Grade 8 Social Studies Textbook PDF

Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook America In 1958, from Cape Canaveral (now called Cape Kennedy), Florida, the United States orbited its first satellite. The End of the Cold War Startup...

Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook America In 1958, from Cape Canaveral (now called Cape Kennedy), Florida, the United States orbited its first satellite. The End of the Cold War Startup question Who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, and why did he attempt to end the Cold War? The cold war ended as a result of the two successful meetings between President Ronald Reagan of the USA and president Mikhail Gorbachev of the USSR. Michael Gorbachev promised to improve living standards of the people and industrial efficiency of Russia, and he began to follow a policy called glasnost, in which he allowed more freedom of speech and the press. Finally by 1991, the Cold War was Figure 4.13 the end of the cold war clearly over. Activity 4.5 A. Questions based on facts What were the main features of the cold war? Which nations were the members of North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Treaty Organization? Which Nation possessed Nuclear weapon for the first time? Mention types of missiles. Which country placed the first satellite into the orbit around the earth? B. Things to do: Locate the following on the world map Communist Blocs and Capitalist Blocs 113 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Summary " In the 15th century, Portugal and Spain began the great discovery. The main factors that encouraged these discoveries were trade with the east, European interest about the Far East and scientific progress. The routes were to the Far East, tip of South Africa, East Africa, South and North Africa. " Renaissance was a period of approximately 300 years. It began with the rediscovery of the Greco-Roman civilization. The Renaissance spread from Italy to other European countries. A well- known individual were played a pivotal role in arts, science and literature. " Reformation was a religious movement against the Roman Catholic Church. The causes were worldliness, nepotism, simony and sale of indulgences. In 1517 Martin Luther condemned the sale of indulgences and denounced papal agents selling them in Germany, but the church tried to defend itself by the council of Trent and established the Society of Jesus. " Industrial revolution was began in England around 1750. It has two stages. There were great achievements in machine, production, transportation, communication, and new energy sources. " The fundamental cause of the WWI were nationalism, Imperialism, alliance formation and militarism. The immediate cause was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist. Finally, German and her Allies were defeated and lost many things in the Versailles treaty. " The Second World War started by Axis powers. The fundamental causes of the war were totalitarianism, militarism, nationalism and imperialism. The immediate cause of the war was the invasion of Poland by Germany. Finally, German and its allies Italy and Japan were defeated in 1945. " The Cold War was the war by propaganda, diplomacy, scientific, economic computation and espionage between capitalist bloc and communist bloc. 114 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Glossary Blitzkrieg is also called ‘lightning war’: - a Maginot line:- a line of defensive military tactic employed by the Germans fortifications built before World War II to in WWII, which was especially successful protect the eastern border of France. in campaigns against Poland, France, and Missiles:an object which is forcibly Russia. propelled at a target, either by hand or from Capitalism: a system of economic a mechanical weapon. organization, based on marketcomputation, Nepotism: appointing relatives to church underwhich the means of production, offices regardless of ability. distribution and exchange are privately Ninety Five Theses:is a list of propositions owned and directed by individuals or for an academic disputation written in corporations. 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral Circumnavigate: is the complete navigation theology at the University of Wittenberg, around an entire island,continent, or Germany. astronomical body. Nuclear:is released in significant amounts in Communism: a social and political ideology processes that affect atomic nuclei, the dense advocating that authority and property cores of atoms. should be vested in the community. Reformation:a 16th-century movement for Discover : find something to be the first the reform of abuses in the Roman Church person to become aware of that a particular ending in the establishment of the Reformed place or thing exists · and Protestant Churches. Glasnost: mean increased openness and Renaissance: is a term used to describe the transparency in government, institutions and rebirth of learning. It was an intellectual activities in the Soviet Union (USSR). movement. Ideology:is a set of beliefs or philosophies Revolution:a forcible overthrow of a attributed to a person or group of persons, government or social order or long lasting Imperialism:is the state policy, practice, culture in favor of a new system. or advocacy of extending power and Sale of indulgences: accepting money for dominion, especially by direct territorial church pardons, called indulgences, without acquisition or by gaining political and requiring true repentance. These pardons economic control of other territories and were granted to reduce punishment in the peoples. hereafter for certain sins. Luftwaffe:(German:“air weapon”) Simony: selling appointments to Church component of the German armed forces offices. tasked with the air defense of Germany Worldliness: the luxurious and materialistic and fulfillment of the country’s airpower commitments abroad. life of certain Popes and high clergy. 