UNIT 2_Mental functions and main alterations (sensation, attention and perception) 23-24.pptx

II: Mental functions and main 1.Sensation, Perception and alterations Attention. 2.Motivation and Emotion. 3.Memory and Learning. 4.Thought and language 5.Intelligence and Personality. Handbook: Psychology for Physiotherapist. January 2009 Block II: Mental functions and main alterations. Unit 2: S...

II: Mental functions and main 1.Sensation, Perception and alterations Attention. 2.Motivation and Emotion. 3.Memory and Learning. 4.Thought and language 5.Intelligence and Personality. Handbook: Psychology for Physiotherapist. January 2009 Block II: Mental functions and main alterations. Unit 2: Sensation, Perception and Attention. Unit 2: Sensation, Attention and Perception. 1. Sensation 2. Perception 3. Attention 1. Sensation, Perception and Attention. instructions: to test how we perceive, eyes will be covered, sounds and objects will be presented, having to verbalize what it is and the process followed to identify the sound or object. 1. Sensation o Sense organs are the gateways by which we acquire knowledge of the world around us. The stimulation from the object stimulates or activates receptors of the concerned sense organs. o These receptors release the neural impulses, which are transmitted to the concerned area of the brain where they are interpreted. These are called Effectors. o It has a passive and unconscious character. 1. Sensation o This gives the knowledge of object stimulating. o These sensations vary in number, intensity or quality. o There are eight basic sensations involving eight different types of experiences. 1. Eye—Vision (light, colour, shape, etc.) 2. Ear—Audition (different sounds) 3. Tongue—Taste (sweet, sour, bitter, etc.) 4. Nose—Olfaction/smell (fragrant, etc.) 5. Skin—Cutaneous sensation (heat, cold, pain, and pressure) 6. Muscles—Kinesthetic sensation, perception of body movement (sense of pull, push and strain) 7. Organs—Organic sensation (hungry, thirst, nausea) 8. Vestibular apparatus—Static or posture sensation (sense of equilibrium, dizziness, reclining, etc.) 2. Perception  PERCEPTION: awareness of the stimuli that surround us in order to build our own experience.  Observation involves two mental activities—sensation and perception.  Perception is the interpretation of sensory stimuli, which reach the sense organs and brain and gives meaning to sensation and we become aware of objects.  R.E. Silverman: “Perception is an individual’s awareness aspect of behaviour, it is the way each person processes the raw data he or she receives from the environment, into meaningful patterns.”  Perception is the process by which we discriminate among stimuli and interpret their meanings and appreciate their significance. E.g. —When we hear a sound, we are able to identify it as being produced by an airplane or an automobile. 2. Perception  PERCEPTION  Perception →→→→→ Sensation + Interpretation  Human beings have perceptions corresponding to each sense organs: visual perception, auditory perception, etc. Perception is the interpretation of sensory stimuli, which reach the sense organs and brain.  Principles of Perception:  The sense impressions must be organized into meaningful units. Otherwise, these sense impressions have no meaning. (Cognitive perception exercises) Ejemplos 2. Perception Fragant Field Cold Hard Flower Speaker Noise/sound ice Metal Green Ejemplos 2. Perception SENSATIONS PERCEPCIONS Cold Ice hard Metal Green Field Noise Speaker Fragant Flower 2. Perception  Symmetry: Items that form symmetrical units are grouped together. Closure: items are perceived as complete.  Continuity: Continuous lines or dots irrespective of shape or size or colour will form a unit. In the figure, the dots will form a vertical plane will form a vertical line and horizontal plane will form a horizontal line. Together they form horizontal-vertical. 2. Perception  So the organization and grouping take place according to certain principles they are:  Proximity or Nearness: Objects or figures, which are close to each other, will form a unit or pattern.  Similarity: Objects or figures which are similar in shape or forms, though with other things we The will  mixed Figureupground relationship: have the tendency of perceiving perception is made against a them together form may of a become unit or background. Theinfigure pattern. a background for some other figure. 2. Perception  Abnormalities in Perception  Illusion: It is wrong or false perception because of wrong interpretation of stimuli. For example, a rope in the dark is perceived as a snake. Illusion is a normal and universal phenomenon unlike hallucination.  Hallucination: This is an extreme form of inaccurate, abnormal false perception of stimulus, which does not exist in the environment. For example, perceiving a snake in the absence of a rope - Hallucination can be visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory and cutaneous. - Only those who are mentally sick or emotionally maladjusted feel hallucination. 1. Sensation, Attention and Perception. https:// www.psicoactiva.co m/test/test-depercepcionvisual.htm 2. Perception Trastornos de la percepción AGNOSIA Perceptual distortions S "Absence of recognition." Inability to identify an object by one or more senses, although the specific sense is normal and memory exists. Produced by localized brain lesions and ignored by the person. Some types are: VISUAL Objects and shapes: inability to name an object or shape. Colors: recognized only in isolation but not together. Spatial: lack of orientation. Prosopagnosia: failure to recognize familiar faces. 