Introduction to Geriatric Nursing PDF

MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES INTRODUCTION TO GERIATRIC NURSING NURS 405/NURS 322  MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES LECTURE OBJECTIVES Define the terminology Discuss the demographic trend in KS...

MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES INTRODUCTION TO GERIATRIC NURSING NURS 405/NURS 322  MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES LECTURE OBJECTIVES Define the terminology Discuss the demographic trend in KSA Describe the characteristics of older adults List the role of geriatric nurse Explain ANA standards of Gerontological nursing practice Identify Theories of Aging  MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES Introduction Aging is a natural process that involves physical, psychological, and social changes over time. While it is often associated with decline, it is also a period of adaptation and growth. Physiological changes, such as reduced bone density and muscle mass, may increase the risk of chronic conditions. Psychologically, older INSERT PICTURE HERE adults may face challenges like coping with loss or maintaining mental health, while socially, they may experience isolation.  MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES Geriatrics The term geriatric comes from the Greek words “geras,”meaning old age, and “iatro,” meaning relating to medical treatment. Thus, geriatrics is the medical specialty that deals with the physiology of aging and with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting older adults.  MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES Geriatric Nursing Is a comprehensive nursing source for clinical information and management advice relating to the care of older adults  MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES Gerontology It is the study of all aspects of the aging process, including the clinical, psychologic, economic, and sociologic problems of older adults and the consequences of these problems for older adults and society  MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES Gerontological nursing Is the aspect of gerontology that falls within the discipline of nursing and the scope of nursing practice. It involves nurses advocating for the health of older persons at all levels of prevention.  Myths of Older adults MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES Are pretty much all alike. Generally are alone and lonely. Tend to be sick, frail, and Are often cognitively impaired. dependent on others. Become more difficult and rigid with Suffer from depression advancing years. Struggle to cope with aging-related declines. MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES ▪ Are a very diverse age group. ▪ Typically maintain close contact with family. ▪ Usually live independently. ▪ May experience mild intellectual decline without impacting daily life. FACTS: OLDER ▪ Older adults have lower rates of diagnosable depression than younger adults. ADULT ▪ Tend to maintain a consistent personality throughout the life span. ▪ Typically adjust well to the challenges of aging  Categorizing the Aging Population MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES AGE (YEARS) | CATEGORY 55 to 64 Older 65 to 74 Elderly 75 to 84 Aged 85 and older Extremely aged Or 60 to 74 Young-old 75 to 84 Middle-old 85 And older Old-Old  Gerontological Nursing Standards of Practice MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES Definition Relational care focuses on building meaningful, reciprocal relationships between caregivers and older adults. It emphasizes respect, empathy, and understanding as the foundation of high-quality care. STANDARD 1 2. Core Principles Open and respectful communication. Empathy and active listening to understand the needs of older adults. Trust and mutual respect between caregivers and care recipients. 3. Example A nurse consistently engages an older adult in conversations about their preferences, listens attentively to their concerns, and involves them in decision-making about their care plan. This approach fosters trust and emotional connection, enhancing the care experience RELATIONAL CARE- Gerontological nurses develop and preserve relational care. Gerontological nursing is a humanistic enterprise in which reciprocal communication and INSERT PICTURE HERE respectful interactions, empathy and understanding are foundational to the provision of high- quality are for older persons and their care partners. Cont… 1. Definition Ethical care involves respecting older adults’ rights to self-determination, choice, and collaborative decision-making. MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES 2. Role of Gerontological Nurses STANDARD 2 Recognize and address conflicting values in care decisions. Explore alternatives to ensure ethical and person-centered care. Base decisions on ethical principles and professional codes of conduct. 3. Core Ethical Principles in Practice Autonomy: Supporting older adults in making their own choices. Beneficence: Acting in the best interest of the patient. Non-maleficence: Avoiding harm while providing care. Justice: Ensuring fairness in resource allocation and care delivery. 4. Example A nurse helps an older adult decide on a treatment plan by presenting all options, discussing risks and benefits, and ensuring the patient’s preferences guide the final decision. This approach respects autonomy and promotes shared decision-making ETHICAL CARE- Gerontological nurses are respectful of older persons’ right to self- determination, choice and collaborative decision making. Gerontological nurses recognize that the ethical care of older persons and their care partners will involve clarification of conflicting INSERT PICTURE HERE values and exploring alternatives. Gerontological nurses understand that ethical principles and codes form the basis upon which ethical decisions and actions rest. Cont… MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES STANDARD 3 EVIDENCE INFORMED CARE- In the case of multiple co-existing health issues, gerontological nurses must be able to recognize and respond to factors that are a priority. Gerontological nurses have inquiring minds, question the status and seek new evidence- informed knowledge to answer questions when faced with nursing care challenges Gerontological nurses provide comprehensive assessment and treatment of older persons’ INSERT PICTURE HERE needs using standardized assessments, including reliable and valid measures and evidence- informed interventions.  