115 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook REVIEW QUESTION I. True or False Item Instruction: write "True" if the statement is correct or write "False" if it is wrong. 1. The Portuguese sea captain who first reached at the tip of South Africa was Prince Henry the Navigator. 2. The immediate reason for Luther’s protest against the Catholic Church was Simony. 3. The Marshal plan was to limit European armaments. 4. The beginner of the great discovery was Portugal. 5. During World War I Japan was joined with Germany. II. Matching Item Instruction: match items in column B with items in column A. "A" "B" 1. Vasco da Gama A. Romeo and Juliet 2. Ferdinand Magellan B. Mona Lisa 3. William Shakespeare C. The Society of Jesus 4. Leonardo da Vinci D. Landed at India 5. Ignatius Loyola E. Circumnavigated the World III. Multiple Choice Item Instruction: choose the correct answer for the following questions. 1. An important feature of the Renaissance was a. The teaching of Jesus c. The literature of Greece & Rome b. The discovery of new world d. The Greece invasion of Far East 2. The authority of the Catholic church was strengthened by a. the translation the Bible b. the election of new Pope c. the assassination of Catholic leaders d. the Council of Trent 116 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook 3. Which nation was the first to establish trading post in India? a. England c. Holland b. Spain d. Portugal 4. A chief reason for England’s leadership in the industrial revolution was its a. iron and coal resources b. losses of its American colonies c. lack of good harbors d. nearness a large supply of cotton. ______5. In a totalitarian state a. industry is owned by the government& individuals b. the state controls every aspect of the lives of its people c. the state guarantees civil liberties to royal citizen d. a complete revolution occurs about every twenty years IV. Fill in the blank Spaces Instruction: fill in the blank spaces with suitable words. 1. The main factors that encouraged the great discoveries were _ , and. 2. About the year 1450, printing with movable type was invented by __________. 3. In 1917, Russia withdrew from the war after accepting the harsh treaty of. 4. On 6 and 9 August 1945, the USA dropped two atomic bombs over ____________and respectively. 5. The Russian president who ended the cold war was. V. Short Answer Item Instruction:- Give short answer to each of the following questions. 1. Why did Renaissance arise in Italy? 2. Which countries were predominantly protestant and Catholic after Reformation? 3. What were the consequences of the WWII in political aspect? 4. Why did the USA enter WWI? 5. Who were the leaders of Axis powers during WWII? 117 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Check List Put a tick (√) mark in each of the boxes for activities you can perform I can 1. Discuss the process of the great geographical discoveries. 2. Analyze basic issues of renaissance, reformation, and counter-reformation. 3. Elaborate the essence of the industrial revolution. 4. Describe the nature of the two world wars. 5. Discuss main characteristics of the cold war era. 118 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook UNIT 5 AFRICA SINCE THE 1500s Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, learners you will able to: ¾ Describe the essence of slavery and slave trade; ¾ Explain basic issues of the colonial experience in Africa; ¾ Discuss the struggle of the African peoples for independence, economic and political integration. Main contents 5.1. Slavery and the slave trade 5.2. Colonialism in Africa 5.3. Independent African states and moves towards economic and political integration Summary Review questions 119 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook 5.1 Slavery and The Slave Trade Competencies: After studying this lesson, you will be able to: ► Develop strong sense of anti-colonialism ► Show readiness to fight against slavery and slave trade These are the words that you should try to learn for this lesson Top six words Abolition Exploitation Human traffic Amerindian Fraternity Voyage More key words Slavery Indigenous Wooden cages Trans-Atlantic slave trade Slave Plantation Startup question What is slavery and slave trade? Slave is a human being who is the property of another person. When Africans were captured, sold and shipped to the new world, they were enslaved for their entire lives their children also enslaved. Slave trade is the capturing, selling, and buying of enslaved persons. Figure 5.1 African Slaves 120 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Actors of Slave Trade Startup question Which countries were the main actors in the African slave trade? At first, the Portuguese and the Spanish were the main organizers