Public Health Administration Unit 1 PDF

UNIT 1: Introduction to Public Health Administration MR. KEVIN BANCUD 1st SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2024-2025 BSPH 3A COLLEGE OF...

UNIT 1: Introduction to Public Health Administration MR. KEVIN BANCUD 1st SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2024-2025 BSPH 3A COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES EDWIN CHADWICK  Carried out report in 1842 “The Sanitary Condition of  Galen (130-205 AD) the Labouring Population” Disease is due to predisposing, exciting and  The government ignored the report environmental factors (Epidemiological Triad)  New government introduced “Public Health Act of His teachings remained unquestioned for 1400 1848” to encourage local authorities to improve years condition in their area PUBLIC HEALTH IN MIDDLE AGES  However they had to get support of local ratepayers to do this *as the government runs with the tax of the  Physicians shall inform the authorities before people during 18th century undertaking any treatment which may involve danger to the life of the patient. If as a result of the treatment, JOHN SNOW AND CHOLERA the patient dies or is physically deformed, the doctor  Snow was a British physician who is considered one of shall be punished the founders of epidemiology for his work identifying  Any doctor treating a severely wounded person or one the source of a cholera outbreak in 1854. suffering from unwholesome food or drink shall report  At the time, it was assumed that cholera was airborne. the fact to the government. If he makes a report, he However, Snow did not accept this ‘miasma’ (bad air) shall not be accused of any crime. If he does not, he theory, arguing that in fact entered the body through shall be charged with the same offense (which he the mouth. He published his ideas in an essay ‘On the helped conceal) Mode of Communication of Cholera’ in 1849. A few PUBLIC HEALTH IN MIDDLE AGES years later, Snow was able to prove his theory in dramatic circumstances.  Saw deterioration of Roman infrastructure  No new knowledge was added 1875 PUBLIC HEALTH ACT  Epidemic of plague (black death) in 14th century  All towns were forced to provide clean water, proper  Diseases were widely viewed as inescapable drainage and sewers  Response was a manifestation of survival of health  Also had to appoint a Medical Officer of Health  Italy was an example of successful measures for  Why did this happen? epidemic control  Isolation of patients, cleaning of areas with lime, WHY? burning of rat infested areas.  New voters CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH Where working class man had vote in 1967  Scientific developments by Pasteur  Statistics William Farr used birth and date rates to prove link between unhealthy living conditions and high death rates  Education In 1870, local authorities forced to set up new schools. Health education taught in many of these. PUBLIC HEALTH IN ANCIENT TIMES PUBLIC HEALTH  Romans inherited the theory from Greeks  The science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging Sewage disposal life and promoting health and efficiency through Keen sense of sanitation organized community effort” Baths, sewers, and aqueducts were constructed Charles-Edward Amory Winslow (1920) RYKERBEIU  UNIT 1: Introduction to Public Health Administration MR. KEVIN BANCUD 1st SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2024-2025 BSPH 3A COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES 21ST CENTURY  Fight against communicable diseases such as common cold, Hepatitis A-D, chickenpox, SARS, flu, mumps,  2002 malaria, herpes, STD, measles National health policy launched  Projects and activities:  2003 Garbage crematory Tobacco control Legislation First sanitary ordinance and rat control  2005 Cholera vaccine was first tried Increasing realization of need for intersectoral Confirmed that plague in man comes from infected coordination rat  2008 Opened the UP College of Medicine Non-communicable disease Program Establishes Bureau of Science  2011 Geriatric health program launched PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY (1907-0916) HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES BASED ON  Hygiene and Physiology were included in curriculum of SOCIO-POLITICAL PERIODS public elementary school  Anti-TB campaign was started PRE-AMERICAN OCCUPATION (UP TO 1898  Philippine Tuberculosis Society was organized  1577  Opening of PGH (Philippine General Hospital) Public health began at the old Franciscan Convent  Use of anti-typhoid vaccine was initiated in Intramuros where Fr. Juan Clemente put up  Dry vaccine against