Unit 4 Study Guide: Mitosis, Meiosis, Immune System, Viruses PDF

Unit 4 Study Guide: Mitosis, Meiosis, Immune System, Viruses Note that while this material is delivered at the same time as the Final exam the material in this section will not be 'comprehensive' but focused on the last unit of class. The Cell Cycle and Mitosis Learning Outcomes Chapter 12 Mitosi...

Unit 4 Study Guide: Mitosis, Meiosis, Immune System, Viruses Note that while this material is delivered at the same time as the Final exam the material in this section will not be 'comprehensive' but focused on the last unit of class. The Cell Cycle and Mitosis Learning Outcomes Chapter 12 Mitosis: - Define: parent cell, daughter cells, ploidy - Describe the purposes of mitosis - Predict the ploidy and number of chromosomes present in parent and daughter cells in mitosis. - Identify and distinguish between the following structures that function in mitosis: chromosome, sister chromatid, centromere, kinetochore, centrosome, mitotic spindle, kinetochore microtubules, non-kinetochore microtubules - Identify each phase or stage of the cell cycle from an image or description. - Define the difference between interphase and mitosis, and identify what is going on at each of the sub-phases of interphase - Identify the major events that occur at each stage of mitosis - Identify where each of the three main checkpoints in the cell cycle occur and the major evaluation that occurs at each: G1, G2, and M - Mastery: Describe the role of growth factors, density dependence, and anchorage dependence in the regulation of the cell cycle, including what will happen under hypothetical scenarios related to these processes Meiosis - Define gamete - Describe the main purpose of meiosis in the context of sexual reproduction, where and when it occurs, and how meiosis differs from mitosis in this regard - Predict the ploidy and number of chromosomes present at **each stage** of meiosis progressing from parent cell to gamete. - Define and apply important terminology to meiotic division: homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, non-sister chromatids tetrad, chiasmata, crossing over. - Sequence the steps of meiosis and differentiate these stages compared to those in mitosis - Be able to identify each stage of meiosis from an image or description - Identify the ploidy level at each stage of meiosis, focus expecially on the phases at which ploidy *changes*. - Specifically -- be able to describe the arrangement of chromosomes at the metaphase plate in metaphase I and II of meiosis. - To what does the term independent assortment refer. - Mastery: Explain how independent assortment at meiosis will lead to genetic variation among the siblings produced by the same parents. What does it mean when we say that a parent can produce 2^n^ unique gametes via independent assortment? Define what is meant by a recombinant gamete. - Mastery: Likewise explain how crossing over during meiosis will lead to genetic variation among siblings produced by the same parents. Define what is meant by a recombinant chromosome. What would happen if crossing over were suppressed? The Immune System - Define the difference between innate and adaptive immunity, be able to sort immune responses into those two categories. - Explain how innate immunity blocks pathogen entry and triggers rapid responses upon recognition of pathogens. - Describe the process, including the major cell types involved, by which adaptive immunity develops. - Compare a secondary immune response to a primary immune response in terms of speed and magnitude. - Describe the major organs and structures involved in the lymphatic system, as well as its purpose. - Describe the role of B and T antigen receptors in adaptive immunity. Explain how the function of these receptors is determined by their shape. - Distinguish between pathogen, antigen, and epitope - Distinguish between antibody and antibody receptor - Describe the role of clonal selection and proliferation in the adaptive immune response. - Distinguish between cell-mediated and humoral responses in adaptive immunity - Identify the roles of the different types of white blood cells in innate and adaptive immunity. Most types of white blood cells function in either innate or adaptive responses, be able to sort them by that characteristic. - Explain how macrophages, which are typically thought of as part of the innate response, function in adaptive immunity. - Be able to describe how vaccines 'work' in terms of the secondary adaptive immune response. - Viruses Learning Outcomes from Ch 19 Viruses - Distinguish viruses from cells in terms of size and the structural elements that are present (and which elements are absent!) - Describe the structures of typical virus types including nucleotide genomes, protein capsids, and phospholipid envelopes, and know which are present in all viruses and which elements vary among different types of viruses - Explain why viruses are dependent on host cells for reproduction. - Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic cycles in phages - Explain how animal viruses with envelopes differ from phages in their life cycle - Explain how retroviruses differ from other types of virus - Be able to explain overall the variation in viral genomes. What are the major ways in which they differ from one another (you do not need to match particular viruses to their virus 'type'. Overall learning outcomes from ALT session - What is the role of vaccines in human health? - How do vaccines relate to adaptive immunity? - What aspect of the measles virus makes it particularly dangerous?