of the trade, but by the second half of the seventeenth century the countries of north-west Europe were involved. During the eighteenth century, Britain was the foremost slave-trading power, alongside the French, the Dutch, the Portuguese, and the Spanish. All of them had colonies in the New World. Portugal: During the 14th and early 15th centuries, the plantation system for growing sugar cane had been developed in Mediterranean islands, in southern Spain and Portugal. At the beginning, the slave labor for these plantations was drawn from North Africa and the Slavs of southern Russia. Spain: Meanwhile, as Portuguese projects traded with West Africans and sought an eastern route to India, her neighbor, Spain was opening up the transatlantic route to the Americans and the Caribbean. Other Europeans: From the 1630s, first the Dutch and then the French and England became got involved in the rapid expansion of sugar cane, coffee, tobacco and cotton plantation in Brazil, in Caribbean Islands, and in the southern part of America. In most of the 17th and 18th centuries, the number and the size of plantations were constantly expanding. This meant that there was an ever-greater demand for new slaves. The origins of Slaves Startup question Why did Europeans choose Africans for slavery? The plantation owners first used the local indigenous Amerindian population, but they quickly died of the harsh treatment of the colonizer and unfamiliar European diseases. By the end of the first century of European contact, 90 percent or more of the Amerindian population of the Caribbean islands had been wiped out. 121 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook The second alternatives were criminals and outcasts from Europe who were transported to the Americas in the early 16th century, but their numbers were limited and they did not long survive attacked by tropical disease. Faced with these problems, the European colonizers of central and South America turned to Africa for their slave labor force, because Africans had developed a certain level of immunity to some tropical diseases and also they had experience and skills in metal-working, mining and tropical agriculture. As a result the first African captives to be taken directly across the Atlantic Ocean and sold into slavery were transported in 1532. Political and Commercial elites of Africa were the main agents of slave trade in Africa. But they rarely sold people from their own society, except unwanted criminals and outcasts. On the other hand, small societies, the weak states and ‘stateless’ village communities, the neighbors of the large expanding states, undoubtedly suffered greatly. Some disappeared altogether, their lands were taken over by other more powerful neighbors. Figure 5.2 Sources of Slaves Thus the forest state of Benin, the highlands of Sierra Leone, Guinea states of Oyo, Western Nigeria, Ashanti, Angola and Congo were slave areas of Africa. Generally, it varied from one region to another, but all areas of western sub-Saharan Africa were seriously affected during the 17th and 18th centuries. 122 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook By the rapid expansion of slave exports in the 18th century every part of the Atlantic coastline from Senegal to southern Angola got involved in the human traffic. The greatest concentration of European trading forts, were along the so-called ‘Gold Coast’, the coastline of the modern state of Ghana, the ‘Slave Coast’ (the western coast of modern Nigeria) and Angola. The Nature of Slave Trade Startup question What were the natures of slave trade in Africa, the Middle Passage and the New World? In Africa: When a person was captured in the interior and dispatched to the coast for sale, it marked the beginning of a short remaining life of terrible, humiliation and suffering. Slaves were no longer treated as human beings but rather as property, like domestic livestock. They were chained together and marched to the coast where they were locked up in wooden cages to await the arrival of the next European trading ship. They were then stripped naked, men and women together, and examined minutely to see if they were fit, strong and healthy. Oncea deal had been ended between African and European slave merchants the most terrible part of their voyage began. Figure 5.3 voyage of African Slaves 123 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook On the Middle Passage: On board ship they were chained together in rows and forced to lie on specially constructed ‘ducks’ which were arranged like shelves barely half a meter one above the other. This made it impossible for a person to sit up straight or to move freely. They lay like this for weeks on end, suffering in the stretch of their own extract and urine and given barely enough food and water to keep them alive. Figure 5.4 Slaves flight on the middle passage Those that died were simply thrown overboard. On average between 15 and 30 percent could be expected to die of disease, maltreatment or exhaustion during the three to six weeks of the transatlantic crossing. In America: Life on the plantations of the New World was hard and short. Some never survived the trauma and depression of leaving Africa and the transatlantic voyage. One third of the population died within the first three years and few survived beyond ten years. The main causes of death were underfeeding and overworking. 