Alkaline Earth Metals PDF

B2 GROUP11A THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS **Bivalent 2+** Reactions: M+H2O\>H2+M(OH)2 M+H2\>MH2\ M(OH)2+HEAT\>MO+H2O **SOLUBILITY**\ -Hydroxide salts are **less** water soluble than those of alkalis -Carbonates, sulfate, phosphates and fluoride salts are INSOLUBLE in water\ \ B2.1 Calcium **Calci...

B2 GROUP11A THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS **Bivalent 2+** Reactions: M+H2O\>H2+M(OH)2 M+H2\>MH2\ M(OH)2+HEAT\>MO+H2O **SOLUBILITY**\ -Hydroxide salts are **less** water soluble than those of alkalis -Carbonates, sulfate, phosphates and fluoride salts are INSOLUBLE in water\ \ B2.1 Calcium **Calcium**\ -Discovered by Sir Humpry Davy (through **electrolysis**) -**Brick Red** in non-luminous flame\ -Ca?2 ion -2nd most abundant cation in ECF\ -Pharmacology Action: Nerve Transmission Proper Cardiac function Blood coagulation Structural basis of skeleton 1. - 2. -Most Abundant and widely distributed Calcium salt\ -Forms: Amorphous- chalk Crystalline- Limestone, marble -used as building material **-precipitated calcium carbonate** -precipitated salt -external: as dentifrice (tooth powder) to mild abrasive property -internal: antacid **-prepared chalk** -drop chalk -antacid 3. -urinary acidifier **-ringer's solution** -isotonic solution of three chlorides -Ca, Na and k Chlorides **-LACTATED RINGER'S SOLUTION** -Ca, Na and k chlorides + sodium lactate 4. -calcium supplement 5. 6. 7. -vleminckx Solution -lime+sublimed sulfer -treatment for acne 8. -source of calcium and phosphorus -can be supplied with Vitamin D\> increases Ca absorption 9. - - - 10. - - 11. - - 12. - - **B2.2 Strontium** **Strontium** **-**isolated by sir humphry Davy (through electrolysis) -Found in nature in the form of sulfate (barite, heavy spar) -Crimson red in non-luminous flame -Similar with Ca+2 ion but has weaker effect and less toxic 1. - 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. - - - 4. 5. 6. - - - - - - - 1. - - - - 2. 3. - **- Magnesia magma** - - 4. - - 5. 6. - - 7. - - 8. 9. - - **B3 GROUP 1B THE COINAGE METALS** **GENERAL PROPERTIES** -Cu, Ag, Au \- employed for ornamental and coinage purposes -"Noble metals" \- Occur free in nature \- Chemically inert \- Slowly oxidized in air \- Malleable and ductile **- Best Metals for electrical conductivity** \- 1st Ag\> 2nd Cu\> 3rd Au **- Best Metals for heat conductivity** **-**1st Ag\>2nd Au\>3rd Cu -**Possess oligodynamic effect** -toxic effect of metals on microbes **B3.1 Copper** **Copper** - - - - **-Menke's Disease** **-**Cu deficiency **-Wilson's Disease** **-**Cu Toxicity **-Hepatolenticular degeneration** -Antidote British Anti-lewisite (BAL) or dimercaprol -Penicillamine **-Copper alloys** \- Brass-Cu+Zn \- Bronze\_ Cu+Sn \- German silver-Cu+Zn+Ni -Sterling-Cu+Ag 1. 2. - - - 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. - - **B3.2 Silver** **Silver** -Latin name Argentum "shining" \- white metal with metallic luster -Ag+ ion -Protein precipitant Colloidal silver preparations -Antiseptic, astingent -iritant, corrosive **-Argyria\ **-darkening of skin due to long period of use silver preparations 1. - - - - - - 2. - - - 3. - - - 4. - 5. - 6. - 7. - 8. - 9. - - \-\-- Antiseptics \- Copper compounds \- Cupric citrate: Astringent antiseptic. \- Bordeaux mixture (CuSO₄ + CaO): Algaecide and fungicide. \- Silver compounds \- Silver nitrate: Eye antiseptic for newborn babies. \- Silver nitrate pencil (luna caustic): Antiseptic. \- Mild silver protein (Silvol, Argyrol): Mild antiseptic. \- Strong silver protein (Protargol): Strong antiseptic. \- Colloidal silver chloride & iodide: Antiseptic. \- Silver sulfadiazine: Prophylaxis for infections in burn wounds. \- Silver bromide: Antiseptic. \- Silver oxide: Antiseptic. \- Silver picrate (Picragol, Picrotol): Antiseptic. \-\-- Antacids \- Calcium compounds \- Calcium carbonate: Antacid. \- Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime): Antacid. \- Magnesium compounds \- Magnesium carbonate (Magnesia alba): Antacid, laxative. \- Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of magnesia): Antacid with mild laxative effect. \- Magnesium oxide (Magnesia): Antacid, laxative. \- Magnesium trisilicate: Antacid with adsorbent and protective properties. \-\-- Laxatives/Cathartics \- Magnesium compounds \- Magnesium carbonate: Laxative. \- Magnesium citrate: Laxative/cathartic. \- Magnesium hydroxide: Antacid with mild laxative effect. \- Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt): Saline cathartic. \-\-- Sedatives \- Calcium compounds \- Calcium bromide: Sedative. \- Strontium compounds \- Strontium bromide: Sedative. \-\-- Disinfectants and Bleaching Agents \- Calcium compounds \- Bleaching powder (Chlorinated lime): Disinfectant and bleaching agent. \- Calcium oxide (lime, quicklime): Used in making insecticides. \-\-- Radiopaque Contrast Media \- Barium sulfate; Used as an oral or rectal contrast medium for radiographic studies. \-\-- Astringents \- Copper compounds \- Cupric citrate: Astringent. \- Silver compounds \- Mild silver protein: Mild astringent. \-\-- Insecticides \- Calcium compounds \- Calcium oxide (quicklime): Used in making insecticides. \-\-- Absorbents \- Barium compounds \- Barium hydroxide (Baryta water): CO₂ absorbent. \- Silver compounds \- Silver oxide: CO₂ absorbent. \-\-- Depilatory (Hair Removal) Agents \- Barium sulfide; Used as a depilatory agent to remove hair from the skin. \-\-- Calcium Supplements \- Calcium compounds \- Calcium gluconate: Calcium supplement. \- Dibasic calcium phosphate: Source of calcium and phosphorus, often combined with Vitamin D for better Ca absorption. \- Tribasic calcium phosphate: Bone ash, used as an antacid and calcium supplement. \-\-- Other Medical and Industrial Uses \- Copper compounds \- Blue vitriol (CuSO₄·5H₂O): Component of Fehling's and Benedict's solutions (detecting reducing sugars), emetic, antidote for phosphorus poisoning. \- Cupric hydrogen arsenite (Scheele's mineral): Swedish green, used as a pigment. \- Cupric acetoarsenite (Paris green): Parrot green, used as a pigment. \- Barium compounds \- Barium chloride: Treatment for Stokes-Adams disease (heart-block), veterinary use (constipation in horses), rat poison. \- Barium nitrate: Used in pyrotechnics (manufacturing green line). \- Barium oxide: Used in hydrogen peroxide manufacturing. \- Magnesium compounds \- Magnesium trisilicate: Antacid with emulsifying and protective properties. \- Silver compounds \- Silver picrate (Picragol, Picrotol): Used as an antiseptic and potentially for medical conditions related to silver deficiency. -