Cont… MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES STANDARD 4 In eco-psychosocial care, “eco” refers to the physical and environmental aspects of care, emphasizing how surroundings impact well-being. Gerontological nurses use environmental strategies like improving lighting, reducing noise, or adding natural elements to create supportive spaces that enhance person-centered care. For example, in a long-term care facility, adding plants, calming colors, and personalized room decor can improve an older adult’s comfort and emotional health by fostering a sense of familiarity and connection to their environment Eco psychosocial Care- Gerontological nurses understand that environmental strategies are effective in supporting the delivery of person-centered care and can have a strong potential in making positive impact on aging experiences. Gerontological nurses understand that the ‘experience’ of care is highly influenced by the social and INSERT PICTURE HERE physical environment within which care is delivered  Cont… MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES STANDARD 5 SAFE CARE- Gerontological nurses are responsible for assessing the older person and the environment for hazards that threaten safety, as well as planning and intervening appropriately to maintain a safe environment. Gerontological nurses collaborate with the older person and care partners in acknowledgement of their right to live at risk and need for autonomy INSERT PICTURE HERE  Cont… MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES STANDARD 6 SOCIO- ENGAGED - Gerontological nurses are aware of the socio-economic- contexts that influence all aspects of care. As such, Gerontological nurses collaborate with older persons and their care partners to advocate for equitable access to health system resources that address their care needs. Gerontological nurses provide systems to support and sustain practice changes, including ongoing social justice advocacy, education,INSERT policies and PICTURE HERE procedures and job descriptions. MOHAMMED AL-MANA COLLEGE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES Theories of Aging Theories of aging attempt to explain this phenomenon of aging as it occurs over the lifespan Biological Address the anatomic and physiologic changes occurring with age. Theories of aging Psychosocial Explain the thought processes and behaviors of aging persons.  Common Biological Theories of Aging Wear-and-tear theory Example Arthritis: Repeated stress on joints over years leads to cartilage breakdown, causing pain and reduced mobility. Heart Disease: Accumulated damage to blood vessels from high blood pressure or cholesterol contributes to cardiovascular issues The theory presumes that the As people age, their cells, For example, some studies have found body is similar to a machine, tissues, and organs are that an increase in stress or illness lowers which loses function when damaged by internal or the life expectancy of organisms, therefore its parts wear out. external stressors. concluding that aging is accelerated with this increased stress.  Cont.. Neuroendocrine theory The neuroendocrine theory focuses on the With age, the hypothalamus appears to be less complicated chemical interactions set off precise in regulating endocrine function, leading by the hypothalamus of the brain. to age-related changes such as decreased muscle mass, increased body fat, and changes in reproductive function. Cont… Free-radical theory: The free radical theory provides one explanation for cell damage. Free radicals are unstable molecules produced by the body during the normal processes of respiration and metabolism or following exposure to radiation and pollution. These free radicals are suspected to cause damage to the cells, DNA, and the immune system. Excessive free radical accumulation in the body is purported to contribute to the physiologic changes of aging and a variety of diseases, such as arthritis, circulatory diseases, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Chapter-1 21 Cont… Cross-linking theory : The theory proposes that DNA and connective tissue interact with free radicals, forming bonds that impair tissue repair, leading to skin aging signs like dryness, wrinkles, and loss of elasticity. Error Theories This theory proposes that errors in ribonucleic acid protein synthesis cause errors to occur in cells in the body, resulting in a progressive decline in biologic function. Chapter-1 NURS 405 :Geriatric Nursing 22  Cont… Immunologic theory The immunologic theory suggests that aging weakens the immune system, increasing susceptibility to diseases, autoimmune conditions, and allergies. Programmed Theories The theory suggests a "biologic clock“ that individual has a genetic “program” determines a preset number of cell divisions, leading to predictable aging changes like thymus atrophy, menopause, skin changes, and graying hair. Chapter-1 NURS 405 :Geriatric Nursing 23  cont.. Biogerontology theory The study of the connection between aging and disease processes has been termed biogerontology (Miller, 1997). Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other organisms are thought to be responsible for certain physiologic changes during the aging process. In some cases, these pathogens may be present in the body for decades before they begin to affect body systems Radiation Theories Repeated exposure to ultraviolet light is known to cause solar elastosis, the “old age” type of skin wrinkling that results from the replacement of collagen by elastin. Ultraviolet light is also a factor in the development of skin cancer. Radiation may induce cellular mutations that promote aging.  Psychosocial theory 3 Havighurst’s 4 theory 2 Activity Theory Newman’s theory 5 DISENGAGEME Jung’s theory NT THEORY 1  DISENGAGEMENT THEORY Common This theory proposes that older people are systematically separated, Psychological excluded, or disengaged from society because they are not perceived Theories of to be of benefit to the society. This theory further proposes that older Aging adults desire to withdraw from society as they age. Cont…  Havighurst’s theory: It details the process of aging and defines specific tasks for late life, including: (1) adjusting to decreased physical strength and health; Cont.. (2) adjusting to retirement and decreased income; (3) adjusting to the loss of a spouse; (4) establishing a relationship with one’s age group; (5) adapting to social roles in a flexible way; and (6) establishing satisfactory living arrangements. Chapter-1 NURS 405 :Geriatric Nursing 28  Newman’s theory: It is identifies the tasks of aging as: (1) coping with the physical changes of aging; Cont.. (2) redirecting energy to new activities and roles, including retirement, grandparenting, and widowhood; (3) accepting one’s own life; and (4) developing a point of view about death 29 Chapter-1  Jung’s theory: It proposes that development continues throughout life by a process of searching, questioning, and setting goals that are consistent with the individual’s personality. Cont.. Thus, life becomes an ongoing search for the “true self.” This is the so-called midlife crisis, which can lead to radical career or lifestyle changes or to the Chapter-1 acceptance of the self as is. 30  REFERENCE Gerontologic Nursing (Gerontologic Nursing - Meiner (formerly Lueckenotte)) 5th Edition by Sue E. Meiner EdD APRN GNP-BC Basic Geriatric Nursing 7th Edition by Patricia A. Williams RN MSN CCRN http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/documents/egm/bonn09 /report.pdf