124 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Figure 5.5 Slave exploitation in the New World The Triangular Trade Startup question What was triangular slave trade? Triangular Trade is trade routes between Africa, Europe and the Americas during the Atlantic Slave Trade. From Europe to Africa: A single ship setting out from Europe completed three main stages in its voyage. The first stage carried manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. The principal European imports to Africa were cheap manufactured goods-mainly glass, cotton cloth, metal hardware and cheap and substandard guns. From Africa to New World: slaves were sold for two or three times what they had cost on the African coast. They were sometimes sold for cash which was then used to buy plantation crops. At times, especially on the sugar-producing islands, slaves were directly bartered in exchange for sugar, which was then sold in Europe. From New World to Europe: The main export plantations to Europe were sugar cane and coffee from Brazil, sugar cane from the Caribbean islands and tobacco and cotton from the southern part of North America. 125 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Figure 5.6 the Triangular Trade The Abolition of the Slave Trade Startup question What were the factors that led to the abolition of slave trade? Political factor: The American War of independence against Britain (1776- 83) and the French Revolution (1789) in the name of ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ provided important stimulation for the abolitionist cause. There was a growing belief among European intellectuals in the universal right of human beings to freedom and equality, which finally led to abolition. Economic Factor: European manufacturers found that cheap wage labor in European factories was more efficient and less expensive than plantation slavery. As a result, the manufacturers and their bankers were soon seeking new markets abroad and they looked again atAfrica.As a result, from the early 1800s onwards, Europeans and their governments began to regard Africa as a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods rather than simply as a source of slave labor. Slave Resistance: From the very beginning of the slave trade, captive Africans had, to make the best of their ability and resisted their enslavement. Their attempts were often desperate and almost suicidal. In different slave owner plantation sites revolts were common. An example of successful early revolt and resistance occurred in the French island colony of St. Dominque (modern Haiti). Under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture, the slaves of St. Dominque rose against and killed their white French masters in 1791 and established the independent ‘Republic of Haiti’ in 1803. 126 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook In the 18th and early 19th centuries frequent slave revolts made the institution of slavery increasingly unsafe and expensive to maintain. Figure5.7 slave revolt in the new world End of slavery: Slavery was finally abolished by law in 1834 in British colonies, 1848 in French, 1860 in Cuba, 1865 in the southern United States and 1888 in Brazil. It has been estimated that a further 1.3 million Africans were transported into slavery across the Atlantic between 1807 and 1888. Back to Africa: The foundation and growth of Sierra Leone and Liberia were direct results of the abolition of slavery and the slave trade. To Sierra Leone: It had been founded in 1787 as a settlement of four hundred free blacks from England. It was organized by members of the British abolitionist movement. Thereafter, the Anti-Slavery troops used it as a base for settling freed blacks whom they released from captured slaving ships. To Liberia: The neighboring settlement of Liberia was founded in 1822 by freed blacks from the USA. In 1847, they declared their colony the independent republic of ‘Liberia’. Impacts of Slave Trade Startup question What were the impacts of slave trade in Africa? 127 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Africa was affected socially, politically and economically. This is explained as follows:- Socially: It is increased insecurity, distrust and high level of conflicts among African groups occurred as the Africans were capturing and selling their own people into slavery. The languages of many African tribes were mixed with European language. They lost their cultural beliefs or practices over a period of time. Politically: It contributed to the instability, the distribution of ammunition in central and West Africa which helped with the military and political supremacy of tribes, some kings were prospered. Economically: Africans’ most important resources were robbed, humans were exploited, created insecurity and instability in the economy of Africa, it affected the agriculture and mining sectors, Strained most productive man power (at age of 15-35), and it increased dependency on European goods. Activity 5.1 A. Answer the following questions 1. When were African slaves first brought to the Caribbean? 2. Who was responsible for the slave trade in Africa? 3. What items were shipped from Europe to Africa? 