AP Psychology Vocabulary (PDF)

Science Practices PRACTICE 1: Apply psychological perspectives, theorists, concepts and research findings. 1.B Explain how cultural norms, expectations, and circumstances, as well as cognitive biases apply to behavior and mental processes. Cultural norms Confirmation bias...

Science Practices PRACTICE 1: Apply psychological perspectives, theorists, concepts and research findings. 1.B Explain how cultural norms, expectations, and circumstances, as well as cognitive biases apply to behavior and mental processes. Cultural norms Confirmation bias Hindsight bias Overconfidence PRACTICE 2: Evaluate qualitative and quantitative research methods and study design. 2.A. Determine the type of research design(s) used in a given study Experimental (incl. Random Case Study (nonexperimental) Correlation (non-experimental) Meta-analysis (non-experimental) assignment) 2.B. Evaluate the appropriate use of research design elements in experimental methodology Hypothesis Falsifiable Operational definitions Independent variable(s) Dependent variable(s) Confounding variables Sample Population Representative sample Random sampling Convenience sampling Sampling bias Generalizability Experimental group Control group Placebo Single-blind Double-blind Social desirability bias Qualitative (i.e., structured interviews) Quantitative (e.g., Likert scales) Peer review Replication 2.C. Evaluate the appropriate use of research design elements in non-experimental methodology Hypothesis Falsifiable Operational Definitions Variables Directionality problem (correlation) Third variable problem Qualitative (i.e., structured Quantitative (e.g., Likert scales) (correlation) interviews)  Survey technique Self-report bias Social desirability bias Peer review Replication 2.D. Evaluate whether a psychological research scenario followed appropriate ethical procedures Institutional review Informed consent Informed assent Protection from harm Confidentiality Deception Research confederates Debriefing PRACTICE 3: Evaluate representations of psychological concepts in quantitative and qualitative research, including tables, graphs, charts, figures, and diagrams. 3.A. Identify psychology related concepts in descriptions or representations of data 3.B. Calculate and interpret measures of central tendency, variation, and percentile rank in a given data set Mean Median Mode Range Normal curve (with percentages of Variation Skewness Bimodal distribution distributions across the curve) Standard deviation Percentile rank Regression toward mean 3.C. Interpret quantitative or qualitative data from a given table, graph, chart, figure, or diagram. Scatterplot Correlational coefficient Effect size Statistical significance PRACTICE 4: Develop and justify psychological arguments using evidence  Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior (159) Building the Science Practices Biopsychologists [examine research methods] Topic 1.1: Interaction of Heredity and Environment (4) Evolutionary Perspective Natural Selection Eugenics Twin Studies Topic 1.2: Overview of the Nervous System (6) Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Topic 1.3: The Neuron and Neural Firing (45) Neuron Glial Cells Reflex Arc Sensory Neurons Motor Neurons Interneurons All-or-Nothing Principle Depolarization Refractory Period Resting Potential Reuptake Threshold Multiple Sclerosis Myasthenia Gravis Excitatory Neurotransmitter Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Glutamate GABA Substance p Endorphins Acetylcholine Hormones Adrenaline Leptin Ghrelin Melatonin Oxytocin Agonist Drugs Antagonist Drugs Reuptake Stimulants Caffeine Cocaine Depressants Alcohol Hallucinogens Marijuana Opioids Heroin Addiction Withdrawal Tolerance Topic 1.4: The Brain (26) Brain Stem Medulla Reticular Activating System Brain’s Reward Center Cerebellum Cerebral Cortex Hemispheres (2) Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Hippocampus Amygdala Corpus callosum Lobes (Occipital, Temporal, Parietal, Frontal) Somatosensory Cortex Motor Cortex Split Brain Research Broca’s Area Werenicke’s Area Split Brain Patient Aphasia Brain Plasticity Brain Scans (EEG, fMRI) Lesioning (Brain Surgical Procedure) (Topic) 1.5 Sleep (20) Consciousness Circadian Rhythm (Sleep/Wake Cycle) Types of Consciousness (Sleep/Wake) Disruptions to Circadian Rhythm (jet lag) Sleep Stages (with EEG patterns) NREM Stages 1-3 Hypnogogic sensations REM Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep) Dreaming REM Rebound Activation Synthesis dream theory Consolidation dream Theory Sleep Function (consolidation/restoration) Sleep Disruption effects Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Sleep Apnea Somnambulism (Topic) 1.6 Sensation (58) Sensation Threshold (Absolute Threshold) Transduction Just Noticeable Difference Sensory Adaptation Weber’s Law Sensory Interaction Synesthesia Vision Retina Blind Spot Incomplete Retinal Images Lens Accommodation Nearsightedness Farsightedness Rods Light/Dark Adaptation Color Vision Trichromatic Color Theory Opponent-Process Color Theory Cones (Blue/Red Cones in the Retina) Afterimages Ganglion Cells Fova Dichromatism (Color Vision Deficiency) Monochromatism (Color Vision Deficiency) Prosopagnosia Blindsight Sound Waves Wavelengths (pitch) Amplitude (loudness) Place Theory (pitch perception)  Volley Theory (hearning) Frequency Theory (pitch perception) Hearing Difficulties Conduction deafness Sensorineural deafness Pheromones Chemical Senses Olfactory System/Bulb ​ ​ Gustation Tastes: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami Oleogustus (fatty taste) Tongue Taste Receptors Supertasters, Medium Tasters, Nontasters Sensory Interaction (smell/taste Touch Structures in skin (Hot from warm/cold, Pain) Gate Control Theory Phantom Limb Syndrome Vestibular Sense Semicircular Canals (cochlea) Kinesthesis Unit 2: Cognition (132) Topic 2.1 Perception (25) Perception Top-Down Processing Bottom-up Processing Schemas Perceptual Sets Gestalt Psychology Closure Figure/Ground Proximity Similarity Selective Attention Cocktail Party Effect Change Blindness Inattention (Inattentional Blindness) Binocular Depth Cues Retinal Disparity Convergence Monocular Depth Cues Relative Clarity Relative Size Texture Gradient Linear Perspective Interposition Perceptual Constancy Apparent Motion/Movement Topic 2.2 Thinking, Problem-Solving, Judgments, and Decision-Making (18) Concepts Prototypes Assimilation Accommodation Algorithms Heuristics Representativeness Heuristic Availability Heuristic Mental Set Priming Framing Gambler’s Fallacy Sunk-Cost Fallacy Executive Functions Creativity Divergent Thinking Convergent Thinking Functional fixedness Topic 2.3: Introduction to Memory (28) ​ Memory Explicit Memory Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Implicit Memory Procedural Memory Prospective Memory Long-term Potentiation Working Memory Model Working Memory Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuospatial sketchpad Multi-Store Model Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Automatic Processing Effortful Processing Encoding Storage Retrieval Levels of Processing Model Structural Processing Phonemic Processing Semantic Processing Topic 2.4 Encoding Memories (12) Mnemonic devices Method of loci Chunking Categorization Hierarchy Spacing effect Memory consolidation Massed practice Distributed practice Serial Position effect Primacy effect Recency effect Topic 2.5 Storing Memories (9) Rehearsal Maintenance rehearsal Elaborative rehearsal Autobiographical memory Superior autobiographical memory Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Alzheimer’s Disease Infantile amnesia Topic 2.6 Retrieving Memories (8) Recall Recognition Retrieval Context-dependent memory State-dependent memory Mood-congruent memory Testing effect Metacognition Topic 2.7 Forgetting and other memory challenges (10) Forgetting curve Proactive interference Retroactive interference Encoding failure Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon Repression Source amnesia Misinformation effect Constructive Memory Imagination inflation Topic 2.8 Intelligence and Achievement (22) Intelligence General intelligence (g) Multiple abilities (in reference to intelligence) Intelligence quotient (IQ) Mental age Chronological age Intelligence tests Psychometrics Standardized Valid Predictive validity Constructive validity Reliability Test-retest reliability Split-half reliability Stereotype threat Stereotype lift Flynn effect Achievement tests Aptitude tests Fixed mindset Growth mindset Unit 3: Development and Learning (112) Building the Science Practices Developmental Psychologists [examine research methods] Topic 3.1: Themes and Methods in Developmental Psychology (6) Cross-sectional Longitudinal Lifespan Stability vs Change Nature vs Nurture Continuous vs. discontinuous (stages) Topic 3.2: Physical Development across the Lifespan (10) Teratogen Reflex-rooting Visual Cliff apparatus Critical or sensitive Period Adolescent growth spurt Puberty Primary/Secondary sex characteristics Menarche Spermarche Menopause Topic 3.3: Gender and Sexual Orientation (none) Topic 3.4: Cognitive Development across the Lifespan (17) Piaget Sensorimotor stage Object permanence Conservation Reversibility Animism Egocentrism Theory of mind Preoperational stage Concrete Operational stage Formal Operational stage Vygotsky Scaffolding Zone of proximal development Crystallized intelligence Fluid Intelligence dementia Topic 3.5: Communication and Language Development (10) Phonemes Morphemes Semantics Grammar Syntax Cooing stage Babbling stage One-word stage Telegraphic stage Overgeneralization Topic 3.6: Social-Emotional Developmental Across the Lifespan (29) Ecological Systems Theory (5) Microsystems Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem Authoritarian (Parenting Style) Authoritative (Parenting Style) Permissive (Parenting Style) Secure Attachment Insecure Attachment Avoidant (Insecure Attachment) Anxious (Insecure Attachment) Disorganized (Insecure Attachment) Temperament Separation Anxiety Monkey Studies (Cloth vs Wire Mother) Parallel Play Pretend Play Adolescent egocentrism via imaginary Emerging Adulthood audience/ personal fable Attachment Theory (Ainsworth) 8 Psychosocial Stages (w/out Erikson name) Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Achievement (Identity Process) Diffusion (Identity Process) Foreclosure (Identity Process) Moratorium (Identity Process) Identities Developed: Racial, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Religious, Occupational, Familial