small pox was first use dispensary for treating indigents in Manila in San JONES LAW YEARS (1916-1936) Juan de Dios Hospital DURING SPANISH TIME  Retrogression rather then progression in so far as the health was concern  Creation of Vaccinators to prevent Smallpox Increase CDR  Creation of Board of Health Increase IMR  First medical school in the Philippines – UST Increase Morbidity  School of Midwifery  Increase deaths from smallpox, cholera, typhoid,  Public Health Laboratory malaria and TB  Forensic Medicine  They recognized the health service and encouraged effective supervision HOSPITAL BEFORE THE AMERICANS CAME TO PHILIPPINES Study the cause and prevalence of typhoid fever Schick Test was used to determine the causes of  General Hospitals diptheria San Juan de Dios Hospital Campaign against Hookworm was launched Chinese General Hospital Anti-dysentery vaccine was first tried Hospicio de San Jose in Cavite First training course for sanitary inspector was Casa dela Caridad in Cebu given Enfermeria de Sta. Cruz in Laguna Women and child labor law was passed  Contagious Hospitals Mechanisms of transmission of dengue fever San Lazaro Hospital through Aedes aegypti was studied Hospital de Palestina in Camarines Sur Establishment of School of Hygiene and Public Hospital delos Lesporosos in Cebu Health Hospital de Argencina in Manila for smallpox and National Research Council of the Philippines was cholera organized AMERICAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT (1898-1907) BS in Education Major in Health Education was opened in UP  Control of epidemics such as cholera, small pox and (PPHA) Philippine Public Health Association was plague organized RYKERBEIU  UNIT 1: Introduction to Public Health Administration MR. KEVIN BANCUD 1st SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2024-2025 BSPH 3A COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1936-1941) o The Philippines was the first country to implement PHC  The epidemiology of life-threatening disease was Launching of Operation Timbang and Mothercraft studied – diphtheria, yaws, dengue o Nationwide program providing supplementary  Research in the field of health was promoted food for infants, pre-school and school children  UP School of Public Health was established o NUTRIBUN – bread with vitamins  Development of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Progress in Public Health research  1939 o RITM – Research Institute for Tropical Creation of Dept. of Public Health and Welfare Medicine Dr. Jose Fabella as the First secretary o PCHRD – Philippine Council for Health Research  1940 and Development Bureau of Census and Statistics was created to EDSA REVOLUTION (1986 TO PRESENT) gather vital statistics JAPANESE OCCUPATION / WORLD WAR II (1941-1945)  From Ministry of Health, it was renamed again as Department of Health  During this time, all public health activities were  Increase in life expectancy slowed down practically paralyzed  Increased incidence of malnutrition  Increase incidence of TB, venereal diseases, malaria,  Declined practice of family planning leprosy and malnutrition AQUINO ADMINISTRATION POST WORLD WAR II (1945-1972  1987 Constitution  Philippine Independence More provisions on health making comprehensive  Completion of a research on health care available Dichlorodiphenyltricholorothanel (DDT – as  Major activities: larvicidal/insecticide to control malaria) Milk Code – required the marketing of breast feed  Introduction of one-infection method for gonorrhea milk substitute with penicillin Universal child and mother immunization  Manila was selected as Headquarters for World Health Republic Act 6725 – Act of prohibiting Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Office discrimination against women  Strengthening Health and Dental services in rural areas NESS – National Epidemic Surveillance System (per municipalities with 5,000 – 10,000 population) Republic Act of 6675 – National Drug Policy and 1 Municipal Health Officer Generics Act 1 Public Health Nurse Republic Act of 7170 – Organ Donation Act 1 Midwife RAMOS ADMINISTRATION 1 Sanitary Inspector  “Health in the Hands of People” and “Let’s DOH it” – by MARTIAL LAW YEARS Sen. Juan Flavier  Creation of National Economic Development Authority  Memorable initiative during leadership of Flavier  Department of Health was renamed as Ministry of National Immunization Day Health (MOH) o BCG – (Bacille Calmette-Guerin)  Accomplished during this period: o DPT – (Diphtheria, Pertussis [whooping cough] Formulation of National Health Plan and Tetanus) o Philippine Heart Center o OPV – Oral Polio Vaccine o Lung Center o MMR – Immunization shot against