4. What were the economic factors for the abolition of slave trade? B. Things to do: Draw the map of the world into your exercise book to show a. Monrovia e. Gold coast i. Senegal m. South America b. Nigeria f. Guinea j. Sierra Leon n. Britain c. Angola g. Haiti k. Slave Coast o. North America d. Congo h. Dahomy l. West Indies C. Writing task Imagine you were slave on the middle passage. Describe what your life looked like. 128 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook 5.2 Colonialism In Africa Competency: After studying this lesson, you will be able to: ► Develop strong sense of anti-colonialism These are the words that you should try to learn for this lesson Top five words Colonialism Conference Propaganda Partition Effectively occupied More key words Assimilate Resistance Powerful nation Violent White Settlers Backward nation Colonialism Startup question What is colonialism? Colonialism refers to the fact that a backward or weaker nation is controlled by a powerful nation. The powerful nation has an advanced economy, strong government, and considerable military strength; the backward area has underdeveloped natural resources, primitive economy, weak government, and limited military power. The causes of colonialism were the desire of European nation to provide raw materials, Markets and cheap labor force for their industry. Partition of Africa Startup question What was the main purpose of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885? The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) was an international European agreement on the partition of Africa that was already under way. It settled two important principles. The first one recognized the Congo basin as the legitimate authority of Belgian king, Leopold. In return the king agreed to 129 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook allow European traders and missionaries’ free access to the area. In second principle, they agreed that European claim in Africa would be recognized by other European governments if it was ‘effectively occupied’ by that particular European power. Scramble for Africa Startup question Which countries of Africa were colonized by European countries? By 1914, British dominated South Africa, Rhodesia, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan and Egypt. After World War I England acquired the former German East Africa or Tanganyika. By 1847 the French had controlled Algeria. Between 1881 and 1912 France added Tunisia, Morocco, West Africa, Equatorial Africa, and Madagascar to the French Empire. By 1914 Germany possessed several African colonies. After Germany’s defeat in WWI, these colonies were distributed as mandates: Tanganyika to England; Togoland and most of the Cameroons to France, South-West African to the Union of South Africa. By 1914 Italy controlled Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, and Libya. In 1936 Italy attempted to colonize Ethiopia but it was defeated at the battle ofAdwa. After WWII, Italy surrendered it African possessions. Portugal retained control over the African territories of Portuguese Guinea, Angola, and Mozambique. 130 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Figure 5.8 Africa under the foreign rule in 1914 By the early 20th century, Spain controlled Spanish Morocco, opposite Gibraltar, and Spanish Sahara on the Atlantic coast of Africa. In 1876 King Leopold II and a group of Belgian capitalists managed to control the Congo region. But in 1908 the Belgian government took control of the Congo. Ethiopia and Liberia were the only remaining independent states in Africa. The Nature of Colonial Administration Startup question What were the systems of administration used by colonialist states? Direct rule: This means that the colonizers wanted to ‘assimilate’ their colonial subjects into cultural Frenchmen, without their skin color. They had full legal and political rights of French citizenship, including the right to send representatives to the French parliament in Paris. France, Germany, Portugal, Spanish and Italy used direct rule. 131 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Indirect rule: British used a theory of colonial administration called Indirect Rule. Unlike the French, the British used Africans’ law to judge local civil disputes and minor criminal cases, but not serious criminal cases or any dispute involving between European. Consequences of Colonialism upon Africans Startup question What are the consequences of colonialism? Colonialist nations drained wealth from the colonies, discouraging colonial manufacturing, exploited the native workers by requiring long hours for little pay, expected an attitude of racial and cultural superiority, discriminated against the colonial peoples and degraded their native cultures. African Independence Startup question What were the forms of colonial struggle of Africans before and After the WWII? Early Resistance to Colonial Rule in Africa 1900-1939 During this period the struggle for national liberation had three different forms. Religious Forms: Such forms included: Kimbanguism (1921) in Belgian Congo, Kitawala Movement in East Congo, Nigro Mission Movement in Lower Congo, Watch Tower Movement in Nyasaland and the Ethiopianism movement - in South Africa after the Ethiopian victory of Adwa. Traditional (Native) Association-These were: The Young Baganda Association in (1918) and the Bataka Association (1921) in Uganda.The Young Kikuyu Association and the Central Kikuyu Association of Kenya. Resistance to Colonial Rule after WWII Startup question Which African countries got their independence through bloodiest struggle? National liberation movement took mainly two courses: violent and non- violent. 