Topic 3.7: Classical Conditioning (17) Behavioral Perspective Classical Conditioning Acquisition Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Discrimination Generalization Higher-order Conditioning Counterconditioning Taste Aversion Biological preparedness One-trial learning Habituation Topic 3.8: Operant Conditioning (18) Operant Conditioning Law of Effect Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Primary Reinforcer Secondary Reinforcer Shaping Instinctive Drift Superstitious behavior Learned helplessness Continuous vs. Partial Reinforcement Fixed Ratio Schedule Variable Ratio Schedule Fixed Interval Schedule Variable Interval Schedule Pattern graphing schedules (VI scalloped graph) Topic 3.9: Social, Cognitive, and Neurological Factors in Learning (5) Social learning Vicarious conditioning Insight learning Latent learning Cognitive map Unit 4: Social Psychology and Personality (118) Topic 4.1 Attribution Theory and Person Perception (13) Dispositional Attribution Situational Attribution Optimistic explanatory style Pessimistic explanatory style Actor-observer bias Fundamental attribution error (FAE) Self-serving bias External locus of control Internal locus of control Mere exposure effect Self-fulfilling prophecy Social comparison Relative deprivation Topic 4.2 Attitude Formation and Change (9) Stereotype (link to prejudice, discrimination) Implicit attitudes Just-world phenomenon Out-group homogeneity bias In-group bias Ethnocentrism Belief perseverance Confirmation bias Cognitive dissonance Topic 4.3 Psychology of Social Situations (28) Social Norms Normative Social Influence (Influence theory) Informational Social Influence (influence theory) Elaboration likelihood model Central route to persuasion Peripheral route to persuasion Halo effect Foot-in-the-door technique Door-in-the-face effect Conformity Obedience Individualism Collectivism Multiculturalism Group polarization Groupthink Diffusion of Responsibility Social Loafing Deindividuation Social Facilitation False consensus effect Superordinate goals Social Trap Industrial-Organizational Psychology Altruism Social Responsibility Norm Social Reciprocity Norm Bystander Effect Topic 4.4 Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Theories of Personality (15) Psychodynamic perspective Unconscious processes Ego defense mechanisms Denial Displacement Projection Rationalization Reaction formation Regression Repression Sublimation Projective tests Unconditional (positive) regard Humanistic Perspective/psychology Self-actualizing tendency Topic 4.5 Social-Cognitive and Trait Theories (9) Social-cognitive theory Reciprocal determinism Self-efficacy Self-esteem Self-concept Trait theories Big 5 Theory of Personality (OCEAN) Personality inventories Factor Analysis Topic 4.6 Motivation (26) Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Arousal theory (optimal arousal) Yerkes-Dodson Law Self-determination theory Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation Incentive theory Instincts Lewin’s motivational conflicts theory Approach-approach theory Approach-avoidance theory Avoidance-avoidance Sensation seeking (experience, thrill Eating motivation adventure, disinhibition, boredom, susceptibility) Ghrelin Leptin Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland External factors motivating hunger (presence of food, time of day, social gatherings) Topic 4.7 Emotion (18) Internal/external factors affecting emotion Physiological and cognitive experiences of Cognitive label emotion Facial-feedback hypothesis Facial expressions Cognitive appraisal Broaden-and-build theory of emotion Negative emotions Emotions as universally common Anger Disgust Sadness Happiness Surprise Fear Universality of emotions (Ekman) Display rules Elicitors for emotional expression Unit 5: Mental and Physical Health (127) Building the Science Practices Clinical and research psychologists [examine research methods] Compare perspectives to health psychologists, positive psychologists and clinical psychologists Topic 5.1: Introduction to Health Psychology (13) Wellness Stress Hypertension, headaches Immune suppression Eustress Distress ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences Stress Reactions GAS (Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion) Fight or Flight response Tend and Befriend theory Problem focused coping Emotion Focused coping Topic 5.2: Positive Psychology (8) Positive Psychology Well-being (Subjective Well-being) Resilience Positive Emotions/Psychological Health Gratitude Strengths Virtues: Wisdom, Courage, Humanity, Post-Traumatic Growth Justice, Temperance, Transcendence Topic 5.3: Explaining and Classifying Psychological Disorders (16) Dysfunction Distress Deviation from Social Norm Diagnosis (Consequences: Cultural/Societal Stigma Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Norms, Stigma, Racism, Ageism, Sexism, Disorders (DSM) Discrimination) International Classification of Mental Disorders Eclectic Approach Behavioral Perspective on Mental Disorders (ICD) Psychodynamic perspective on Mental Humanistic perspective on Mental Disorders Cognitive Perspective on Mental Disorders Disorders Sociocultural perspective on Mental Disorders Biological Perspective