2. Perception - AGNOSIA S TACTILE Astereognosis: does not discriminate between intensity and extension (weight, spatial location, etc.). Inability to discriminate shape and size by touch and the inability to recognize objects by touch. AUDITORY Inability to recognize or discriminate sounds. 2. Perception Perceptual distortions. Two perceptual phenomena to be taken into account: -A patient hears only the negative part of a diagnosis, agreeing perceptivos with his preconceived Dos fenómenos a tener en cuenta ideas about the severity of his illness, and omitting the good prognosis. PERCEPTUAL PREDISPOSITION / PERCEPTIAL BIAS - A patient does not perceive any improvement in his ailment (stable and unchanging), despite PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY 2. Perception It was a gray, rainy evening at the intersection of two busy city streets. The rain was falling steadily and heavily. Visibility was limited due to the rain and the lack of natural light Dos fenómenos perceptivos a tener enat that time of day. cuenta On one side of the intersection was a traffic light, where the yellow light was flashing intermittently. It was evident that the traffic light was not functioning properly. The first vehicle involved in the accident was driven by a nervous-looking young woman. The second vehicle, was driven by an older 1. Sensation, Attention and Perception. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Auf3L7GIuZM 3. Attention  ATTENTION o Attention is the perception process that selects certain input for inclusion in our conscious experience or awareness at any given time. o Focusing our mind on an object or idea at a particular time, to the exclusion of other objects or ideas. o It is possible for us to attempt to only one object or experience at a time. But we can attend to two objects at a time when one is mechanical and other needs our attention. o Morgan and Gilliland: “Attention is being keenly alive to some specific factor in our environment. It is a preparatory adjustment for response.” 3. Attention  ATTENTION o Types of Attention:  Involuntary attention: It does not require any conscious effort to attend to an object, e.g.— Attention to loud sounds, bright lights and strong penetrating odors.  Voluntary attention: Effort is must, e.g.—Uninteresting lectures, difficult assignments  Usual/Habitual attention: There is a conscious effort or an striking sensation that attracts our involuntary attention. We attend to them because of our attitude, habits or interests, e.g.—Attention to patients. 3. Attention  ATTENTION o Span of Attention  The maximum amount of material that can be attended to in one period of attention is called “Span of attention”. o Factors which determine attention: objective and subjective factors.  Objective Factors - Intensity: Our attention is attracted more by intense stimuli such as loud sounds, bright colours, intense odors and sharp pain. Here, the selection of stimuli depends upon nature of sense receptor and the amount of energy stimulated. - Size: Large size of an object, or bigger patch of colour draws our attention more easily than small object or small patch of color. 3. Attention  ATTENTION  Objective Factors - Movement: Anything that moves, even something small, is able to attract our attention more than one with no movement, e.g.—Moving toys attract children. - Change: A sudden change of the continuous stimulus in intensity or in size or sudden cessation (disappearing) catches our attention, e.g.—Loud noise, bright colour, continuous sound when they stop. - Systemic form: A systemic form (whole) or rhythm attracts our attention more than the stimulus which is not systemic and non-rhythmic. For example, a melodious music or a beautiful picture. - Novelty: Anything that is unusual or new or strange will catch our attention, e.g.—A new fashion dress. 3. Attention  ATTENTION  Objective Factors - Location: The object or the picture, which is directly in front of our eyes or picture at the centre, attracts our attention more than the one in the corner. - Nature of stimulus: In an advertisement the picture attracts more than the words. 3. Attention  ATTENTION  Subjective Factors - Interest: If a person is interested in a particular object, it attracts attention much earlier than others. For example, a student who is interested in a particular book is attracted by it earlier than the other books. - Habits: Habits help in sensation of stimulus. All of us are habituated to react to the sound of a coin. In a busy street also this sound catches our attention. - Motives: A sleeping mother may not be disturbed even by a loud noise outside but a faint cry of her child may attract her attention. 3. Attention  ATTENTION  Subjective Factors - Emotions: If a person is angry with another person in a group that person will catch his attention. Ie. Under stressful conditions we fail to perceive our surroundings fully. - Attitudes and prejudices: Whenever attitude is unfavourable towards a group or a person, even a small mistake committed by him will attract our attention. In the same way, prejudices also influences our attention. Para reflexionar… LA HISTORIA DE UN NIÑO CON TDAH: LUIS ROJAS MARCOS, PSIQUIATRA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_1JduRnX4w 27 THANK YOU! maria.rinconfernande@c eu.es