132 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Non-violent: in different African states independence was achieved fairly smoothly. The main reason for this was that these African states had no white settlers. For example, by 1960 all West African French colonies were achieved full independence. Violent: as a result of the existence of white settlers the following colonies achieved their independence after violent and long armed struggle. French colonies: after the bloodiest wars of independence against the French on July 1, 1962, Algeria became independent. The first president was Ahmed Ben Bella. Portuguese colonies: Mozambique achieved independence in June 1975, under Samora Machel’s. In November 1975, Angola became independent by Augustino Neto. Britain: Kenya achieved its independence in 1963. Jomo Kenyatta became the first president. In March 1957, the Gold Cost achieved independence and adopted the new name, Ghana. The first president was Kwame Nkrumah. Nigeria was independent in October 1960. The first president was Nnamdi Azikwe. Factors That Helped African Independence Startup question What factors helped African nations to win independence? Africans got lessons from: World War I, USA’s Influences and Communist’s propaganda, effects of WWII, lesson got from Newly Independent Asian Nations, and important decision of United Nations and Changing World Attitude about colonialism were Factors that helped African independency. 133 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Figure 5.9 African independency year 134 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Activity 5.2 A. Question based on facts Describe the following important personalities Ahmed Ben Bella Augustino Neto Kuwame Nkrumah Samora Machel Jomo Kenyatta Nnamdi Azikwe Answer the following questions 1. What decisions and rules were made during the Berlin Conference of 1884 -1885? 2. What were the only two African countries to remain independent? 3. What is the difference between direct and indirect rule in the context of the colonial relationship? B. Things to do On a world map locate the following: a. Spain c. England e. Germany g.Portugal b. Belgium d. France f. Italy Lists the colonialists countries C. Discussion How did Africa come together in political & economic aspect? Did colonialism help Africa? Argue with your class students by providing some evidences. 135 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook 5.3. Independent African States and Moves towards Economic and Political Integration Competency: after studying this lesson, learners will be able to: X Show respect for the independence, integration, and interaction of African peoples. These are the words that you should try to learn for this lesson Top five words Independent Organization Cooperation Integration Sovereignty More key words Apartheid Harmonize Welfare Empowerment Global Charter Extraordinary Declaration Submit Economic and Political Integration Startup question What is economic and political integration? Political integration is a process whereby the political actors in the various states were “persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations, and political activities towards a new center”, on the other side economic integration is a process whereby countries cooperate with one another to reduce or eliminate barriers to the international flow of products, people and capital. The Organization of African Unity Startup question What is the main purpose of the African Unity? The OAU was formed in 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, by the 32 African states that had achieved independence at the time. Additional 21 members joined gradually and made the number of the member countries a total of 53 by the time of the AU’s launched in 2002. In 2011, South Sudan became the 54th Member State, and, in 2017, Morocco became the 55th Member State. 136 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Social Studies GRADE 8 Student Textbook Figure 5.10 the founding fathers of OAU The OAU’s main objectives were to: promote the unity and solidarity of African states; coordinate and intensify their cooperation and efforts to achieve a better life for the peoples of Africa, safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of member states; avoid the continent from colonization and apartheid; promote international cooperation within the United Nations framework; and harmonize members’ political, diplomatic, economic, educational, cultural, health, welfare, scientific, technical and defense policies. Establishment of Africa Union Startup question Why was Organization of African Unity changed to African Union? The creation of the AU shifted its focus from supporting liberation from colonialism and apartheid to Africa’s development and integration. The visions for the Union included: accelerating the process of integration in Africa; supporting the empowerment of African states in the global economy; addressing the multifaceted social, economic and political problems facing the continent; and promoting peace, security, stability, democracy, good governance and human rights. 137