on Mental Disorders Biopsychosocial Model (Interaction Model) Diathesis-Stress Model (Interaction Model) Topic 5.4: Selection of Categories of Psychological Disorders (53) Neurodevelopmental Disorders Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders Delusions (persecution, grandeur) Hallucinations Disorganized Thinking, Speech Word Salad Disorganized Motor Behavior Catatonia (Catatonic Stupor) Stupor (Catatonic Stupor) Negative Symptoms Positive Symptoms Flat Affect Schizophrenia Causes Depressive Disorders (symptoms, causes) Major Depressive disorder Persistent Depressive disorder Bipolar Disorders (symptoms, causes) Mania Bipolar I and II Anxiety Disorders (symptoms, causes) Specific Phobia Agoraphobia Panic Disorder Ataque de nervios Social Anxiety disorder Taijin Kyofusho Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD) Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (symptoms, causes) Obsessive-compulsive disorder Hoarding disorder Dissociative disorders (symptoms, causes) Dissociative Amnesia (with and without fugue) Dissociative identity disorder Trauma and stressor-related disorders (symptoms, causes) Post-traumatic stress disorder Feeding and eating disorders (symptoms, Anorexia Nervosa causes) Bulimia nervosa Personality Disorders (symptoms, causes) Cluster A Personality disorders (odd or eccentric) Paranoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder Schizotypal personality disorder Cluster B Personality Disorders (dramatic, Antisocial personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder emotional, or erratic) Borderline personality disorder Cluster C Personality disorders (anxious or Avoidant personality disorder fearful) Dependent personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Topic 5.5: Treatment of Psychological Disorders (37) Deinstitutionalization Ethical Principles (APA Standards: Psychodynamic Therapy Techniques Nonmaleficence, Fidelity, Integrity, Respect for people’s rights and dignity) Free Association Dream Analysis Cognitive Therapy Techniques Cognitive restructuring Fear hierarchies Cognitive triad Applied behavior analysis Exposure Therapy Systematic Desensitization Aversion Therapy Token economy Biofeedback Cognitive-behavioral therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Rational-emotive behavior therapy Humanistic therapy Person-centered therapy Active listening Unconditional Positive Regard Group/Individual therapy Effective uses of Hypnosis: Pain/Anxiety not memories or age regression Biological Interventions/therapy Psychoactive medications Medication interactions with specific Antidepressants Antianxiety medications neurotransmitters Lithium Antipsychotic medications Antipsychotic medication side effect: Tardive Dyskinesia Surgery/invasive interventions Psychosurgery (can include lesioning) TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation  ECT-electroconvulsive therapy Lobotomy CED Exclusion Statements -topics/terms NOT in scope that will not be tested 1.1.A.1.ii – Specific information about genetics (genotype, phenotype, DNA, chromosomes, and recessive and dominant gene expression) is beyond the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 1.3.B.1 – The sodium-potassium pump is outside the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 1.3.B.2 – The AP Psychology Exam will only address the listed neurotransmitters in 1.3.B.2 (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, GABA, endorphins, substance p, and acetylcholine). 1.3.B.3 – The AP Psychology Exam will only address the listed hormones in 1.3.B.3 (adrenaline, leptin, ghrelin, melatonin, and oxytocin). 1.3.B.3 – Specific information about the glands of the endocrine system (with the exception of the pituitary gland as referenced in 1.4.A.4) is outside the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 1.5.A.4 – The psychoanalytic theory of dreams is outside of the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 1.5.A.6 – The AP Psychology Exam will only address the listed disorders in 1.5.A.6 (insomnia, narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder, sleep apnea, and somnambulism). 2.1.B.2 – The AP Psychology Exam will only address the listed monocular depth cues in 2.1.B.2 (relative clarity, relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, and interposition). 2.8.B.1 – Labeling or describing cognitive abilities are outside of the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 3.2.A.1 – The stages of prenatal development (zygote, embryo, and fetus) are outside the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 3.5.A.1 – Pragmatics of language are outside of the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 3.6.A.6 – The psychosexual stage theory of development is outside of the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 3.7.A.3 – The expectancy theory is outside of the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 4.4.A.1 – The stage theory of psychosexual development is outside of the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 4.4.B.1 – Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is outside of the scope of the AP Psychology Exam. 4.7.A.1 – Specific names of theories of emotion are outside of the scope of the AP Psychology Exam.