Unit 0 Vocab Quiz Layout PDF

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Psych Term | Definition | +===================================+===================================+ | 1\. Psychology | the scientific study of the mind | |...

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Psych Term | Definition | +===================================+===================================+ | 1\. Psychology | the scientific study of the mind | | | and behavior. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\. Biological | Focuses on how genetics, the | | | nervous system, hormones, and | | | brain structures influence a | | | person's thinking and behavior. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3.Psychodynamic | Emphasized the role of the | | | unconscious mind: the memories, | | | feelings, and drives that are | | | outside of our awareness. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\. Socio-Cultural | Emphasizes the impact of people's | | | culture, religion, ethnicity, | | | gender, income level, and overall | | | environment on a person's | | | thinking and behavior. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5\. Behavioral | Focuses on how behaviors are | | | learned and modified | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6\. Cognitive | Studies how thinking and | | | perception influence behavior. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7\. Evolutionary | Looks for aspects of human | | | thought and behavior that help us | | | and our genes survive over time. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8\. Humanistic | Focuses on people's potential and | | | their drive to be their best | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9\. Cultural norms | standards of appropriate behavior | | | within a culture | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10\. Confirmation bias | gathering evidence that confirms | | | one's preexisting expectations - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 11\. Critical Thinking | clear, rational, logical, and | | | independent thinking. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 12.Hindsight bias | Tendency to perceive past events | | | as being more predictable than | | | they actually were. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 13\. Overconfidence | We tend to think we know more | | | than we actually do. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 14\. Non-experimental | Descriptive Research like | | | observation, case study, survey | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 15\. Peer review(ers) | experts in the field evaluate and | | | critique a research study or | | | article before it is published, | | | ensuring its quality, | | | methodology, and findings are | | | sound and meet academic standards | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 16\. Hypothesis | A specific, testable prediction | | | that is based on a theory. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 17\. Falsifiability | in order for a hypothesis or | | | theory to be considered | | | scientific, it must be possible | | | to conceive of evidence that | | | would prove it false | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 18\. Operational definition | A precise description of how | | | independent and dependent | | | variables will be measured in a | | | research study. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 19\. Replication | Repeating the essence of a | | | research study, usually with | | | different participants, to see | | | whether the basic findings can be | | | reproduced. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 20\. Naturalistic observation | Observing and recording behavior | | | in naturally occurring | | | situations. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 22\. Social desirability bias | The tendency of survey responders | | | to answer questions in a way that | | | will be viewed favorably by | | | others. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 23\. Self-report bias | affecting the outcome of the | | | research and/or be unrealistic | | | about themselves (or try to | | | please the researcher) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 24\. Sample | the group of people participating | | | in the study | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 25\. Representative sample | a sample of individuals who match | | | the characteristics of the | | | population as a whole | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 26\. Convenience sampling | choosing people cause they are | | | convenient | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 27\. Random sampling | a sample of individuals in which | | | each member of the population has | | | the same chance of getting into | | | the sample as any other member. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 28\. Population | The whole group you want to study | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 29\. Positive Correlation | When two variables increase or | | | decrease together. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 30\. Negative Correlation | When one variable increases, the | | | other decreases. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 31\. Correlation Directionality | we know 2 variables are related, | | problem | but not which is the cause and | | | which is the effect | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 32\. Third variable problem | Occurs when an observed | | | correlation between two variables | | | can actually be explained by a | | | third variable that hasn't been | | | accounted for. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 33\. Scatterplot | Correlations are graphed | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 34\. Correlation coefficient | A numerical value that expresses | | | the degree/strength of the | | | relationship and its direction. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 35.Experiment | a carefully regulated procedure | | | in which the researcher | | | manipulates one or more variables | | | to see if it influences some | | | other variable. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 36\. Experimental group | The group of people who receive | | | the treatment. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 37\. Control group | The group of people who do not | | | receive the treatment. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 39\. Single-blind study | participants do not know which | | | group they are in, but the | | | research does | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 40\. Double-blind study | Neither the experimenter nor the | | | participants are aware of who is | | | in the experimental group and who | | | is in the control group until the | | | results are calculated. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 41\. Placebo | A harmless substance or procedure | | | that seems real but has no | | | physiological effect. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 42\. Placebo effect | A real response to the placebo | | | based solely on expectations, not | | | on the actual properties of the | | | action or substance. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 43\. Independent variables | The variable the experimenter | | | manipulates in order to determine | | | its effects. It is the "cause" of | | | the results in the experiment. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 44.Confounding variables | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 45.Dependent variables | The variable that is measured to | | | see if the independent variable | | | impacted it. It is the "effect" | | | in the experiment. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 46\. Validity | extent to which an experiment | | | measure or predicts what it | | | intends to | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 47\. Experimenter bias | Occurs when a researcher either | | | intentionally or unintentionally | | | affects data, participants, or | | | results in an experiment. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 48\. Quantitative research/ | is a method that relies on and | | measures (Likert scales) | supplies numerical data (ex. | | | Survey results, Test scores | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 49\. Qualitative | method that relies on in-depth, | | research/measures | narrative analysis that cannot be | | | translated into numerical data | | (Structured interviews) | (ex. Case studies, interview | | | responses). | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 50\. Institutional Review Board | a group that reviews and approves | | | research involving human subjects | | | to ensure the protection of their | | | rights, welfare, and privacy | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 51\. Ethics | the set of moral principles that | | | guide psychologists in their | | | research and practice | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 52\. Informed consent | All participants must know what | | | their participation will involve | | | and what risks might develop | | | before they consent to | | | participating in the study. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 53\. Informed assent | Minors can't legally consent so | | | informed assent recognizes a | | | minor\'s developing cognitive | | | capacity and involves parental | | | involvement in the | | | decision-making process | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 54\. Protection from harm | Researchers sometimes deceive | | | participants to avoid participant | | | bias. Must not cause needless | | | harm | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 55\. Confidentiality | All data gathered on individuals | | | must remain completely | | | confidential and, when possible, | | | completely anonymous. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 56\. Confederates | people who pretend to be fellow | | | participants but are actually | | | part of the experiment. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 57\. Debriefing | After the study is completed, | | | researchers should inform | | | participants of its purpose and | | | methods. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 58\. Central Tendency | is a single number/score that | | | represents the whole set of | | | scores | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 59\. Mean, Median, and Mode | the average score in a sample. | | | | | | Obtained by adding the scores and | | | then dividing by the number of | | | scores. | | | | | | the middle score in a sample. | | | | | | the most common score in a | | | sample. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 60\. Regression toward the mean | if one sample produces extreme | | | scores, the next sample is likely | | | to produce scores closer to the | | | mean. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 61\. Percentile rank | compares a score to others in a | | | group by showing the percentage | | | of scores that are lower than it | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 62\. Variation | refers to how similar or diverse | | | the scores are. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 63\. Range | the gap between the lowest and | | | highest scores. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 64\. Normal curve | most scores tend to form a | | | symmetrical bell-shaped | | | distribution known as a normal | | | curve. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 65\. Skewness | A curve where most values are on | | | either the higher or lower end. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 66\. Bimodal distribution | distribution that shows 2 peaks | | | or modes in a set of data. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 67\. Standard deviation | indicates how much the scores in | | | a sample differ from the mean | | | (average) score in a sample. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 68\. Generalizability | the extent to which the results | | | of a psychological study can be | | | applied to a broader population | | | or different contexts | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 70\. Meta-analysis | a statistical procedure that | | | analyzes the results of multiple | | | studies to reach an overall | | | conclusion - Think Chat GPT - | | | gets info from multiple websites | | | to help you | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 71\. Statistical significance | Tells you the likelihood that | | | your results are accurate and not | | | due to chance. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 72\. Effect size | The strength of the relationship | | | between 2 variables. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+