measles, o Kidney Center mumps, and rubella (also called German o Lungsod ng Kabataan/Philippine Children Measles) Medical Center Promotion of Traditional Medicine – Herbal Adaptation of the Primary Health Care Medicine Yosi Kadiri RYKERBEIU  UNIT 1: Introduction to Public Health Administration MR. KEVIN BANCUD 1st SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2024-2025 BSPH 3A COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES Araw ng Sangkap Pinoy – aimed to prevent Vitamin CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC HEALTH A, Iron, and Iodine deficiency Voluntary Blood Donation Program  It deals with preventive rather than curative aspects of Kung Sila’y Mahal Mo Magplano – Family Planning health Program  It deals with population level-rather than individual- Doctors to the Barrio level health issues LAWS WHAT IS COMMUNITY?  Executive Order No. 39  It is a group of people with common characteristics or Which created the Philippines National AIDS Council interests living together within a territory or as a national policy and advisory body in the geographical (physical) boundary. prevention and control of HIV-AIDS COMMUNITY AS CLIENT  Republic Act of 7719 National Blood Services Act of 1994, this to World views on community: promote voluntary blood donation  Family, community and society  Republic Act of 8172  Contradictions/Conflicts Salt Iodization Nationwide (ASIN), providing salt  Change iodization nationwide approved in 1996 and renamed FIDEL (Fortified for Iodine Elimination) FAMILY, COMMUNITY, AND SOCIETY WHAT IS PUBLIC HEALTH?  Individual Patient – an individual who is sick  Public health is the combination of science, skills, and Client – an individual who is well/not sick beliefs that is directed to the maintenance and  Family improvement of the health of all people through Role/Relationship – parents, bi-parenting collective or social actions *Mother is expected to have the ability to provide  Public health activities change will changing care and usually takes the role of keeping the technology and social values, but the goals remain the family well and healthy by combining: same: to reduce the amount of disease, premature a. Knowledge death, and disease-produced discomfort and disability b. Attitudes in the population c. Skills  Public health is thus a social institution, a discipline,  Community and a practice CHN serves up to this level only PUBLIC HEALTH Everything that affects the individual affects the family and eventually the community.  Ecological (environmental) in perspective (viewpoint), multi-sectoral (division) in scope and collaborative (2 CONTRADICTIONS / CONFLICTS: way) in strategy People in the community are always in constant conflict  It aims to improve the health of community through an and faced with contradictions: organized (planned) community effort  The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging  Individual life and promoting health the organized efforts and Intrapersonal conflicts (conflict within the informed choices of society, organizations, public and person/personal conflicts) private communities and individuals  Family  It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a Interfamilial conflicts (conflict within the community based on population health analysis person/personal conflicts  Public health is typically divided into epidemiology,  Community biostatistics and health services Intercommunity (interfamilial conflicts)  Environmental, social, behavioral, and occupational  Society health and other important subfields Intra-societal conflicts (intercommunity conflicts) RYKERBEIU  UNIT 1: Introduction to Public Health Administration MR. KEVIN BANCUD 1st SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2024-2025 BSPH 3A COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES IN THE PHILIPPINES, NEGATIVE REGIONAL STEREOTYPING IS Culture and social interactions also influence how a VERY COMMON SUCH AS: person perceives, experiences, and copes with health and illness  Ilocanos – kuripot  Social Support Networks Positive: call them resourceful Political/systems of governance; religion/church;  Kapampangans – mayabang mass media Positive: maybe they are assertive/artistic  Bioclanos – malibog REPUBLIC ACT. 7160 Positive: could be loving/warm hearted  The Local Government Code of 1991 which resulted in  Bisaya – aswang devolution, which transferred the power and authority Positive: they are mysterious/interesting people form the national to the local government units, aimed  Mindanaoans – mamamatay tao to build their capabilities for self-government and Positive: brave/courageous develop them fully as self-reliant