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis.