L1. Intro to Biology and The Cell PDF

WHAT IS BIOLOGY?  BIOLOGY Simply defined as the “study of life”. Comes from the Greek words: Bios (Life) and Logos (Study of)  Father of Biology Father of Modern Biology Aristotle Charles Darwin  THE CELL JAIRA AN...

WHAT IS BIOLOGY?  BIOLOGY Simply defined as the “study of life”. Comes from the Greek words: Bios (Life) and Logos (Study of)  Father of Biology Father of Modern Biology Aristotle Charles Darwin  THE CELL JAIRA ANGELINE T. BALISI Department of Environmental Science College of Science Tarlac State University What is a Cell?  Some Properties of Life (Campbell, 2005) Evolutionary Response to Order adaptation Environment Energy Regulation Reproduction Processing Growth and Development A Hierarchy of Biological Organization WHAT TOOL IS BEING USED TO STUDY THE CELL? THE MICROSCOPE  Some scientists that contributed to the discovery of the cell and its parts Hans and Zaccharias Janssen Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek Matthias Schleiden Theodore Schwann Rudolf Virchow  Hans and Zaccharias Janssen inventing the compound optical microscope. Robert Hooke Developed the first rudimentary microscope (1665); Observed cork oak bark and named it cellulae. Anton van Leeuwenhoek made a more advanced microscope and reported seeing a myriad of microscopic “animalcules” in water. The Cell Theory The study of cells is called cytology. Proposes that nucleated cells are the basic structure of plants and animals. THE CELL THEORY First concept by Matthias Schleiden (1838) then by Theodor Schwann (1839); both work demonstrated that cells form the basic unit of life of plants and animals. THE CELL THEORY Rudolf Virchow concluded that all living organisms are the sum of single cellular units and that cells multiply. His arguments led to the basic postulates of the modern cell theory: 1. All living substance is localized in cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. 3. Cells replicate to make more cells. 4. A unicellular organism can exist as a single cell. 5. A multicellular organism is an aggregate of individual cells at similar levels of organization.  THE PARTS OF A CELL (STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION)  Nucleus Major Parts of Cell Membrane the Cell Cytoplasm  THE CYTOPLASM It is the gel-like fluid inside the cell that provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell.  THE CELL MEMBRANE Phospholipid bilayer = It has a head end facing the inside and outside of the cell, and tail end facing each other Functions: (1) to be a barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out and (2) to be a gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products  is the control center of the cell (how cell will function and have its structures) formed by a nuclear membrane around a fluid nucleoplasm. Threads of chromatin in the nucleus THE NUCLEUS contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material of the cell. The nucleolus is a dense region of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus and is the site of ribosome formation.  OTHER CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM RIBOSOMES GOLGI APPARATUS/BODY LYSOSOME MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST and CELL WALL (PLANT CELL) CENTRIOLE and MICROTUBULES (ANIMAL CELL)  Subcellular Part: ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM An enclosed membrane that forms an interconnected network of flattened sacs. Smooth - lacks ribosomes; lipid and carbohydrate synthesis for building of cell membrane; involved in transportation of vesicles, enzyme production in the liver, contraction of muscle cells in the muscle, and synthesis of hormones in the brain cells. Rough - contains ribosomes; manufacture various proteins in the cell; involved in the production of antibodies, insulin as well as transportation of proteins into the smooth ER.  Subcellular Part: RIBOSOMES Tiny organelles that contains RNA and specific proteins within the cytoplasm. They directly involved in the manufacture of proteins by using their RNA and amino acids.  Subcellular Part: GOLGI APPARATUS/BODY known as the packaging plant of a cell. The primary function of this organelle is to process and package the macromolecules, which would include proteins and lipids, after their synthesis but before they make their way to their destination.  Subcellular Part: LYSOSOME like little stomachs moving around the cytoplasm. They break up waste materials and cellular debris and function as a garbage collector of the cell.  Subcellular Part: MITOCHONDRIA (pl.) one of the largest organelles within the cell. Contains the DNA which makes them semiautonomous in function = generate ATP in respiration. It also contains a double membrane and known as the powerhouse of the cell. Subcellular Part: CHLOROPLAST and CELL WALL Chloroplast - convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process. Cell wall - structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.  Subcellular Part: CENTRIOLES contain the microtubules that help separate chromosomes and move them during cell division among animals.  Subcellular Part: MICROTUBULES long, hollow tubes serves as girders and give the cell it shapes. They may also help send signals from membrane to nucleus.  Campbell, N. A. and Reece, J. B. (2005). Biology. 7th edition. Pearson, Benjamin, Cummings. PIE ISBN 0-321-27045-5-2 Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN. (2020). General Biology 1. Self-lLearhning Module (SLM). Moduke 2: The Baisc Unit of REFERENCES: Life First Edition, 2020. Gehringer, M. (N. d). Cell Theory, Properties of Cells and their Diversity (Vol. II). FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). Retrieved from: https://www.eolss.net/sample- chapters/c03/E6-51-02-01.pdf  LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 1: CELL OBSERVATION TO BRING BY GROUP: -ALCOHOL -TOOTHPICK -GLASS SLIDES AND COVER TO BORROW AT SCHOOL: -COMPOUND MICROSCOPE -METHYLENE BLUE  REVIEW: THE PARTS AND FUNCTION OF A MICROSCOPE