communities CHANGE AGENT-HOST ENVIRONMENT MODEL  Is inevitable (unavoidable) because a community is  The interplay of agent (causative/etiologic factor), host dynamic (active, full of life) and is always changing (possessing intrinsic factors), and the environment (not static) (extrinsic factors)  A CH worker should constantly assess the community to come up with suitable interventions (actions are ETIOLOGIC FACTORS responsive to the people’s needs)  Biological Agents VARIABLES INFLUENCING HEALTH STATUS, BELIEFS, AND Virus PRACTICES Fungi Bacteria INTERNAL VARIABLES Helminthes Include those which are usually non-modifiable such as: Protozoa  Chemical Elements  Biologic Dimension Carcinogens: BBQ Genetic makeup, sex, age, and developmental level Poisons: MSG all significant to a person’s health Allergens: Some seafood  Psychological Dimension Transfats: Junkfoods Emotional factors which include mind-body  Nutritive Elements interactions and self-concept Excesses and or deficiencies  Cognitive Dimension E.g., Marasmus & Kwashiorkor Intellectual factors which include lifestyle choices  Mechanical Factors and spiritual and religious beliefs Accidents EXTERNAL VARIABLES  Physical As when one is struck (strike) by lightning  Environment  Psychological Geographical locations determine climate, and Such as stress climate affects health; environmental hazards  Economics WHAT IS COMMUNITY HEALTH? Standards of living reflecting occupation, income,  A part of paramedical and medical intervention or and education is related to health, morbidity, and approach which is concerned with the health of the mortality whole population  Family and Cultural Beliefs  A discipline that concerns with the study and The family passes on life patterns of daily living betterment of the health characteristics of biological and lifestyles to offsprings (e.g., physical/emotional communities abuse or climate of open communication)  It aims are: RYKERBEIU  UNIT 1: Introduction to Public Health Administration MR. KEVIN BANCUD 1st SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2024-2025 BSPH 3A COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES Health promotion PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH Prevention of disease Management of factors affecting health  Define the health problem  Identity risk factors associated with the problem PUBLIC HEALTH (DEFINITIONS)  Develop and test community-level interventions to control or prevent the cause or the problem  Major concepts of Public Health  Implement interventions to improve the health of the Health promotion and disease prevention population People’s participation towards self-reliance: active and full involvement with people in the decision-  Monitor those interventions to assess their making effectiveness o Assessment, planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation  Dr. C.E. Winslow The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging live, promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort.  Hanlon It is dedicated to the common attainment of the highest level of physical, mental and social well-  Requires the collection, analysis, and interpretation of being and longevity consistent with available data to define the problem and outline: knowledge and resources at a given time and What place. It holds this goal as its contribution to the Where most effective total development and life on the When individual and this society (Holistic) Who ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH FUNCTIONS How  After implementing the cycle begins again, but this time  Monitor health status to identify community health to evaluate the program results problems Did the strategy work as intended?  Diagnose and investigate health problems and health Were the results as expected? hazards in the community If yes, can you expand or replicate the program  Inform, educate, and empower people about health If no, do you abandon or revise and try again? issues  Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems  Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts  Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety  Link people and regulations that protect health and ensure safety  Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable  Assure a competent public health care workforce  Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services  Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems RYKERBEIU  UNIT 1: Introduction to Public Health Administration MR. KEVIN BANCUD 1st SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2024-2025 BSPH 3A COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES RYKERBEIU